323.1

85 ‘~WA

June 1985

Water-seal latrinesMan ua 1

TU Delft Faculteit der Bouwkunde/Civiele TechniekVakgroep ISP

ISP- N EGOM B0

Technische Universiteit Delft 323.1—2647

;‘~i~~ ~hi;L*LO:323.J Jr~s’

ISP—Negombo, Department of Architecture — Berlageweg 1 — 2628 CR Delft

kabinet 13.05 — Phone (0)15—781363

Negombo, june 1985.

Introduction.

In coöperation with the Negombo United Peoples Organi—

zation (NUPo), a team of dutch students came to Negom—

bo to accomplish during four months a study on Nunnak—

kare.

The aim of this team, ISP— Negombo, is to assist as

much as possible the low—income groups on Munnakkare

in order to improve the situation of these people

within the limitations of a study—project. It is im-

portant to keep in mmd that another leading aim of an

ISP is the study purpose.

During the rich experience of working together with

the St. Fet~er and St. Anthony societies in a comrnuni—

ty develonment project, the ISP—Negornbo focussed the

principal issues vhich have to be tackied for f’urther

improvement of the living standards and the develop—

ment of the area.

Bearing in mmd the strong tradition in Sri Lanka for

building ones own house and the custom of Shrarnadana

or the capacity inside the cornriunity to help each ot-

her for searching solutions, plus taking into account

the high level of organization owned by the NIJPO groups,

it was decided to give an answer to existing problems,

in the form of a booklet with technical solutions and

practical advices.

This manual, written in a simple way, accessible to any

kind of reader and conceptually easy to handle over,

surveys various technical aspects and considerations

that must be present when improving the revalue of lo-

cal, indigenous materials and traditional construction

crafts.

It was found that nearly every technical solution applied

to solve a problem or to avoid a future nuisance, was

lacking the knowledge of the cause which originated the

problem. Also the technological in5ight in the so].utions

and the economy and efficiency of a sound final result

were missin~.

Analysing the causes and checking the effects, it was

discovered that attempts to solve problems were con—

fronted with:

— a lack o~’ knowledge concerning the use of materials

and the application of constructing techniques and

buildi:g rnethods.

— ignorance of the capacities, quali~ies and possib~i—

ties of the materials and their uses, wh~ch results in

spoilin~, wasting and losing these, with the conse—

quence of negative, econornic effects.

— a wrong application of techniques which can imply

dangerous conseç’.iences.

— a misuse of tools and building methods which origina—

tes waste of time and energy.

A survey on cause—effect was held on every issue and re—

su].ted on oroposals based upon the criteria of low—cost,

available materials, tradi~ional techniques and, to a

certain extent, autoconstruc;ion.

Discussions, inte~’change of concepts, ideas and disci—

plnary knowledge among the members of the team took

an important place in the process.

Taking into account the target group whcm these manuals

are pointed to, it was considered the best to use simple,

attractive and illustrative drawings, accompanied by corn—

plementary texts and explanations.

These manuals do not pretend to mat-ch self—help rnanuals,

but can be considered as a prelirninary stage to initiate

the process to reach an aided self—help programme.

This contents advices, a more effective use of techniques

and rriaterials and simple systems to be carried out, even

by non-.skilled laboures. It lacks however the intensive

ex~lanations, the exhaustive detailing and elaborated

demonstraion of systems and methods indispensable to

build or construct any element; all these inherent pro—

perties to a self—help manual.

The scope of these manuals was prefixed by the ISP—Negom—

bo in view of the limitatjon and constrains derived from

time and capacities.

For the NUPO as main involved organization the manuals

might be an instrument to support and strengthen the

organization, initiating a new activity in their pro—

gramme to activate the social consiousness and unity

among the p~’rticipants. Even these m~’:—~s w~iere meant

to reach all the NITPO members and the St. Peters and

St. Anthony comrnunities in particular, then it was con—

ceived with an eye on the NUPO leaders and the skilled

laboures and craftsmen belonging to the organization.

They would train and monitor the laymen, sprea~1ing theïr

abilities.

There are two versions of the manual, one in Er~lish and

one in Sinhala. The first one wil]. be distributed to NIJPO

leaders and to the govermnental instancies and other or—

ganizations which have had an incidence in the vork and

process of the ISP—Negombo in Sri Lrnka.

The Sinhala edition is meant for the target group, as

already descr±bed above, as well as for the Sri Lankan

people who could be interested in reading or usirig it

as a guideline.

ISP -Neg ombo

Jitske Calsbeek Urban Planning

Mirta. Dobson—Demarè Architecture

Erik Hoef].aajc Physica]. and Technica]. Planning

Jet de Jonge Environmental Planning

A].lert Schokker General Civil Engineering

Dirk v.d. Woerdt Civil Engineering,Hydro].ogy

Willem den Boer Sanitairy Engineering

Bart de Bruin Sociology of Non—Western Societies

(t)

-t

(0

QJ(1)

1

c2J(0

1. Introduction

2. Evaluation present latrines

3. Infiltration

~. Possible improvoments

5. Construction of a leach pit

6. Maintenance

7. Building in stages

8. Autoconstruction

Li

1 Introrluctjon.

This ..mnual deals with the con~tructjon of inçlividu~l~ tary provisions ir. a watcr—logged area. The examples

and the pro~o~ls are based on the si~ation of flunnakkare~

~nre the less the applicat~.on might be extend~c1 to areas

with similar conclit±ons in and around ~Tegombo.

0fl Munnakkare many farnilies d not posses any sanitary

faciiity. The public facilities are scare, while the

level of maintenance is insufficient according to the

people. So a majocity of these people are -.iced to ~efe—

cato in the lagoon.

Furthermore a nurnber of houses is provideci by private

latrines, but these are often mal2unctioning.

As main cauoes ~o this insatisfactory situation can be

considered:

— The physical condition of a water—logged soil, which re—

~uires some attention to build a wolI functioning• latrine.

— The low—income of a majority of the inhabitants. The

usual latrine option is not affortable to them.

Lack of space because of an increasing density of dwel—

lixigs is another potential problem, though that fact is

in the present situation overruled by the above mentioned

causes.

The discusseci subject~ and options to irnprovement are

restricted by the eye—mark of aclaption to the existing

customs, materials, skills, financial means and physi—

cal circumstances,

The objective has been to increase insight in the design

and construction of the sub srface structure. This because

some ztubborn misunc1erstandi~igs has been noticed on this

subject. Finally design and implementation of a leach

pit in brickwork are described. -

L2

2. Evr1urttion prrcent l3trines.

As this rnnual is composed with tle nim to adapt to

the procent sanitairy situation, first of all the ex—

istinz latrines will ho consiclered on their suitehili—

ty. The e~rnTuation w-i11 ho focusseci en the suhstructure

as no problens are notieecl md will be expocted trith

the construction of the shelter.

Supers truc ~-‘ ire

Subs truc ture

On Munnakicare the custornary latrines are provic’ed by

a water—seal squating pan conrecteci to a so—callec1

septic--tank. As a matter of fmct this Useptic tenk”

is a lined pit ~ith unser~led bottorn.

~xi~nttng pit Soptictrn1t

Pits are ucual constructed out of hricki.rork or by

rneans of pre—fabric--ted conercte rings, These rits

however do not function satisfactorily. To trace ~he

orir’in of this nalfunotioning a light will be trown

on the aetual function of these pits.

See~ar~e nit

1• •~)-J

T’~rcc m~tiiri processcs can be distin~iiishcd~

— Settling clown:

All parts hoavier thr~n water sink

to the bottom. I’t this way a

sludge is formcc1 on the bottom

öf the rit.

— flecomposting:

The sludgo strrts to ~ocay to iïnter,gas and solid

mat en al.

gas

f~’esh

water

solid

This biological p~ocess needs tim-e,lut finally

only a small :art of the ~‘csh slud~o ~ill remain

as solid rnaterirl on thi~ bottom of the pit.

— Tnfiltration.

Tho open bottom of the pit has

to allow the water to flow away

into the soil.

4—_

,/

L ‘~

The ‘Lrst two processes o]nt to a slo’~1y increr3in(~

anount of sludl(~ on the bottorn of the pit. After some

years the pit will be fulL and one has either to emty

the uit or to build a new pit. The moment that a full

pit oecur depencis 0fl SiZe an~1nuuibcr of uscrs.

The last ~onLionec1 process point~ the cause of the maL—

functioning of the oxisting latrines.

Several tiries claily an nuioun~ of flushing ‘inter enters

the pit. Th crme amount his consequentJy to infiltrate

into the soil, otherwise the water level in the pit

will risc and finally block the flushEng of the squat—

ting pan. This uhenomenon ilappens ve~ often because of

insufficient infiltration.

L5

3. Inri1tr~,t~on.

In the former cliapter the bottleneck0Ç’ in aclerLuate

infiltrat-jor “as been traced. So a more cletniled view

on the aspects which in~’luence the infiltration i-rill

ho usefuli.

The permeabilit~ of the soli.

~Jater flo~ïs ea~ier throu~’-h 2aycr cfl soli with high

per:neability as through a layer ‘ith lor permeabi’ity.

?he permoahility depends on the size of the soil—par—

ticles.

e.g. ~1etai e.g, Sand and day

— 1)j particles — small particlos

— easy fiow — clifficult flor

— hIgh permeebility — lor pernea1*l ity

Though th~ permeability of the t[unnnkka-~e soil is lor,

it is stili sufficient to allow the small ar~ount of

water of a nour—flush intrine to fiow away.

Ilowever, in the present “septic tanks” the water has to

pass the sluclge on the hottom. This is most unfortunate

because the permeability of this sludge will be extreme—

ly lor as these particles are small and S~±CiZ together.

LG

Prevailing ground water level.

fly digging a pit the ground water level will ~pnear

en a certain de’jth. This level is not fixed but de—

pends on the quantity of rainfall during ~1io last days.

In general the level of the ground ~ater will ho lower

during the riry season and high up to very high clurin,

the wet season. -

As the hijher water level inside the pit ahove the

ground water level Is the iotive power to infiltration,

this also cleers up that the present flushing problems

occur during the wat season.

In circumstances like on ?unnakkare with a high level

of the ground water, latrina and pit will have to be

raised about one or two feet to solve this problem.

It makes no sense to exaggarate

the elevation and two feet must

bo considered as maximum.

:Tet soason

/ tfç ç~/1 t

Dry season

Clo[~~Lrr of the soil.

L7

The cf~’luent leaving the pit will be water carrying

small pz~rticles. These particles cannot enter the soli

and will remain on the sur~ce • Ac Lually the so ~l fui~c—

tion~ ~s a sieVO0

>~...

:;.,~ ç:~

.:~ø O~

An horizontal surface (bottom) will clog quickly, whule

this will take a long period on a vertical surface (wall).

To the construction of a pit this means:

— use vertica]. perrneable rails instead of bottom surfaces

for infiltration

— increase the availabie infiltration area as much as

possibie.

/1 . Poss Lble impi-o-r’morits

The e~isting sin,’le pit latrinos of r:unnakkere might in

first instrnce ho irnproved hy an incre~secl capacity to

iiy”iltratiou. This c~n ~e nchie’?edl by acln~tting a soal:nge

pit or sor1z~’gc tronch to the us’rti pit

_____ ____ -

- ~gO/

/~//

3cakag~ pit Soahage trench

To T~unnakkare a ~ahage pit is the nost suitable exten—

sion. T~-enches require a consi~1erahle arlount of space

and are more o;pensivo hecau~e of the nceded meta~

‘~urtheron tT,j life span of the so~kr~ge ~it will “e longer

becausc settied slu.l:e ca he removeci.

To now pits it is mcre eco—

nomical to ~tic1z en c’. i’~’c

pit solution ~y intro’h~o3;~’

permo~’ole rails as i~ ‘o~o-’ont

of the usual io~i~n. In chop—

ter eig}-t of this m~nual a

dcsi~n of such lenching pit

o~t o” br±-iz’.~ork~ill he given.

/00.

Zo°g -

/~J~7/ /v/~

L9

3. ‘ori~truct~ori of a bach pit.

~n fcrials.

Sevoral kinds of riaterials can be useci to build the

sub—surface structure. The kind of materials choosen

have consequences to the design, the implemontation

and the final costs.

flrickwork

— clieap

— easy to handle

— durable

— fiexible

— permeable with open joints

Concrete rings and covers:

- high strength

— expensive

— ver-; heavy

— clurable

— non—permoable

~ire—mesh (2”) wrapped with

synthetic fabric:

— no structural strenght

— Light and easy to handle

— corrosive

— pormeable

L 10

and more eco—

~r~1~iIDAA.1

i_~_~ — ~LJ

1. the pit heaci with cover

II. permeable wall section

with filter

III. Non—pormeable soction

and foundation

Shinpc.

A circular form of the pit is more stablo

nornic as a rectanguiar shape.

4—

7 t tDecause of the difference in stability only circular

pits can be constructed in !1,-~” brick work. flectangular

types should be made out of 9” brick wails.

Structure.

T, Ti

Ad 1.

As the uppor part of ,he pit will ho raiseci ahove ~roiind—

level, the pitlicad hns to resist external forces and to

assure the s tali bi ty of the upper part of the s truc ture.

So, n firm construction is requiredt. In case this part

is made or 9” brick—work it is possible to rcduce sbowly

the inner diam’~ ter. In this way the diameter of the cover

siab can ho rcduced and by consequnce the weipht.

Pigger siabs should be made out of 3everai parts to re—

duce the reir-lit.

Ad II.

The necessity of side—wali infiltration las hecome dear.

‘Tether in a single pit (le-’ch pit) solution or in the

secpage pit in another configuration.

The construction of the pcr~aeabie wall alid the filter

h~s to guarantee well functionin~ during a long porioci.

Two conctrictions which match the requirement5 vul be

described.

— Open brichwork ~iith metal iayor.

To assure the perricability

of the brickwork only th~ /horizontal iayers are alter—

nately mortared, ‘-ïhile the

vcrticai joints are left

opc—1.

Tiehinci the open brick work a 6” lnyer of matal kas to

divide the water to the next ‘Y’ layer ccarse sanci.

— Uire—rnesh (2”) wrapped irith synthetic fabric.

Tho construction of this type of p~~’~eable wall is sim-

ple. econcl. hand hags of woven polyester (sugar bags)

can ‘:0 usod to urap the circular nrc mesh.

~‘rravel is not necessar~. However, a layer of co’rsc sand

is acivised. Aithough application for higger pit~ can be—

come more difficult this might ho an ~propiate soltution

to snail tr~porary pitc.

L’ 12

Ad III. -

The ?ower pnrt oP be pit hos to ho i:i~tn1 lcd ‘~y sinking

it down--ai’ds. Co L,reto rings nrc’ very iiseSul to this

part of the pit, though they are expensive and difPijuit

to hanrile, hecause of their woiglit.

flricltvorlc cnn also ho used, but should ho masoneci on a

concrete foun’Jationring to gain the strength end stability

during sinking down of the lining.

T 1~)

6. flaintenanco.

After some years of use the functioning of n intrine

with pits as describod will bocomo loss. Inspito of

all ciecommosing processes which reduce the contents,

always solids will remain and finally fili the pit

with sludge. The users notice that

the flushing water runs more dif—

ficult and something bas to ho

done. To a permanent pit this will

mean the removal of the sludge.

Emptying can best be executed during the wet season

by means of a vacuum truck of the municipality. The

high rate of pumping out the clirty water will intro—

duce a flow of groundwater into the pit which will

clean the filterconstruction.

NowoTer in many cases a dirty water boT.rser will not

be available or the pit is not accessible by a truck.

In this case the job las to be done by hand. t)uring

this job continuously fresh ground water will f!ow in.

This rioes not matter, as the chjective is to removo

the sludge. Because of this reason use of a bucket

and ropo is loss suitable.

L ~

The best tool to fix thIs job is a small huckot fixecl

en a :tick. The stick olbors to push the buckot in th~

slurh~e vhich hns to be re’~oved.

Attention~

As noticed in chapter 2 gassos are produced hy the de—

composting process within the pit. ~ormally these gas—

ses are absorbeci in the dround or escape by small

amound in the open air. However, during cle’ning the

contact of the gas with the onen air will cause an ex—

plosive gas mixture.

So, take care with cigarettes and open fire~

Lir

7. 1~uil’ing n new latrine in stages.

It has already heen noticed that a oom~leto, nroper

working, correctly huilt lntrine will h~ a high in—

vostmont to low—incomo farnilies.

On Munnakkare a wide gap exists hotweon those ‘~ho heve

to use the lagoon during night time as latrine and these

who can aEford a private latrino. A sequenoe in buil~ing

stages and quaiity from temporary semi—pernanent up to

permanent night narrow this gap. Further advanoes c’rc~

— Sup;~ort to a consistent relation betwoen the avnilable

sanitairy fnci1itios end qua’ity of the adjacent houso•

— Investmonts cnn he di~ric1ed over sovoral yoars.

— Lower initial investnents night oarlior result in the

final aim to provido all households or their own latrine.

The bast—oost letrine option is a riug pit coverod with

a piece of wood, whibe the shelter can be roducod to a

sinplo fence.

As first stop this solution sooms not attainable:

— The instahlo soil of tlunnakicaro noods lining of the pit

to provent collaps. At leest a simple hrick lining is

no c e s s ary.

— The solution is not vory attraotive bocauso of the

odours it spreads and the flies it attrachcc. From

this point ef viet, it n-~ght e’~on ho worse thon the

present ~ituation~

t —

S’ t

t,

-e

L i6

A rebe~r~ntinpro~c’iont can ho reached 1~ the applicn—

tion of ~ squatting pan ~ith water soal. The type of

]‘i’~crclass seems nost suttable. It is stronger, liliter,

cheaper and recjuires loss flus’iing vr-ter than the higger

ceranic type.

In this manual is r’escribecl how to make such a slag.

llowever, pre—fabrication cnn be considered

- to irnprove the qunlity

— to reduce the cost

— to allow easier accos

L 17

Fy means of this squattLn’~ plate tho hiii1-~i’g proross

cnn ho divided in thrco ntnge2.

In first inetanro the slnh

cnn cover n shallow pit line-1

~rith hrici:s, woorlon —oles or

irene s ii.

A te—porary fence or ~hcltor

cnn ho usod as suporstructure.

In a socond ~tn~e the nit cnn

ho oxcanged by a pernanent one

vhich ponelretes doapor in the

rround holow the r.rru~’~ïetor

level and is supnbiod of a

filter const~’uction to incrcaso

the life ~pan.

In the final Ft~~-c a pernanent

superstructure cnn ho huild,

a now slah covers the pit, whibe

the s~uatting plato i~ reusod

es part of the floor ir the

permanent latrino.

II

II

/

, / / / / / ,- // / /

L i~

~re~or~ry shol Le--~ c~:i ho coristru~ ~-~1 out of corru~-r-tod1

iron sheot’, ashesLos or e’ r’-’~st appropriat’~ uir-torial

cncljan (rrintr-tcii).

These shelters cr-n he located on ton of the pit. Pecouse

of the pit is raisecl two feet aho’re the ~round lc~el

the shelter hr-s to ho situateci en r nonnr1 of soil.

-~void washing out by ram water it is better to provide

in a si’ple protection by means of ~‘lat layed bricks.

Permanent structures of hricks er concrete have to ho

located clotache’l of the pit. OLherwise problems will

occur with he founriation and the acces for cienning,

8. Autocon~tructio~i.

L 19

The constri’cbion oP a bea~hpit is rather simabe. Mast

work cnn ho done hy unsk llcd pcopbe. Or~ly the presence

of so ~o Pnnilictr ‘it’~ masonry Ls most c’dvisihlo.

Tn this chaptor is ‘~‘escribed how to make the montioned

concrete slab with water_sr~al pan.

Although it is very well possible just to prepare this

slab, overhore au economie m~I;hod is shorn to cut the

reinforcement of slab and foundationring out of ho

same niece of wiremesh. ~ir~nosh is used as reinforce

mont hecause of it is easy to hancile by less skilled

“copie.

“urtheron th~ design and ir’ipiemontntion of a family—

sized bach—pit are ~-1escriher1. This design fits vith

the climcnsions of the dascri~ed slab and concre tering.

‘-1

.~&. 1

~ ______

ao~

L 20

3

~-4 ‘r~~ ~

4 ‘~1~1’

L 21

~-epr~ring the reinCorccr;~cnt. -

A piece of 1’~’ wire mosh (2” wiro c/c) is cut into

picces according the pattern as s’~own in the fligurc.

This cnn neatly and quickly be done hy binding up a

rope in the centre of the wlre mcsh where upon two

hnots are made in this rope on the exact distances

of 1 ‘7” and 1 ‘11” from the centre. ~o-r one can go

round and seperate tho ring by means of a wire cutter.

Finish finally the inner circular netting by folc’ing

dovnwards the four small segments on the edge according

the dot—line of the figurc. Put the squatting pan upside

clown on a flat surface and fold the net Ling arounci the pan

in a way that ~he cntire netting rc’’~ins 1 ~“ ahove Liie

surfaco.

L 22

Ca3ting Liie concrete slab.

— Cover flat surface of at

beast !~‘:‘ with a plastic

shoat. Lay down a square

of bricks with i~tside di—

mensions of J’x j~

— Piace the fiborgiass squatt—

ing pan upsido down on the

sheet and put the circular

notting around the pan.

— Be sure that bricks and pan

do not move by sticking them

with somo day.

Pomove the circular netting

— Mix the concretc(1 part cc—

mont,2 parts sand,1~ parts

metal 3»l-” ) . Mix first ce-

ment and sand to add after—

wards the metab.

— Pour the mould irith a

bayer of concrete.

— Place the four pieces of

notting in the corners.

:Ceep 1” away from the edge.

— Pour the concrete upto the

bricl: edge of 2.

LJDÜLIL iL

r

L 2J

— Lay the circular net Ling over the fresft concrete and

push i~ gontly an half inch under the surfaco.

— i~nix mortar ipart comont’2 parts sand

— Finish the sirface wit~1 a thin layer of -iortar.

— i~oepduring ten days the slab vet and covered hy a

sheet to obtain a strong slab.

— A finished slab cnn be imi~roved by aclding footrests

and a (coloured ) ceriont movtar(1 ~2). ~1y ~la~terin~

we have to take care thal the surface slightly -

slants towards the contre.

Casting the concrete foundationring

— Put ;he wiromesk ring en a flat surface covered with

a shoet of ~astic.

— Propar~ a mould c~’bricks and day around the ring.

Two coarses of bricks offer the right height of ~“.

• Take c~’re that at least one inch .pace remains ho—

tween the brick mould and the wirenosh~

— Take away the wiremesh

— Mix tl:e concrote( 1 :2 ~ and pour the concrete in

the mould up to a thickness of ~“.

— “ut the wirernesh ring on the fresh conor.~te and

push the mesh an half inch below the surface.

— ::eep the ring wet and covered during ten days.

L ~

‘~rHl-iini prerflss. -

— Preparo founrlrtion rin~ r- ‘ ~quntting plato.

— Dig a hole rith the innor rllanotor of 5 foot just tip

to the prevr iling grouflrlwntcr.

— Place the founclntion ring md level it in horizon—

tml nosition.

— Start circular masonry up to 5 foct (16 coarses). In

caso ‘ricl:s of S inch le ig ch ar used, exactly 16 hr±cks

can ho laid round.

— Loep the nasonry vet during threc days to gain strongth.

— ifhon the brickirork is hardonod the nasoned ring cnn ho

mink downwards br (igging away the soil from the inside.

Entcring rounciwator nhou’d regular to cirawn.

Lever the ring up to the upper edge is near the ground

t~~ ter .

— Lason the open briok werk up to the origina~ ground—

level. lise only nortar on the alternate horizontal

coarse3. Loep between all the vortical joints open

spaces of 1/S”.

— A1 jvo ground level th~ 9” nasonry starts • l~oduco the

dlia.ictor o~ over-; noxt coarsc irith Olie inch. The ~tost

uppor coarse kr-s to ho a ~!~‘ layor.

— Plaster the outside of the pit Lcad with cenent plaster.

— Put the layers of’ natal (2”) and sand hohind the open

brickvc’rk. On: night uso tem~orary shoets to avoid

ixing of the filter matc:ial.

— F111 the surrounding of the pit up to two feot by using

the oxcavatod soil.

L 25

Co~ts of’ tmr’ial iluecicci for co~istruction of’ the ç’cs—

cwib~ci leachfit.

— Concrete :lab

— Founcln~ion

— Pric’:work for

i:ith vatorscal pan

pitlining

Item Quanti±y Late (ns.) :~iount(Ls.)

squatting p~n

wiro mcsh

metal 2”

nctal 5»!”sand

bri cks

ce nl en t

0.16 sqrs

0.16 cbs

0.05 cbs

1.00 cbs

800

2 cvts

750

800

1250

1 80

120

1 50

1’•)

128

1 SO

~6o

2 !~0

total fls. 1220

• _____

GE!E~~GC~3~ , i’C~ eSC ~OE~ c~~G’Cd E~C~C5~

~ C~GC1~.~ ~ ~ ~

;G~) ~ ~dG~) )C33 ~Oj~ 9c~c~~CDc3~~

~ G~2i ~ ~ G~3~). ~2’~D

~c ~,~ ~E~cc.

G~G~S~~J~3 ~ E~Cci~ 93E~~cj~ ~

ciE~~G~C3~ t~E~G~,e~cd~ ~ ~ci~

~- ~4 c~~ ~ ~ rj~E!O~ ~c~T~c~ci~ ~d

~- ~ ~ , ~

~Go3x~ci.

3~Gc3~c~cgc~c~~

~GE~E~~ ciE~x~~ ~

~xi~ ~ ~ ~ G~ ~ c,~d

c~C~~C c~~dc~

G~3OC~C~3~d, E~~ ~ 33~

2. ~ ~ ~ G)~.

G~ ~ ~ ~E~z GCi~5 ~ ~C

~ ~ ~E ~ ~

~ &3(~~c / ~c)

GODC~!~ c~5~ co~~ ~3d~X~ G’Ci~~)C~

O~S~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~(~e~ ~c. ~ ‘c~cid~~1~c~’ ci~

t~ ~

~ ~ ,~ ~ ~xi.

c~c~3~~ci~G~z~&3. ~ca G~Tq~E~Q~E~Gcixi3

E~C ~ ~c ~c~z BdEci ~ ~ ~

~cfr~3 3~.

}

c~3

~CD ~3~Gd ~

- dCcO O~3~ ~ G~ci~ ~!c~ dCc J~i3

- ~ ~-D

~ ~ci~J Eh~

dcci ci~~ ci5~eO~ G’~.~ci

-

~ dCCj~’, ~

~E~15 ~CO~ D~5.~ 2i3~~ ~C3 ~ ~ ~3CG~C3~’~Ek92i.

~

- dCCi 33~

&25)

dCc ~ ~ci3C~~ e~.

30•

G~3a ) E~C ~“C~~c53ci~

~E~ci~ cï~3~.~x3~O~j, ~ ~ z~c~cø~i~E~~ ~d3 c~’~~

~Bci~~ki.~O ~c ~ .

~cj~ ~

~ i3.) ~c ~ dC~ci~T~BCi3 ~. ~

C3~)3B~Ci~

3. dCo~~

~ ~ dcci ~ ~ ~~CC CE~c3~~ci3

d.~~ Z5)3~~ ~ CC~’~ ~~Z3Ci.

ciGC~dCci ~ö3 ~ ~

~ ~ci~ ~ dcci

ci~3.~3 ~ ~c ~ ~ cc! ~ cs~ dcci ci~G~ ~d ~e~x~3 . dCci

~ ~ d~ cc! ~c gE~iE~ci.~c ~O ci~ cci

~ dcci ~,d3 cri. ~ cci dcci ~d3 c~T~Gci~3fi.

- GC3~)~O

- c~ ~d c~

-

~9~c~d, oc~c!dcci ~ co~~e~3ci3E)~ ~ dCci

~ ~ci~ ci3~ dc g~5~i,~ E~ec~~

~ �~E~k.~c~T ‘ecid~ E~t~’~ ~ ~

dc~ dcci ~cc~ec~TQcc~~

E~3c~.c~~ cs~c~ G~ ,

dcci ~ ~ ~E~d c~.

-

-

- t~dd3 ~

t:;c~5 6

Gc3C~ dc~~

Gci~~ d~~D~D ~C3 . gG~Gd~3ø~C~

~c3G’ci’dc ~ ~c o33. 0~3~Gci~E3 ~3CGdGO3GC3 dC ~ ~e ~

~d ~ci~ ~Cx~c5 dC ~D�! c,~ic~~i3. ~ ~ dc~~ ~03GCSdC

Z)~G~3GC3~~ dCci ~ G~.

ff•ç ç‘/1 ~

Gci3G~dC E’CE~

~C&~1~C . GE~Gc!~

~ G5~c~c.

~c~7

ciGci~dCci ~ Ci3G~(S~C3~2)~.

~ ~G~T dCÔ ~ ~D~)~a ~ ciE~~3 ~53 ~ &D ~23c~ ~Cid

CJ3G~ciGci~ ~J ~cO~ c~ ciGC~~CC ~3~C33~~C33O

~ a~c53.ccc~~g3~ ~ ~ö3.

>.

::Ç~~.•: JQ 0.‘.c~Q~

.~~? ~

~Ç Ç7~ç~..~ç~c2O

cc3 dcc ~3d ciDG~)~~ci G~GCi~~

~d~O dcc ~ ~OOciG’ci~dCci ~d ci3~ ~ ~E~ci.

- ~ ~c ~ ~ dCci ~d~O ~ ~c ci~c~~

;3~c~c3coz,c.

- E~3~~Gc~dcci ~ a~)a~ ~ E)~) 3~)ci3~~o~3;~

4~ cE~~~I ~ ~

~ ~G~) ~ ~ ~GC~ dCc ~ !~~ ~C

‘~)3~25~E~C~’G~ ~I3Z~ ~3~E~’ ~ ~ci~C ~cO ~

~)Cç~3.

~ . ~ ~

~ ci~ci~ccigq ~ci~~ ~ ~ ~ ~Q~TE ~ D~

~Dz~c5~~ik~~c

E~3~

ci~c~~c ~.

~ ~C ~ ~

~ dCci ~ ~O

~ 8 ~ eB~Gc~Gc3~ E!c~cieci3 ~. E~c~‘~c~

~3~E!C’ ~

-,-,-~ 1/°0~t1/~

/~,/ogg~

00/q~og~,0e

~ /z//

/ 7/

5. ‘~~c ‘

~ ccii ~ ~. c~c5Gci~~ ~E~13

~! c~c~a,~ ~ ~ci &~, ~c~E G~5r!~

- ~c~j

-

—

— G~d~C ~

- ~)c~ E~ç~c5~~ dcci ~ ~

~ 3ci~:

-

—

—

—

- dCci ~

~ (2”)

—~c~~ci

-

—

- dcci ~

c~c~10

~3~)3Ö(~~)~iS~ ECZ~~ ci~ G~)3~~DC~J~~3 Gci3GDZ5 &2»

d-J~c~~c. -

~3~3d~C ~ 4 1/2 ~C3~ ~ ~ c~i~ ~ ~ 9

1. ~cc~3O03Ci~).

2. 3~d~~Ori

3. ~

t’-

7

4—

î t

~E~3ÖE~.

11

1. E~39)~ -

~ ~GC’~~C ~)3~Ci GcDGC3 ~OGEX~~ 2 ~

~ ~ 9 ~ 3E1 ~ Gc3cD2ici. ~ ~DGc!

~ ~ ~ ~. ( ~c ~ ~ ~c~)G~cci 3cc~~c~—

-~lc~~k5~5~~1!~ ~

11.

~ ~‘~I ~ ~d~D dcci ~ ~ ~

c~. G•aci G~ci3253dc3~Oa~~

ci~~T ~3~3dC3O~ ~ mdc! ~O

Gci3~3~)G~3~ ~J CiG~.

~ dC~~

~ix~ 6 eccO ~ ~c,~cj g~2.

&J3 GC3~ ~O c~ ~ c~YX~4 d oE~.Gc~E~~ cB~~c E~OO

ec~ci~3.

—

~ ~.

~cD ~ &~3~J,~ ~D3 ~ )~)C.D~ c~C~O~,ci~3 GC3~~O

cit~ ~c3ctwc,.

- ~ç~12

111.

G~)3Oci~ c~ciE~

~cD ~3. ‘E~3ÖE~3~~E~O~ ~G)~ ~

13

6. ~

33~ ( ~Cci~c~ cio~Z~3~~

~23GCi~ ~C CZ~G~C.~O c~ dCci

~c3G~i~ ~ C~~ G. GE’Ci ~ ~ ~c ~d ~ ~ci.

~C ~. ~E!~d

~3 ~Gd~Ci.~ dcci G0~!ci ~e~5 dcci

~c ~ ~ ~ ~3 Q~~

~6 ~ ~ 33~~ ~

c~14

~)3&3C.3 3 cB~Z5~c5cD~)�1OC~~)c~!Ç~~ ~3 ~a

~ ~ci~ Gc3crJ~ci~ dcci c~z~c~Ii~ 30~ ~0~2iCi~ ~lG~~) ~

~~3Çci0 -

~ ~-c~~ a~~ ~c 3ciz, ~

a~1 ~ ~~

s• . • •

~BB~T~

15

7. ~,E Dtci~ci~~ ~C s~

�3~3E~~Ci3 ö)6~) ~ 03~3 ~ CijG’~)~ ~ ~3E!O3~

~

~3~ci~~ ~ci ci~ ~5

~E’c ~ . ~ ~C3 ciG~Z~~ 3~C~ ~

E~G~c~ ö~i~i~cixi.: -

- ~ ~Ekici~c~O~’~ C~G~~.

-

- ~ ~c3d~ci )tii 3~Ci~G~D3~~3 G~)&~Gcc~G~ci.

~ ec~ec3G~~ c~cct~~ t~’ci~O

~3~c~Xi~ ~

- ~ ~)Ci3E~3~E~O~

- E~ ~ci~i ~3~d ~c!ci~T~ t~3~

~

.1. -•

.1

tX~16

~ ~c ~ &~~ci~c~5

ci~Cc~Gc~~c~~, ~G6~~G~Cj

~ dC g~5Xi~~ ~ ~3 ~ci.

~c! 17

G~i~G~~t~i~X? c~c~03~3c~i~~c!~d~6 ac~.c~~

c ~c3ciD~a~)8D~~ B ~ 3 ~

~ ~ dC

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ci~)

~c ~ ~ ~

~3E~ ~36~X3~ CiD~3G~~.

GC~O~)~ci~c3 ~

~ G~3~~ ~ c~I~~C1.’

~‘2~ ciG~ c!&

ci~ ~c) ~

~1C3Z~3B~

~

t~c~18

~3~6~)~)3 ~c!c!~3~ G0X~c~

~ ~ G~Ci~Ci~C E~ G~3~~3 c~~

d~6 ~Gc3~~ G~3~ci~ci~

2~c~~ ~c! ~ E~c~ci.

~f:c~19

1~1

S. dE ~ ci~C-ci~G$~ ~)cD,~cD~~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~&ic~ ~ .

ci~ ~c ~ !C3~K~S

,~r

Ct~Cci~ c~tj~ ~d~d 2c c~ ~Eciöki.~ ~l ~ c~cOci~E~c~E~36E~O~~23 G~34Z~~ ;3~

C~3~ ~ec3

c~cD~

t1.,

20

3

‘/2 bv,GL ~

‘1’

1

~r~4

?~c~21

2 c~~ ~, ~ 4X4 ~ ~ ~

~ci3 c~.

O~®~ç~O 1’ 7” ~ 1’ 11” ~(~~~ciz d~zc~c~.

jPLt—4-

cD~~d ~ co~.dC

~ ci~C3 G~Ci~ ~3GGD~) c~CiE~D33E~6~c~5

~3 c~).

~fDc~2?

c~z5~325~c~c~

- ~ 4X4 ~3 GOC~G~ ~ C3E~C3

d(~3~)C325)t~C3~ci E~Oi,~3X3 ~ c~&5~3~

Ci~ ~) ~3~6CO ~GE~3~ GcC~ ~

— dC ~ ccci Gc~3c~~ E~

~D co~.~ ~ ~ci

~ G0~ci GciC!~ E~C~3

~ ~!0ci~’ ~Ci3~3 cD~.

- ~d c$ ~z~C ~ cI~.

G~3~ ~Ci~)C Ctd’c~ ~ GE~C3.

- ~ ~xi ~ (3G~~1,

~iOt~ 2 , 3/4” e~ ~O c~Oc3

4) cc~ C3G1~~C~

c~ ~ ~

- ~ GZ~I3~3Z~~Ct~C ~ ~ZS~3~Z~2~xi

c~wc~1/2 ~

c~z~4 ~T

~dO . ~ ~vec~ qw~1 ~

— ~ ~z~ci ~d’ 1 1/2 ~c~O

(~4~c~c!c~~J

~~d) ~

LJü_____

2’

‘~ 23

- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G~3~~ ~ l/2 cO~~

~ 2iKS~3).

- iG~~ G~)3OC31 ~ ci~ G~Oc!2 ~T~E3 ~3’~ ci34~3G~)~) ~

- &D GCi~~Gdç’~6~’E~ci3G~GC~’~ 3~jZ~~

10 ~ ~ C)D~).

— Q~0~ ~ci~C c & ~ ~ÔE~3,G~3~ G~0j~G~’03 ~

ci3~).ctc~ca~O~3E~GCi3~3C3E~C3~ ~c~ci GçciO ci~E~~

E ~~cCi~ c~ 5K~). ~O ~O~C 03~~i~) ~O dcc 0G~ 3~ci

csx~ici2~G~C.

~do~ ci~d

- ~‘c~ ~ciD ~ ~ ~c ~ ~ c~’c$~ (ci~c3c!O~~)

— ~c c~CE6ao ~c~a ~ Gce~~ ~ (~O~ci~~cO )•~

GC3Ç3 ~ G~3 ~E!E~CZ!~E~Z~ZD. ~03~3G~ ~

~ ~

—

— eci6 ~ ~ (1:2 :4) ~ ~i~x~’4 d ~ ~

- ~ ~G ~ ciOO~�G~ ~.

— ~, 10 ~ ~ q~c~ ~ c~E~G~CD

c~!24

- e~et~ ~ ~3 ci~3~)6 ~).

-~ ~) 5 ~) ~ ~ ~D3c5~).d~~ cD~dt~c

- E~x~~, ö~ ri~c3~x~d G~)3~ ~$~id~ ~ ~ ~3GD~).

- ~c ~ ~ 3 25~~OGIGa ~Z~c~ ~

~G~3C’16 ~

r. r. ~ ~r1

- ~ 3 z~TE) ~c ~ ~ ~ c~)~~ci ~ E)~&~i.- ~ G~)3Z~~3dE) Ci~~)G~) cc! ~ ~dc~ ciE~~

~ c~ ~ Gc~C3dcci, c~3 ~ ~O

~ ~~i6E~ ~D’2Ci 3E. ~e ~ca ~ E~dCc ~

~- ~ Gc3GC3 ~ C~T~3~ ~GE~X~T ~ G~ ~ci ~O G3GE~G8~ci~

ci’.�! G~3&J~0E!~~ ~ Gci3ç3 ~ ~GE~ G’~~ ~d ~ci

~ 1/8 “ 3~c5~~

- Gc3Gc3 ~ 30 ~ 9 ~ &~ç~ci. G03GC~~ 3o

~ ~ (

~e~)

- ~ Gc3Gc~~0G~~Tt~c~e~0Gc3, 3o~ ~c ~3.

- ~c ~ ~ c~~O

G~3~ ~O~3 ~C

- ~3634O~ 0Gci~~

25

ci~E0~0cs~~~E~i : —

— G~)D~E~3~OzCi’C c~

- ~c ~

.~ ,r~- ~ ~c ~

~~5xi _______ ~ (5e.)

dC ~ GC~Ci

c~c~’( 2”)

csx~(3/4)

01

0.16 ~ ~!

0,16 c~1c~

0.03 ,,

1.0

800

2 ~

750

800

1250

180

0.45

120

150.00

120. 00

128.00

40.00

180. 00

360.00

240. 00

1220. 00

t