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Thursday, April 13, 2023
GOOD WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN
CHILD HEALTH
MAUREEN CHARAGU MBChB LEVEL 4
Thursday, April 13, 2023
OBJECTIVESSource, type and quantity of waterWater treatmentUrban and Rural coverage with water in
KenyaPersonal hygiene (bathing, hand
washing)Waste and refuse disposalLatrine coverage and use in KenyaEnvironmental hygieneGive examples of diseases whose
prevalence influenced by water
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Source, type and quantity of water
◦ Natural Sources -Rain water-
harvested from the roof
Surface water- Rivers, dams, swamps, lakes,sea $ oceans
Ground water – hand dug wells, boreholes, springs
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Sources can be divided into:improved unimprovedHousehold connection Unprotected wells and springs
Public standpipe Tanker trucks
Protected (lined) dug well Bottled water: due to quantity of water supplied.
Protected spring Vendors
Rain water collected and stored in hygienic conditions
Borehole
Thursday, April 13, 2023
WHO suggests that the minimum amount of water per day should not be less than 20litres
Types Quantity
Two broad categories◦ Fresh
◦ Saline
-Water occupies70% of earth’s surface.
- Of the 70 % (97% saline,3% fresh.)
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Water treatmentThis is the act or process of making water
more potable or useful, as by purifying,clarifying , softening or deodorizing to prrevent disease.
Indicators: physical, microbiological especially E.coli, chemical and odour.
METHODS
•Boiling- energy and time for at least 20 minutes
•Filtration- water passed through media to remove turbidity, pathogens
•Chemical (chlorination)
•Solar disinfection
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Urban and Rural coverage with water in Kenya
Study done by the Joint Programme for water and sanitation in 2008 show that:
Access to improved water sources:83% urban, 52%rural
Access to piped water through a house or yard connection:44% urban, 12% rural.
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Water coverage and access….
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Personal hygiene(practices that lead to cleanliness and health preservation)
Bathing Hand washing
Refers to washing one’s body, done at least once a day
Importance –◦ Helps remove dead cells
and bad odor
◦ Rejuvenates skin
◦ Stimulates body’s blood supply upon body scrubbing
Central in prevention of infectious diseases
done using water and soapWhen to wash hands:
◦ Before and after eating◦ After visiting the toilet ◦ Before handling or preparing
food◦ Before and after handling a child
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Waste and refuse disposal
Waste- unwanted materials Refuse- items/ materials
discarded or rejected as useless/ worthless; trash or rubbish
Refuse disposal is either placing waste in water or onto land. This is done depending on the type of waste. ◦ Solid waste- disposed by
placing on land in a sanitary landfill, incineration(solid organic waste subjected to combustion with high temperature)recycling
◦ Liquid waste disposed by injecting it in wells that burry the effluent deep under the ground
Importance ◦ Reducing
infections◦ Reducing
accidents Explosives Poisons Radioactiv
es Corrosives-
batteries Flammable
s
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Latrine coverage and use in Kenya
Latrines are the simplest and cheapest system.Two types:
Ordinary pit latrine VIP (ventilated improved pit latrine)
In Kenya: ◦ 20.9% - use improved ◦ 40% use non improved latrines Kenya.◦ Disposal of children’s stool (upto 5yr old)14.7%
(used) and 58.7%(waste rinsed) toilet/ latrine.Importance: Prevents spread of disease from
human waste by direct contact or by animals.
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Environmental hygiene
Children are more susceptible to environmental threats than adults.
Reason: small body size thus are exposed to larger quantities compared to adults and their exploratory nature.
Exposure to hazards in buildings (corners, stairs), transport systems, food- and water-borne contaminants, air pollutants, waste sites and stagnant water pools.
result to increased susceptibility to diseases (eg asthma, allergies, diarrhoeas) and accidents.
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Give examples of diseases whose prevalence influenced by water
Waterborne-disease ( Fecal-oral infections)
Diarrhea (cholera- watery diarrhea, amoebic dysentery)Enteric fever (typhoid)
Water- washed infections(due to inadequate water per person per day)
Trachoma, scarbies, ringworm (tinea capitis),
Water-based infections(due to contact with water)
Penetrating: Schistosomiasis Ingestion: Dracunculosis
Water related insect-vector infections
Biting near water: Malaria,Breeding near water: Sleeping sickness
Water dispersed infections (enter the body through respiratory system)
Amoeba: meningitis (Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri)Bacteria
, legionella disease
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Cont…Metal related diseases or syndromes
Lead poisoning
Organic chemicals related conditions syndromes
Toxicoses, cancers, mutations and birth defects
Fluoride in water related conditions
Fluorosis
Nitrates in water related syndrome
methemoglobinemia
Hardness in water related conditions
Cardiovascular disease-
Thursday, April 13, 2023
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics(2010)Kenya Demographic and Health Survey(2008 - 2009)pg.13-28,139-140.
Ministry of Water and Irrigation: Annual Water Sector Review 2009
http://kenya.usaid.gov/http://www.who.int/en/BMJ(2002)WHOtargetsenvironmentalimpactonchildhe
alth[WWW]BMJ.Availablefrom:http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7432/870.4[07/04/2013]
REFERENCES
Thursday, April 13, 2023
AYAH,R. (2011) Environmental Health ODEMBA, E. et al. (eds.) Introduction to Public Health. 1st ed. Nairobi: Colourprint ltd, pp. 162-177.
Global Issues in Water, Sanitation and Health. NCBI Bookshelf http://www.ncbi.nln.nih.gov/books[07/04/2013]
Thursday, April 13, 2023
An important team that will save lives
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