Name: Vala Vivek B.Enrollment no.: 150210119123Subject: Environmental studiesTopic: Indian Scenario of Water

Resources

Government Engineering college Bhavnagar-(021)

Indian scenario of Water resources

Glaciers, Snow & permafrost 1.725%

Ground water 0.075%

Lakes, swamps & rivers 0.025%

Oceans 97.5%

Human Activities Affecting Water Resources

(modified after Oki, 2005)

clear land

irrigate?

drain?

less ET?

less precip?

Annual average precipitation - 4000 BCMHighly variable in space and time- Minimum - 100 mm in Western Desert- Maximum - 11000 mm in North Eastern

Region

Rainfall during June to September 3000 BCM

Average annual potential 1869 BCMUtilizable Water Potential 1123 BCM -Surface water – 690 BCM - Ground water – 433 BCM

India’s Water Resources

Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs

Reservoir Volume of water(106 km³)

Percentof total

Ocean 1370 97.25Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05Groundwater 9.5 0.68Lakes 0.125 0.01Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005Atmosphere 0.013 0.001Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

Water Resources Management

Water supply & sanitatio

n

Irrigation &

drainage EnergyEnviron-mental

services

Infrastructure for management of

floods and droughts,

multipurpose storage, water

quality and source protection

Institutional framework

Management instruments

Political economy of water

management

Other uses

including industry

and navigatio

n

Water Resources – Many Uses, Many Users

…

7

3 Conclusions: Actions and Consequences

3. Without ‘riparian’ cooperation, water will increasingly breed conflict

Riparian cooperation can catalyze growth, economic integration & peace

1. The world’s water resources are under rapidly growing pressure

Solutions can be found – although costs will be high (‘economic scarcity’)

2. Without major water investments, many poor economies cannot grow

De-linking rain from the economy is a condition for growth, poverty eradication

Oceans (71%)

Land(29%)

Most of theEarthiscoveredby water

“...water, water, every wherenor any drop to drink!”

Groundwater irrigating about 60% of irrigated area also important for agricultural production.

Concerns about groundwater are-

* over-exploitation in some areas

* under-utilization in large parts of country

Development of Ground Water