Water Supply &

Sanitation

Water Supply : Background

The main surface sources of water for Bangalore and Arkavathy and Cauvery River. Till 1896, the city was dependent on untreated water from large number of tanks, local wells & Kalyanis. As the demand grew with the rise in population, the utmost source was identified as Arkavathy River across which a tank was constructed at Hessarghatta and the water was pumped through RCC transmission main up to Malleswaram when Combined Jewel filters were constructed to filter the water for supply to the city. The water supply from this source was 36MLD. However, over the years it has been considerably reduced. As the city grew rapidly, to meet the rising demand, a larger reservoir called Chamarajasagar (CRS) was constructed across River Arkavathy at Tippagondanahalli (TG Halli), which is downstream of Hessarghatta Lake. The water was abstracted from this reservoir and filtered and treated in a conventional water treatment plant and pumped to Bangalore city from the year 1933 through a 900mm dia. CI main and subsequently augmented in stages through CI pumping mains of 675mm and 600mm dia with an immediate pumping station at Tavarekere. The total pumping of water from this source was 140 MLD. However, over the years, the yield has been gradually reducing. However, over the years the inflow into the Hessarghatta and CRS reservoirs reduced considerably, mainly due to the increased usage of Arkavathy River water upstream of the 2 reservoirs for agriculture and other development uses.

Water Supply : Background

After independence, Bangalore grew more rapidly in population. Being the fastest growing city in the country, the requirement of water for human consumption and industries rose sharply. Hence to meet the immediate requirement and future demands, a large source of water viz., River Cauvery was identified for development. The total supply of about 180 MLD from Arkavathy sources was reduced to about 18 MLD and was absolutely to meet the requirement of the city. GoK has allocated about 19 TMC (600 cuses) of Cavery river water to Bangalore City for utilization to meet the drinking water need from the state’s allocation. The main point for tapping Cavery River is at Shiva Anicut, which is about 90 km, to the south west of Bangalore city.

There is an earlier existing facility erected by Karnataka Electricity Board (now changed to KPTCL, a limited company), in which the water from the Shiva Anicut is drawn through an open power channel to the Forbes Sagar Balancing reservoir and finally to the Netkal Balancing reservoir at Netkal about 8.85 km from anicut, which carries the combined flow or the hydropower generating station at Shimsha and for the water supply. The Netkal Balancing Reservoir (NBR) serves as the headworks for drawing the water from River Cavery for water supply to the city. Since 1974, BWSSB has abstracted water from Cauvery source and augmented the city water supply under Cauvery Water Supply Schemes (CWSS), in stages. CWSS Stage I was commissioned in the year 1974 to augment the supply by 135 MLD.

Water Supply : BackgroundCWSS Stage II followed and was commissioned in the year 1982 to further augment the supply by 135 MLD, CWSS Stage III was commissioned subsequently in the year 1994 increasing the supply by an additional 270 MLD. BWSSB have more recently implemented CWSS Stage IV Phase I in the year 2002 adding an additional 270 MLD of treated water to the city supplies. For all these 4 stages, the water is abstracted from the headworks at NBR and conveyed to the water Treatment Plant at Thorekadnahalli (TK Halli), which is located at a distance of 86 km from city, through gravity mains of 9.60 km length. The first gravity mains of 1750 mm dia carries Stage I and Stage II flows, the 2nd main of 1950 mm carries Stage III flows and the 3rd main of 1900mm dia Cauvery Stage IV Phase I flows. The raw water is treated in separate water plants for each of the 4 Stages. Treated water is pumped in three stages at TK Halli, Harohalli and Tataguni before the water reaches the city. Intermediate Pumping Stations are located at the three places for all the 4 Stages of CWSS Schemes. Stage I water is pumped through a head of 160m at each stage of pumping and conveyed through 1200mm dia MS transmission main to the city terminates at South end circle. The water is transmitted through CI mains to Byrasandra, Bull Temple Reservoir, MNK Park Reservoir, Clive Line Reservoir (CLR) and Kempegowda Tower Reservoir (KGT) for storage and balancing and distributed throughout the city through the existing water supply system. Under Stage II also the water is pumped to the city through another parallel 1200mm dia MS transmission mains, the lift at each pumping station being 160m. At South-End Circle, water is transmitted to High Ground Reservoir (HGR) through a 1750mm dia MS main, which also carries the stage III water with Stage II augmenting water is supplied to Banashankari (BSK II) and High Grounds Reservoir which acts as a balancing reservoir, from where water is supplied to reservoirs at KG Tower, Clive Lines and Machalibetta (MBR); pumping of water is 135 MLD.

Salient Features of Water Supply The salient characteristics of existing water supply for Bangalore is summarized and presented below: Population as per 1991 Census of the Urban Agglomeration (UA) – 41.3 lakh Population as per 2001 Census of the UA- 60 lakhPresent Population as on 2005 of the UA (Projected) – 70 lakhArea of the UA (sqkm) – 560Population provided with water supply as on 31.3.2004 – (Million) 4.92Source(s) of existing Water SupplyName Cauvery RiverDistance (km) from City 120 kmTotal water produced (MLD) 842Total quality of water supplied (MLD) 842Quantity supplied for domestic use (MLD) 439Quality supplied for industrial/commercial use (MLD) 72Loss of water/ UFW-in (MLD) 330, in 39%Net Average per capital water supply (lpcd) at present 73Distribution network length (km) (APP) 3500Total number of water connections 3,61,294

House Service Connections 3500, 049Public Stand Posts 7,174No. of metered connections 3,61,294No. of un-metered connections Nil

Salient Features of Water Supply No. of Bulk connections Industrial-71; Commercial – 11071; Institutional- 141 Existing Water Traffic Domestic Water Traffic (Rs. /KL) 06.00 (Lowest slabs) 36.00 (Highest

slabs) Commercial Water Tariff (Rs. / KL) 36.00(Lowest Slabs) 60.00 (Highest

slabs) Industrial Water Tariff (Rs. / KL) 60.00 + 10% sewage cess Tariff effective from (date) 01.08.2002

The MP divides the Bangalore Area into 47 Planning Districts. According to Master Plan – 2015, the water supply status is being addressed highlighting the source (groundwater, BWSSB, private (water) supply, well water, etc).

The sanitation position is also addressed which appears to be

poor compared to water supply. The BWSSB connections vary from almost zero to 301 connections / 1000 habitants. This may be partially due to newly added wards of BMP to supply BWSSB water. The water supply pipelines are being laid in not only erstwhile in 7 CMCs and 1 TMC but also proposed to lay in the new BDA developed areas such as Banashankari, Visvesvaraya Layout, JP Nagar, etc.

Sewerage System : Background Sewerage system in Bangalore was in place/existence since 1922 s mentioned earlier. Earlier the city was densely populated in civilian and cantonment areas of the old city and since 1920 the decadal growth rate of population in metropolitan area is more than 19.6 hitting a maximum of 94.3 in 1950s. Therefore, in the year 1950 only, major development and sewerage coverage was initiated . Now around 225 sqkm area is being covered by the sewerage system. The drawing zone coverage details are: Major Valleys – Vrishabhavathi – 44.88 sqkm; K&C- 73.65 sqkm; Hebbal-39.1 sqkm; Minor Valleys – Kethamaranahalli & Arkavathy – 22.91 sqkm; Tavarakere-13.72 sqkm; and Kathriguppe – 15.15 sqkm. The existing sewerage system area is divided into 3 district major drainage zones, namely, Vrishabhavathi Valley (V Valley, 50.08 sqkm), Koramangala and Challaghatta (K&C Valley, 68.48 sqkm) and Hebbal Valley (33.77 sqkm), which for the most part cover BMP areas. In the peripheral areas comprising 7 CMCs and 1 TMC, there are 3 minor valleys forming separate drainage zones namely kethamaranahalli & Arkavathy (K&A Valley, 30.55 sqkm), Tavarakere (11.89 sqkm) and Kathriguppe Valley (20.82 sqkm). Sewage treatment plants were first constructed under CWSS Stage I and are in operation since 1974. The wastewater generated in V – Valley drainage zone covering the western parts of the city was treated in primary treatment plant at Mysore Road with a capacity of 123 MLD (27 MGD). For Koramangala & Challaghtta Valley (K&C Valley) a common wastewater treatment plant with primary treatment with a capacity of 163 MLD was established. Both these plants were completed in the year 1973-74. Under CWSS Stage II, Secondary wastewater treatment was provided in both these plants and the capacity of V Valley sewage treatment plant (V Valley STP ) was increased to 180 MLD and K&C Valley STP capacity remained the same. The wastewater treatment plant of 60 MLD Capacity was constructed at Hebbal valley under CWSS Stage II and Stage III. In the 3 minor valleys, the sewage collected was pumped to the existing 3 STPs at V Valley, K&C Valley and Hebbal Valley. Three intermediate pumping station (ISPS) were also established.

Proposed Water supply and sewerage Projects in Implementation Period of JNNURM as per

JNNURM CDP

Rehabilitation of Bunk Water Supply Transmission Lines:

Rehabilitation of head works;Installation / rehabilitation of bulk meters; andPlugging of leakage in the main transmission line to reduce UFW.

The rehabilitation expenses have been estimated at a normative standard of Rs. 2 Crore per kilometer length of the main transmission line (98km). 75% of the rehabilitation works are proposed to be completed in the implementation period.

Rehabilitation of the existing connection (15% of 3.6 lakhs existing water connection); and

Provision of new connections in the uncovered areas.

The cost of rehabilitation and installation of new connections has been assumed at Rs. 6,500 and Rs. 8,000 per connection.

Rehabilitation/ Extension of Distribution System

Rehabilitation/ Extension of Sewerage System & Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plants

Rehabilitation of the existing connections (40% of the existing connections); and

Provision of new connections in the uncovered areas. Laying of sewers to prevent entry of sewage into storm

water drains and avoiding inter-connection of SWD & sewers.

Detailed studied would be taken up to identify the specific locations for laying separate sewers and for developing mechanisms for preventing the inflow of sewage into SWDs.

The project cost would be estimated based on the studies undertaken. The cost of rehabilitation and installation of new connections have been assumed at Rs. 6500 to 8,000per connection. It is proposed to set up a sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 6 MLD at an estimated cost Rs. 6 Crore.

Other Important Works

Development of alternative water source Aquifer recharging Computer network analysis Efficient management of water by rezoning Public awareness campaigns Dual water systems Supply recharge Quality monitoring Energy audit studies Studies towards determination of UFW

Summary of Issues Water Supply

Key Issues in Water SupplyParameter Description

Inadequacy of resources for augmenting future growth

Limited availability of water from Cauvery (after utilization of 600 cusecs)

No water available from adjoining river sources such as Hemavathy, Netravathi etc..

Changing land use pattern

Ground Water Indiscriminate drawal Sub-standard water quality

Water quality issues (in distribution network and raw water)

Cross connections back – siphon in distribution resulting in water borne diseases

Raw water deterioration due to pesticides and chemical pollutants from industries and sewage from upstream

Uneven Distribution and Intermittent Supply

Parts of the City receive a higher quantum of water and for a longer duration when compared to certain other areas which receive a lesser quantum and only for a short duration

Erratic growth Assets needing rehabilitation Some areas get water only for 3-5 hours on alternate

days

Non-availability of water to meet National Standards of 150 lped

Relatively high UFW Non-availability of distribution system in CMCsTMC

and new added BMP wards Arkavathi source gradually depleting

High UFW Absence of reliable source production (bulk metering) on all major water sources

Absence of metering on public fountain consumption Poor accuracy and serviceability of consumer metering High non-physical loss due to consumption from

unauthorized inoperable meters

Summary of Issues Sanitation

Key Issues in Sanitation

Parameter DescriptionInadequate Coverage Covers only 40% of the area

Environmental Concerns Pollution of lakes Mosquito Growth

Sewage entering drains and lakes

Health problems Nuisance to public Environmental and Bio-diversity

problemsInsufficient capacity of sewers (Trunk and Mains) both primaryAnd secondary

Overflows from manholes Public Nuisance

Increased sewage flows in rainy season (due to mixing of storm water

Some sewage has to be let out without treatment to river downstream thereby polluting the system (Arkavathy and Cauvery)

Sewage flows on to road and into low-lying areas

Damaged sewers Public nuisance Mosquito problems

Direct connections of sewers from slums and low-lying areas to (primary and secondary drains)Strom water drains

Flooding in slums and low areas Back flows during rainy seasons when

storm water drains are full

Summary of Issues Sanitation

Key Issues in Sanitation

Water Supply and Sewerage system are inadequate. A limited inventory mapping of the utility lines has been done specially related to water supply and sanitation. Storm water system has inadequate coverage and is not connected to each other.

Parameter DescriptionSilt, grease and floating debris (plastic, papers, etc) into open drains and into treatment plants

Problem in primary and secondary treatment , O&M problems

Accessibility problem for manholes

Encroachment of sewer lines and manholes

Sewage over-flows into residential areas (slums, low lying areas

Sewer cleaning and removing silt difficult Nuisance and mosquito growth.

Policy and Action Plan

The city shall develop a plan for water supply, sewer and drainage, which will include comprehensive schedule for regular maintenance of such system and the connection in the city wise infrastructure.

The city should separate the sewer and storm water system completely or provide adequate capacity and combined flow. They should ensure that the rain water is not wasted an adequate provision of rain harvesting is made which will also include rejuvenation of cities’ lakes.

Additional pavement / concreting of open area in the city should be avoided. Use of permeable pathway / sidewalks and other pavement options alike this proper. Pathway specifically for pedestrians and bicycle tracts should be considered in the areas which are environmentally sensitive.

All extension areas (newly added areas into BBMP, new layouts etc.) Should be made functional only after proper water supply and sewer system is laid. In this regard, BWSSB needs to prepare the master plan for the development of these areas.

The city shall have a proper transparency in terms of programs and projections undertaken for water supply and sanitation