Water SecurityBackground Paper

How can you contribute from your region?

Wouter Lincklaen Arriens

Eelco van Beek

Oscar Cordeiro

Zaki Shubber

124 Aug 2012

Outline of the Paper (see template)

1. IWRM: our journey and mental models– link between IWRM and water security– 10 pages

2. Water Security: what it is and what it takes– dimensions and definition of water security– how to quantify: framework and indicators– 25 pages

3. Good Practice: making a difference– how to implement and apply in decision making– 25 pages

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Water Security as emerging paradigm

• The term is used more and more– at policy/political level (e.g. Nile agreement) but also at business

level (e.g. WEF)• Mainly to express something we want to achieve

– … a water secure world …. (GWP)– … recognizing the vital importance of water security

…. (Nile agreement) • Few attempts as yet to quantify water security

• Question 1: who is our target audience for the paper?

• Question 2: why and how quantify water security?

Chapter 1 - IWRM and Water Security

1. IWRM and its role to support economic development and social well-being

2. Summarizing the key principles and concepts of IWRM

3. Water security – an emerging paradigm

4. Water security and IWRM – are they complementary?

5. IWRM as an adaptive process to increase water security

6. No country is the same – no river basin is the same

Key message in chapter 1

• Water Security and IWRM are complementary– IWRM focuses on process / governance– Water security specifies what we aim to achieve

Defining water security

DimensionsIndicatorsTargets

Quantifying water security

Present situationMeasuresScoring

Water Security

Defining water security

DimensionsIndicatorsTargets

Quantifying water security

Present situationMeasuresScoring

Water SecurityIWRM in the Planning Cycle

Chapter 2

1. Dimensions of water security

2. Defining water security

3. Scales in water security – water security for who?

4. Water security in relation to other ‘securities’

5. Increasing water security – depending on the conditions

6. Quantifying water security – the indicators

7. An analysis framework to apply water security in planning and decision making

Definitions of water security

• Different disciplines have a different framing of the term• Many definitions (> 25)• Most frequently used:

• The 3 dimensions of Water Security in river basins:– managing the resource (for economic and human use)– mitigating the risks (flood, droughts, etc.)– sharing water and benefits (upsteam-downstream, transboundary, etc.)

• Water Security at different scales: national, river basin, specific geographic areas (e.g. delta’s), cities, local communities, households

The availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people

Grey and Sadoff (2007)

Critiques – mainly from academic community

• Inside or outside the water box?• Link to other securities like food and energy?

Global web of national water securities Zeitoun, University of East Anglia

Back to Question 1: who is our target audience for the paper?

Flip-side of water security

• Does your water security come at the cost of insecurity:– for someone else?– somewhere else?

• Virtual water / water foot printing

• Question 3: How to deal with virtual water in the paper?

Quantifying water security

• Steps involved:– selecting relevant indicators for water security– combining indicators into a water security index

• Integrated approaches – some examples– Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) and pilot

application to river basin indexes by the Network of Asian River Basin Organizations (NARBO)

– Maplecroft• What should GWP recommend?

Question 4: What kind of score cards could we use?

AWDO Approach – 5 Key Dimensions

1. Satisfy household water and sanitation needs in all communities

2. Support productive economies in agriculture and industry

3. Develop vibrant, livable cities and towns

4. Restore healthy rivers and ecosystems

5. Build resilient communities that can adapt to change.

Composite Index

BrantasIndonesia

2.40 – 3.80

National tbc

NOT YET FOR CIRCULATION OR QUOTATION

Basin

Laguna LakePhilippines

2.20 – 3.60

tbc

Tone and AraJapan

3.40 – 4.20

tbc

Example: Brantas Basin - Indonesia

1. Satisfy household water and sanitation needs in all communities2. Support productive economies in agriculture and industry3. Develop vibrant, livable cities and towns4. Restore healthy rivers and ecosystems5. Build resilient communities that can adapt to change.

Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO)Vision for Water Security with 5 Key Dimensions (for countries)

Water Security Assessments for BasinsHow far is water security improved in IWRM process?

IWRM Spiral Model

AWDO Water Security

Indices

Basin Capital

Pilot Basins: • Brantas – Indonesia• Laguna Lake – Philippines• Tone-Ara – Japan

Water Security Assessments in River BasinsAdapting Water Security Index to River Basins and Estimating Basin Capitals

Pilot Basins:

KD1: Household Water Security Index

What it measures: Performance in satisfying household water and sanitation needs and improving hygiene for public health

KD 1 = f (water supply (%), sanitation (%), DALY*)

* DALY: Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (for diarrhea)

KD2: Economic Water Security Index

What it measures: Performance in ensuring the productive use of water to sustain economic growth in food production, industry and energy

KD 2 = f (water productivity in agriculture, industry, and energy)

KD3: Urban Water Security Index

What it measures: Performance in creating better urban water services and management to develop vibrant, livable cities and towns

KD 3 = f (urban water supply (%), sanitation (%), flood)

KD4: Environmental Water Security Index

What it measures: Performance in restoring their river basins and ecosystems to health on a national and regional scale

KD 4 = f (pressures/threats, vulnerability/resilience)

KD5: Resilience Index (water-related disasters)

What it measures: Performance in building resilient communities that can adapt to change

KD 5 = f (exposure, vulnerability, capacity)

Composite Water Security Index

What it measures: How countries or basins are progressing towards water security

5: Model4: Effective3: Capable2: Engaged1: Hazardous

CI = f (KD1, KD2, KD3, KD4, KD5) expressed in 5 stages:

Pilot BasinsAdapting Water Security Index to River Basins and Estimating Basin Capitals

Brantas River Basin

Indonesia

Area: 11,988 km2

Population: 13.3 million

5.6 % of National GDP

Laguna Lake Basin

Philippines

Area: 3,059 km2

Population: 7.8 million

13.0 % of National GDP

Tone and Ara BasinJapan

Area: 19,780 km2

Population: 32.1 million

29.9 % of National GDP

Maplecroft Approach – Water Security Risk Index

• Indicators used– access to improved drinking water and sanitation – availability of renewable water – reliance on external water supplies – the relationship between water supply and demand within a

country – the overall water dependency of each country’s economy

• Result– water security risk assessment (score between 0-10) per

country; from extreme risk (0-2.5) to low risk (7.5-10)– mainly designed for business purposes– no local conditions,– no attention for other securities (food, energy, etc.)

GWP approach?• No country is the same – no river basin is the same

– no one-size-fits all solution to increase water security– stakeholders to determine the keys for success in each case

• Different scales and purposes– measuring water security at national, basin, and city scale– assessing water security performance in own location– comparing water security with other countries, basins, cities– presenting water security status to professionals or decision-makers

and general public

• Question 5: What framework / method will GWP recommend for measuring water security?

IWRM criteria

DimensionEconomic efficiency

Social equity

Environmental sustainability

Managing the resource

indicator 1Indicator 2

indicator 3Indicator 4

indicator 5Indicator 6Indicator 7

Mitigating the risks indicator 8indicator 9

Indicator 10indicator 11

Sharing water and benefits

indicator 13Indicator 14

indicator 15indicator 16Indicator 17

Start with determining relevant indicators to assess water security in your own location:

Example matrix for use in river basins

What might become GWP’s approach?

Step 1: Assess relevant indicators (for own location)– guided by a matrix of indicators for key dimensions and

reflecting economic, social and environmental criteria (dimensions may be different for water security at national, basin and city scales)

– assess current status and present values in a score card

Step 2: Determine actions (for own location)– determine vision and desired indicator target values– select development path (road map) with specific measures to

increase water security and achieve vision

Step 3: Determine index values– compare own performance with other locations and benchmarks

using national, basin or city water security indexes, basin capital, and others ….. (also useful when presenting to decision-makers)

Research into indicators

• Literature research– What quantifiable indicators can be used to measure important

aspects of water security?

• Sources looked at:– World Water Development Report 4 “Managing Water under Uncertainty

and Risk”– UN-Water Key Water Sector Indicators– Expert Group on Indicators, Monitoring and Databases Proposed

Indicators– Water Poverty Index– Asian Water Development Outlook– Others (suggestions welcome)

Coping Capacity Water Stress LOW HIGH

LOW

Water security issues: Vulnerability to floods Pollution Increasing needs for water & sanitation

services (mainly to large cities) Increasing water security through: Development of an appropriate stock of

infrastructure (storage, flood control, etc.) Proper legislation and adequate

institutions Integrated and comprehensive water

planning

Water security issues: Mitigate for past, present and future

pollution Ecosystems need for water Legal frameworks ensuring access for all Increasing water security through: Effective legal frameworks at a range of

scales Economic incentives More ethical management

HIGH

Water security issues Water demand growing fast Water availability falling to crisis level Overexploitation of groundwater Shortages compounded by pollution Low efficiency of irrigation Vulnerability to floods/droughts Increasing water security through: Optimal mix of increasing supply and

managing demand Strengthening the institutional capacities

and adopting a more cohesive and integrated legal framework

Developing appropriate mechanisms for intersectoral water allocation

Water security issues: Declining water resources Pollution abatement Environmental requirements Conflicts of use Increasing water security through: Water conservation and reuse Sustainable policies and legal frameworks

and institutions for water management and dispute prevention and resolution

Strengthening waste water and pollution control through enforceable legal and institutional mechanisms

How to increase water security (from Perspectives Paper)

Chapter 3

1. Building capacity and partnerships

2. Practical tools and approaches• including tools to help to map the road from level A to

level B

3. Water security and governance

4. Dealing with uncertainty and managing risk

Time schedule

• Now: outline and contributions from GWP regions and knowledge chain

• September: inter-regional expert workshop• End October: first draft for peer-review• December: final draft for editing and lay-outing• January: launch paper at Abu Dhabi summit

Please contribute now!

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Contributions requested (see template)• Chapter 1 on IWRM: our journey and mental models

– Successful IWRM implementation cases in countries, river basins, and cities

– Cases showing the ‘IWRM spiral of progress’ (e.g. update of basin plan, showing realization and increased performance level)

• Chapter 2 on Water Security: what it is and what it takes– Suggestions for figures that illustrate the various dimensions of

water security in relation to IWRM criteria– Examples of assessing and measuring water security (for

countries, river basins, and cities), illustrating methodology (science) as well as practical guidelines (the art).

– Case of IWRM approach for water-food-energy-climate nexus• Chapter 3 on Good Practice: making a difference

– Successful leadership examples in IWRM implementation through multi-stakeholder platforms and partnerships

– Examples of specific tools and approaches to quantify the various dimensions of water security

For discussion now

1. Clarify concept, approach, rationale

2. Contribute cases, examples, justification from the regions

3. Create how will you use the background paper to create opportunities to increase

water security in our own location?

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