11
WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF
PAKISTANPAKISTAN
IJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIFIJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIFSMALL DAMS ORGANIZATIONSMALL DAMS ORGANIZATION
ISLAMABADISLAMABAD
22
33
44
INDUS INDUS RIVER RIVER BASIN BASIN FROM FROM SPACESPACE
55
WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Water Resources Management is the integrating Water Resources Management is the integrating concept for a number of water sub-sectors concept for a number of water sub-sectors hydropowerhydropower water supply and sanitationwater supply and sanitation irrigation and drainageirrigation and drainage environment. environment.
An integrated water resources perspective An integrated water resources perspective ensures that social, economic, environmental ensures that social, economic, environmental and technical dimensions are taken into account and technical dimensions are taken into account in the management and development of water in the management and development of water resources.resources.
66
OVERVIEW
Pakistan is one of the world’s most arid countries, with an average rainfall of under 240 mm a year. The population and the economy are heavily dependent on an annual influx into the Indus river system (including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers) of about 180 billion cubic meters of water, that emanates from the neighboring countries and is mostly derived from snow-melt in the Himalayas
77
The balance between population The balance between population and available water already makes and available water already makes Pakistan one of the most water Pakistan one of the most water stressed countries of the worldstressed countries of the world
with rapid population growth it will with rapid population growth it will soon enter a condition of absolute soon enter a condition of absolute water scarcitywater scarcity
OVERVIEW-2
88
99
DECLINING PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN PAKISTAN
(Cu
bic
Met
ers
Per
Cap
ita
Per
Yea
r)
1010
WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTANOF PAKISTAN
Rain fallRain fall
GlacierGlacier
Ground waterGround water
1111
RAINFALLRAINFALLPakistan lies in an arid and Pakistan lies in an arid and semi arid climate zone semi arid climate zoneSources of rainfall Sources of rainfall MonsoonMonsoon Western disturbancesWestern disturbances
Mean Annual rainfallMean Annual rainfall Lower Indus Plain < 100 mmLower Indus Plain < 100 mm Upper Indus Plain > 750 mmUpper Indus Plain > 750 mm
Average seasonal rainfall Average seasonal rainfall Kharif = 212 mmKharif = 212 mm Rabi = 53 mmRabi = 53 mm
1212
10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99) 10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99) RAINFALL OF SOME MAJOR CITIESRAINFALL OF SOME MAJOR CITIES
1313
GLACIERGLACIER
Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of the largest glacier in the world outside the polar the largest glacier in the world outside the polar region.region.Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is abut Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is abut 2250 Km2250 Km22 and accounts about 80% of summer and accounts about 80% of summer runoff in river. runoff in river. Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush and starts rising approximately a month earlier and starts rising approximately a month earlier than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of late Rabi and early Kharif crops. late Rabi and early Kharif crops. Snow melt account for more than 50% of the Snow melt account for more than 50% of the flow in Jhelum River. flow in Jhelum River.
1414
SURFACE WATER ACCOUNTSURFACE WATER ACCOUNT
Average annual volume of water Average annual volume of water from rainfall and snow meltfrom rainfall and snow melt
154.00 154.00
From Western RiversFrom Western Rivers 144.91144.91
From Eastern RiversFrom Eastern Rivers 9.149.14
Diversion for irrigationDiversion for irrigation 104.73104.73
Flow to seeFlow to see 39.4039.40
System lossesSystem losses 9.909.90
MAF
1515
DETAIL OF SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY
River Average annual flow (1922-61)
Average annual flow (1985-95)
Average annual flow (2001-02)
Indus 93 62.7 48.0
Jhelum 23 26.6 11.85
Chenab 26 27.5 12.38
Ravi 7 5.0 1.47
Sutlej 14 3.6 0.02
Kabul 26 23.4 18.9
Total 189 148.8 92.62
MAF
1616
SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES AND CONSUMPTIONSAND CONSUMPTIONS
1717
Ground WaterGround Water
Total Groundwater Potential =Total Groundwater Potential = 55 MAF 55 MAF
Groundwater Abstraction =Groundwater Abstraction = 41.5 MAF 41.5 MAF
PunjabPunjab (81 % abstraction)(81 % abstraction) 80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline
SindSind (12 % abstraction)(12 % abstraction) 23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline
NWFPNWFP (5 % Abstraction)(5 % Abstraction)
BalochistanBalochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)(1.2 % Abstraction)
1818
GROWTH IN USE OF GROWTH IN USE OF TUBEWELLSTUBEWELLS
1919
GROWING ROLE OF GROWING ROLE OF GROUNWATER IRRIGATION GROUNWATER IRRIGATION
2020
DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Description Average annual
withdrawals (MAF)
Under Colonial Rule (1850 – 1947)
67
Post independence development (1947-60)
85
Indus Water Treaty 1960 108~105
2121
INDUS WATER TREATY 1960
2222
INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
SALIENT FEATURES
All waters of eastern rivers namely Ravi, Beas and Sutlej allocated to India.
All waters of western rivers namely Indus, Jhelum and Chenab allocated to Pakistan except some specified uses in occupied Kashmir.
Pakistan to meet the requirements of its eastern river canals from the western rivers by constructing suitable replacement works.
Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure unrestricted flow of waters in the western rivers.
2323
SALIENT FEATURES
Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to inform the other party at least six months in advance and supply necessary details to enable the other party to satisfy itself that the proposed work does not adversely affect the other party.
Permanent Indus commission constituted to watch implementation of the treaty and resolve by negotiations any problem arising thereof.
Procedure for settlement of differences and disputes outlined.
Differences and disputes first to be resolved by negotiations by the permanent Indus commission failing which procedure for settling such
INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
2424
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
DAMS
i) Terbela on River Indus.
ii) Mangla on River Jhehlum
NEW BARRAGES
i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus
ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum
iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab
iv) Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab
v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi
vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej
2525
NEW LINK CANALS
i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)
ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link)
iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link)
iv) Qadirabad Balloki Lin (Q-B Link)
v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II)
vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link)
vii) Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link)
OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED.
i) Trimmu Barrage
ii) Balloki Barrage
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
2626
KEY WATER INFORMATIONKEY WATER INFORMATION
No. of major rivers 5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Satluj)
No. of major reservoirs 3
No. of barrages / HW / Syphons 23
No. of main canal system 45
No. of interlink canals 12
Length of canals 60800 Km
Length of watercourses 1.6 Million Km
Average canal water diversion 104.7 MAF
Groundwater abstraction 41.6 MAF
No. of tubewells >550,000
Irrigated area 36 Million Acres
Average escapage to the sea 39.4 MAF
2727
ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND ESCAPAGES TO THE SEAESCAPAGES TO THE SEA
2828
STORAGE PER CAPITA IN DIFFERENT SEMI ARID COUNTRIES
2929
INDUS INDUS RIVER RIVER BASINBASIN
3030
INDUS BASIN INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
SYSTEMSYSTEM
3131
LARGE LARGE DAM IN DAM IN
PAKISTANPAKISTAN
3232
SALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAMSALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAM
Dam typeDam type Earth fillEarth fill
HeightHeight 380 ft (above riverbed)380 ft (above riverbed)
LengthLength 10,300 feet10,300 feet
Lake AreaLake Area 97.70 Sq. Miles97.70 Sq. Miles
Catchment AreaCatchment Area 12,870 Sq. Miles12,870 Sq. Miles
Gross Storage CapacityGross Storage Capacity 5.88 MAF5.88 MAF
Live storage capacityLive storage capacity 5.34 MAF5.34 MAF
Main spillway capacityMain spillway capacity 1.01 Million Cusecs1.01 Million Cusecs
Year of completionYear of completion 19671967
Hydropower generationHydropower generation 1000 MW1000 MW
3333
RAISING OF MANGLA DAMRAISING OF MANGLA DAM
The capacity of Mangla Dam has The capacity of Mangla Dam has been reduced by 19.22 % due to been reduced by 19.22 % due to silting silting Raising of Mangla Dam is in Raising of Mangla Dam is in progress, main features are: -progress, main features are: - Increase in height Increase in height == 40 feet40 feet Additional storageAdditional storage == 3.1 MAF3.1 MAF Additional powerAdditional power == 1000 GWh1000 GWh
3434
SALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAMSALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAM
Dam type Earth and rockfill
Height 485 ft (above riverbed)
Reservoir Area 95 Sq. Miles
Gross storage capacity
11.62 MAF
Live storage capacity
9.7 MAF
Main spillway capacity
6.5 Million Cusecs
Year of completion 1977
Power generation 3,478 MW
3535
3636
STORAGE LOSS IN EXISTING RESERVOIRS
Dam Dam
Designed Designed Live Live
Storage Storage (MAF)(MAF)
Existing Existing Live Live
Storage Storage (MAF)(MAF)
PercentaPercentage Lossge Loss
TarbelaTarbela 9.79.7 7.27.2 -26%-26%
ManglaMangla 5.3 / 4.755.3 / 4.75 4.54.5 -15%-15%
ChashmaChashma 0.90.9 0.40.4 -55%-55%
TotalTotal 15.915.9 12.112.1 -25%-25%
3737
WATER ACCORD 1991
3838
Existing uses of provinces remain untouched
and protected.
N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are
provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses.
Need for additional storages on the Indus and other rivers
admitted and recognized for planned future agricultural
development.
Need for minimum escapages to sea below Kotri to check sea
intrusion recognized. Further studies desired to establish
minimal escapage needs below Kotri.
SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
3939
No restrictions on Baluchistan to develop water resources of Indus tributaries flowing through its area.
Need for establishing Indus river authority for implementation of the accord recognized and accepted.
IRSA to have headquarters at Lahore and to have representation from the four provinces.
Sharing procedure laid down in Para 14(b) of the accord
Provinces are free to under take new projects within their agreed shares.
Within their allocations provinces may modify uses both system wise and period wise.
SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
4040
APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991
PROVINCESPROVINCES KHARIFKHARIF RABIRABI TOTALTOTAL
PUNJABPUNJAB 37.0737.07 18.8718.87 55.9455.94
SINDH*SINDH* 33.9433.94 14.8214.82 48.7648.76
N.W.F.P (a)N.W.F.P (a) 3.483.48 2.302.30 5.785.78
CIVIL CANALS (b)**CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.801.80 1.201.20 3.003.00
BALUCHISTANBALUCHISTAN 2.852.85 1.021.02 3.873.87
TOTALTOTAL 77.3477.34 37.0137.01 114.35114.35
CIVIL CANALS (b)**CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.801.80 1.201.20 3.003.00
* INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR
METROPOLITAN KARACHI.
** UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM STATIONS.
BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD SUPPLIES
AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED AS BELOW:
PUNJAB SINDH N.W.F.P. BALUCHISTAN TOTAL: 37% 37% 14% 12% 100%
(MAF)
4141
SHARING PROCEDURE PARA (14) OF ACCORD.
14(a) The System Wise Allocations will be worked out separately on ten daily basis and will be attached
with this agreement as part and parcel of it.
14(b) The record of actual Average System uses for the period 1977-82 would form the guide line for developing a future regulation pattern. These ten daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to
correspond to indicated seasonal allocations of the different canal systems and would form
the basis for sharing shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis.
4242
APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS (PROMISE AND PROSPECTS) (PROMISE AND PROSPECTS)
– AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991– AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991
MAIN FEATURES
Existing uses of all provinces to be protected.
Allocations to different canal systems to
be worked out separately on the basis of
ten daily uses. These uses to help
determine sharing of shortages and
surpluses
4343
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991 SHARING PROCEDURE1991 SHARING PROCEDURE
Sindh holds that the available river supply
should be shared between Punjab and Sindh on
the basis of para (2) accord allocations reflected
in para 14(a) of the accord.
Punjab emphasizes that the relevant clause for
sharing of available river supply is para 14 (b) of
the accord, which envisages sharing of
shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis
on the basis of average system uses 1978-82.
4444
SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS PER WATER ACCORD 1991PER WATER ACCORD 1991
ProvinceProvince Kharif Kharif (MAF)(MAF)
Rabi Rabi (MAF)(MAF)
Total Total (MAF)(MAF)
PunjabPunjab 37.0737.07 18.8718.87 55.9455.94
SindhSindh 33.9433.94 14.8214.82 48.7648.76
NWFPNWFP 05.2805.28 03.5003.50 08.7808.78
BalochistanBalochistan 02.8502.85 01.0201.02 03.8703.87
Total Total 77.3477.34 37.0137.01 114.35114.35
4545
Comprises Five Members. One from each
Province and one from Federal Government.
First Chairman Member Balochistan followed by
NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Federal.
Term of Office
Chairman One Year
Member Three Years
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY
4646
Decisions taken by majority votes.
In case of equality of votes,
chairman exercises casting vote.
Aggrieved party to approach
Council of Common Interest for
redressal.
DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN IRSA
4747
WATER MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE
IRSA prepares theIRSA prepares the Forecast of Water Availability Forecast of Water Availability for Kharif and Rabi crops for Kharif and Rabi crops
Based on water availability Forecast IRSA Based on water availability Forecast IRSA determines Provincial shares according to Water determines Provincial shares according to Water Accord Provisions.Accord Provisions.
Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution Programme based on its share in consultation Programme based on its share in consultation with Punjab Agriculture Department. with Punjab Agriculture Department.
If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational Programme of operation of channels is prepared Programme of operation of channels is prepared and implemented by the field formations. and implemented by the field formations.
4848
PRESENT PROJECTS
4949
The Pakistan Water Strategy and WAPDA’s Vision 2025 have reviewed likely future demands and the implied requirements for storage. If no new storage is built, canaldiversions will remain stagnant at about 104 MAF and the shortfall will increase by about 12% over the next decade. The Pakistan Water Strategy calculates that Pakistan needs to raise storage capacity by 18 MAF (6 MAF for replacement of storage lost to siltation and 12 MAF of new storage) by 2025 in order to meet the projected requirements of 134 MAF.
PAKISTAN WATER STRATEGY AND WAPDA’S VISION 2025
5050
RAISING OF MANGLA DAM PROJECT
LocationAt Mangla Azad Jummu and Kashmir and District Jhelum (Punjab)
Dam TypeLengthHeight
Dam Earth and Rockfill 11200 Ft.420 Ft.
Canal Length 0 Miles
Canal Capacity 0
Storage 2.9 MAF Power 772 KW Cost 1025 Million US($) Con. Period 6 Years
Status Rs.8000 Million has been arranged by WAPDA, through SUKUK Bonds.
Implementation International Competitive Bidding (ICB)
River Jhelum
5151
SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT
LocationAbout 2 miles (3km) upstream of Sabakzai
village Zhob Distt. Bulochistan
Dam TypeLengthHeight
Dam Earth Fill Zoned Embankment 1300 Ft.98.42 Ft.
Canal Capacity 3284
Storage 25046 AF
Area To Benefit 25000 Acres
Power 100 KW Cost 19 Million US($)
Con. Period 3 Years
Status Feasibility complete. PC-I Sumitted.
River Sawar Rud Tributry Zhob
5252
SATPARA DAM PROJECT
LocationAbout 3.74 Miles 6 KM South of Skardu. FANA
Dam TypeLengthHeight
Dam Earthfill 560 Ft.128 Ft.
Canal Length 24.5 Miles
Canal Capacity 170
Storage 0.05 MAF
Area To Benefit 15536 Acres
Power 12.7 KW
Cost 36 Million US($)
Con. Period 4.25 Years
Status Construction in progress.
River Satpara Stream
5353
MIRANI DAM PROJECT
LocationIn the Dasht River Basin about 30 miles (48 km) West of Turbat Town in Makran Divn of Bulochistan.
Dam TypeLengthHeight
Dam Concrete Faced Rock Fill 335 Ft.127 Ft.
Canal Capacity
377
Storage 0.3 MAF
Area To Benefit
33200 Acres
Cost 101 Million US($)
Con. Period 4 Years
Status Under Construction on EPC/Turnkey Basis
River Dasht
5454
FUTURE PROJECTS
5555
INDUS AND JHELUM OFF CHANNEL STORAGE SITES
5656
KALABAGH DAM
Dam Height 260 Ft.
Storage 6.18 MAF
River INDUS
5757
BASHA DIAMER DAM PROJECT
LocationAbout 200 miles(320 km) upstream of Tarbela Dam.
Dam TypeLengthHeight
Dam Roller Compacted concrete 3402 Ft.909 Ft.
Canal Length 0 Miles
Canal Capacity 0
5858
SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
5959
SEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY
6060
6161
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN POTOHAR
PLATEAU OF PUNJAB PROVINCE
6262
KEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAUKEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAU
LOCATIONLOCATION RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI. JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI. ATTOCK AND ISLAMABADATTOCK AND ISLAMABAD
AREAAREA 22000 Sq.Km22000 Sq.Km
No. OF VILLAGESNo. OF VILLAGES 26002600
POPULATIONPOPULATION 4.2 MILLION4.2 MILLION
ANNUAL RAINFALLANNUAL RAINFALL 400 TO 1400 MM400 TO 1400 MM
TOPOGRAPHYTOPOGRAPHY UNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPESUNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPES
MAIN RIVERSMAIN RIVERS INDUS & JHELUMINDUS & JHELUM
6363
STATISTICS
Description Punjab Province Potohar plateau
Area
Population
Cultivated Area
Irrigated
Rain fed
205345 Sq Km
74.0 Million
10.70 M ha
8.10 M ha
(75.70% of CA)
2.60 M ha
(24.30% of CA)
24000 Sq Km
6.66 Million
1.00 M ha
25500 ha
(2.55% of CA)
0.987 M ha
(97.45% of CA)
6464
HYDROLOGY OF POTOHAR
Total basin area 22307 Sq. Km
No. of basins 6 (Soan, Haro, Reshi, Bunha, Kahan and Kanshi)
Average yearly runoff 1.88 MAF
Runoff Tapped 0.22 MAF (11.70%)
Balance runoff available
1.66 MAF (88.30%)
6565
Soan River
Sill River
Korang River
Ling River
Harro River
Soan R
iver
Rawal Pindi
Soan Basin
Haro Basin
Kanshi Basin
Kahan Basin
Bunha Basin
Reshi Basin
F Jang
Chakwal
Talagang
Jhelum River
Indu
s Riv
erAttock
Jhelum
Area A
Area A
Area B
Area C
Area D
6666
DETAIL OF DAMS
Dams Constructed by WAPDA (1962) 1 No.
Dams Constructed by ADC (1961-1972) 10 No.
Dams Constructed by Small Dams Organization
1973-1986
1986-1995 (ADB Funded)
2000-2005
8 No.
12 No.
10 No.
Dams under construction 9 No.
Total 50 No.
6767
DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF DAMS
District Completed Under construction
Islamabad 2 0
Rawalpindi 6 1
Attock 15 1
Chakwal 12 4
Jhelum 6 3
Total 41 9
6868
BENEFITS FROM 50 DAMS
Assured Irrigation supplies to 25500 ha of landDrinking water supplies
22 MGD from Rawal Dam to Rawalpindi city0.55 MGD from Khokharzer Dam to Ckakwal City2.5 MGD from different dams for small schemes
Flood ControlDevelopment of Fish CultureImprovement in environment Ground water rechargeRecreational facilities
6969