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Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

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GOOD WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN CHILD HEALTH MAUREEN CHARAGU MBChB LEVEL 4 6/27/22
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Page 1: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

GOOD WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN

CHILD HEALTH

MAUREEN CHARAGU MBChB LEVEL 4

Page 2: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

OBJECTIVESSource, type and quantity of waterWater treatmentUrban and Rural coverage with water in

KenyaPersonal hygiene (bathing, hand

washing)Waste and refuse disposalLatrine coverage and use in KenyaEnvironmental hygieneGive examples of diseases whose

prevalence influenced by water

Page 3: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Source, type and quantity of water

◦ Natural Sources -Rain water-

harvested from the roof

Surface water- Rivers, dams, swamps, lakes,sea $ oceans

Ground water – hand dug wells, boreholes, springs

Page 4: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Sources can be divided into:improved unimprovedHousehold connection Unprotected wells and springs

Public standpipe Tanker trucks

Protected (lined) dug well Bottled water: due to quantity of water supplied.

Protected spring Vendors

Rain water collected and stored in hygienic conditions

Borehole

Page 5: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

WHO suggests that the minimum amount of water per day should not be less than 20litres

Types Quantity

Two broad categories◦ Fresh

◦ Saline

-Water occupies70% of earth’s surface.

- Of the 70 % (97% saline,3% fresh.)

Page 6: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Water treatmentThis is the act or process of making water

more potable or useful, as by purifying,clarifying , softening or deodorizing to prrevent disease.

Indicators: physical, microbiological especially E.coli, chemical and odour.

METHODS

•Boiling- energy and time for at least 20 minutes

•Filtration- water passed through media to remove turbidity, pathogens

•Chemical (chlorination)

•Solar disinfection

Page 7: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Urban and Rural coverage with water in Kenya

Study done by the Joint Programme for water and sanitation in 2008 show that:

Access to improved water sources:83% urban, 52%rural

Access to piped water through a house or yard connection:44% urban, 12% rural.

Page 8: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Water coverage and access….

Page 9: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Page 10: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Personal hygiene(practices that lead to cleanliness and health preservation)

Bathing Hand washing

Refers to washing one’s body, done at least once a day

Importance –◦ Helps remove dead cells

and bad odor

◦ Rejuvenates skin

◦ Stimulates body’s blood supply upon body scrubbing

Central in prevention of infectious diseases

done using water and soapWhen to wash hands:

◦ Before and after eating◦ After visiting the toilet ◦ Before handling or preparing

food◦ Before and after handling a child

Page 11: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Page 12: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Waste and refuse disposal

Waste- unwanted materials Refuse- items/ materials

discarded or rejected as useless/ worthless; trash or rubbish

Refuse disposal is either placing waste in water or onto land. This is done depending on the type of waste. ◦ Solid waste- disposed by

placing on land in a sanitary landfill, incineration(solid organic waste subjected to combustion with high temperature)recycling

◦ Liquid waste disposed by injecting it in wells that burry the effluent deep under the ground

Importance ◦ Reducing

infections◦ Reducing

accidents Explosives Poisons Radioactiv

es Corrosives-

batteries Flammable

s

Page 13: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Latrine coverage and use in Kenya

Latrines are the simplest and cheapest system.Two types:

Ordinary pit latrine VIP (ventilated improved pit latrine)

In Kenya: ◦ 20.9% - use improved ◦ 40% use non improved latrines Kenya.◦ Disposal of children’s stool (upto 5yr old)14.7%

(used) and 58.7%(waste rinsed) toilet/ latrine.Importance: Prevents spread of disease from

human waste by direct contact or by animals.

Page 14: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Page 15: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Environmental hygiene

Children are more susceptible to environmental threats than adults.

Reason: small body size thus are exposed to larger quantities compared to adults and their exploratory nature.

Exposure to hazards in buildings (corners, stairs), transport systems, food- and water-borne contaminants, air pollutants, waste sites and stagnant water pools.

result to increased susceptibility to diseases (eg asthma, allergies, diarrhoeas) and accidents.

Page 16: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Give examples of diseases whose prevalence influenced by water

Waterborne-disease ( Fecal-oral infections)

Diarrhea (cholera- watery diarrhea, amoebic dysentery)Enteric fever (typhoid)

Water- washed infections(due to inadequate water per person per day)

Trachoma, scarbies, ringworm (tinea capitis),

Water-based infections(due to contact with water)

Penetrating: Schistosomiasis Ingestion: Dracunculosis

Water related insect-vector infections

Biting near water: Malaria,Breeding near water: Sleeping sickness

Water dispersed infections (enter the body through respiratory system)

Amoeba: meningitis (Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri)Bacteria

, legionella disease

Page 17: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Cont…Metal related diseases or syndromes

Lead poisoning

Organic chemicals related conditions syndromes

Toxicoses, cancers, mutations and birth defects

Fluoride in water related conditions

Fluorosis

Nitrates in water related syndrome

methemoglobinemia

Hardness in water related conditions

Cardiovascular disease-

Page 18: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics(2010)Kenya Demographic and Health Survey(2008 - 2009)pg.13-28,139-140.

Ministry of Water and Irrigation: Annual Water Sector Review 2009

http://kenya.usaid.gov/http://www.who.int/en/BMJ(2002)WHOtargetsenvironmentalimpactonchildhe

alth[WWW]BMJ.Availablefrom:http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7432/870.4[07/04/2013]

REFERENCES

Page 19: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

AYAH,R. (2011) Environmental Health ODEMBA, E. et al. (eds.) Introduction to Public Health. 1st ed. Nairobi: Colourprint ltd, pp. 162-177.

Global Issues in Water, Sanitation and Health. NCBI Bookshelf http://www.ncbi.nln.nih.gov/books[07/04/2013]

Page 20: Water supply and enviromental sanitation in child heath - Kenya

Thursday, April 13, 2023

An important team that will save lives

THANK YOU


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