Water Storage, Transport & Distribution

Water Storage, Transport and DistributionWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 2

Contents

1. Needs

2. Crucial principles

3. Storage

4. Transport and Distribution

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1. Needs

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Water-related emergency operations have the aim to provide

safe and sufficient water for …

1. Drinking

2. Cooking

3. Personal hygiene

4. Domestic hygiene

THE SPHERE PROJECT WATER SUPPLY STANDARD 1

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2. Crucial principles - Quantity - Proximity - Water sources protection

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Crucial principles

• Every reduction in the available quantity directly affects people's health

• In emergencies people use more water than in a normal situation

15 litres per person per day (minimum)

Quantity

THE SPHERE PROJECT WATER SUPPLY STANDARD 1

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It is preferable a large quantity of water of acceptable quality than a small quantity of water of high quality.

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Proximity

Water consumption directly depends on the

distance to the water source.

Distance shorter than 500 metres

THE SPHERE PROJECT WATER SUPPLY STANDARD 1

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Protection of water sources

Without sufficient and immediate protection, water sources quickly become sources of diseases and epidemics.

THE SPHERE PROJECT WATER SUPPLY STANDARD 2

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3. Storage

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A water supply basic system

1. Raw water abstraction and storage 2. Treatment

3. Drinking water storage

4. Distribution

© Santiago Arnalich 2002

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Beneficiaries participationThe participation of benefiaries at all levels leads to the following advantages:

1. System culturally accepted

2. Reinforcement of ownership

4. Improves self-esteem in crisis time

3. Provides sustainability to the system

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Relevance of water storage:

1. Improves water quality2. Absorbs flow demand peaks and water

source fluctuations3. Allows maintenance & repairs but

providing the service4. Keeps pressure in water points

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• To ensure water distribution during flow demand peaks

Carry out storage calculation to satisfy demand (see handout)

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We must store the largest amount as possible, 24 hours minimum supply.

Storage is a crucial element in any water supply system.

Planning water storage

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• Choose small tanks (5 and 10 m3)

• Avoid large earth movements to elevate the tanks

• Carry out an adequate drainage

• Cover open tanks

• Fence working area

Planning water storage

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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

Open tank with metallic structure Seine (30 m(30 m33)) Raw water / Pre Treatment / Mass water

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Open flexible onion tank Seine (30 m(30 m33)) Raw water / Pre Treatment / Mass water

ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRCOpen flexible onion tank Seine (10 m(10 m33)) Raw water / Pre Treatment / Mass water

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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRCClosed flexible bladder tank Seine (10 m(10 m33)) Drinking water

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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 Water Tanks SRC

Closed flexible bladder tank Seine with interior screens to avoid water movement, adequate for water transport in lorries (5 m(5 m33)) Drinking water

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ERU WATSAN MOD.15 SRCSTORAGE CAPACITY (NEW 2008)

Each box CAP/01 (total 5 boxes): 1 onion tank 30 m3

Each box CAP/03 (total 5 boxes): 1 onion tank 10 m3

Each box DIS/01 (total 5 boxes): 2 bladder tank 5 m3

Each box DIS/02 (total 5 boxes): 1 bladder tank 5 m3

Each box DIS/03 (total 5 boxes): 1 bladder tank 5 m3

Each box (total 5 boxes) : 1 bladder tank 10 m3

TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY:Closed tanks (drinking water): 150.000 litresOpen tanks (raw water and/or mass water): 200.000 litres

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Maintenance

• Disinfect the onion tanks before packing. Pour 1,000 litres of clean water with 150 gr. of chlorine. Move the water in the tank to reach all parts and leave it 30 minutes to work.

• Empty the tanks and leave then to totally dry.

• Fold and pack the tanks in the original packing.

• Do not store in damp places or where there are rodents.

• Do not store with sharp objects above or bellow the tanks.

• Disinfect the bladder tanks before using them in the same way as the onion tanks before packing them.

• Use the repair kit in case of cuts.

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4. Transport & Distribution

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Water transport or tankering to:

• Static water tanks

• Directly to the benefiaries

Tankering operations are complex and expensive, thus, we have to avoid then if possible although they are unavoidable in many occasions in emergencies.

AIM: Maximum distance between homes and water points must not exceed 500 metres (Sphere Project pg.73).

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Tankering conditions :

• Quick installation of static tanks where to unload water

• Equal distribution

• Easy access and turning space for lorries

• Good drainage at water points

• 1 day consumption storage reserve

• Possibility of site improvement

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Direct distribution from lorries to population:

• Clean containers to collect water

• Equal distribution

• Volunteers to organise queuing system

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Tankering operations must be well-organised specially during the first stages of the

emergency, to avoid chaos and unrest.

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Tankering

Water distribution

with a 5,000 litre flexible

tank disposed on

a lorry.

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Tankering

7,000 litre tanker

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TankeringWater

distribution with a 5,000

litre PVC rigid tank with pump

disposed on a lorry

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Calculation of the number of lorries

Nº of deliveries per tanker in a day = Working hours in a day / gross turnaround time (A)

Total number of deliveries in a day = Daily tankered water / volume per tanker (B)

Number of tankers = B / A + 25%

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Location of drinking water tanks :

• In elevation regarding tapstands (or water ramps or water horses): pressured water flow by gravity.

• Tanks no too high regarding water treatment plant

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Tank location

Tie with ropes

Sand bags base. Approximately 45º slope

Earth base. Approximately 30º slope.

Earth-filled metallic barrels and planks

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Tank location

10,000 closed flexible tanks on a wooden structure

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Tapstands

THE SPHERE PROJECT

Minimum one tap per 250 people on the account of a water flow per tap of 7,5 litres per minute

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Tapstands• Watch out peak demand collection • Volunteer surveillance• System ramification• Avoid stagnant water

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Tapstands

Tapstand with a emergency drainage

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Detail of the connection of two tapstands

Tapstands

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Tapstands

Tapstand with permanent drainage (1% gradient)

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Thank youThank you……….……….