Water Treatment Overview

8/21/2019 Water Treatment Overview

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BASIC COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT

& UPGRADATION

Dr V Srihari

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

AND RESEARCH(NICMAR)

HYDERABAD

IN WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES


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Water distribution on the earth


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Do you know---Nearly 97.5%

of the worlds water is salty or

otherwise undrinkable.

Another 2% is loked in ie

a!s and "laiers.

#hat lea$es only .5% for all

of hu&anitys needs'all its

a"riultural( residential(

&anufaturin"( o&&unity(

and !ersonal needs.


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What Is Watr P!ri"i#ati$%What Is Watr P!ri"i#ati$%

Water !urifiation "enerally &eans freein" water fro&any kind of i&!urity it ontains( suh as onta&inants

or &iro or"anis&s.

)

*t is the transition of dirty har&ful +,onta&inated

water into lean safe water.

Water treat&ent

for

!otable water

Waste Water treat&ent

or

/afe dis!osal


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Water Treatments Overview

Drinking Water Treatment

Municipal & Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Boiler Water Treatment

Desalination (RO Water Treatment)

Industrial Process water


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Drinking Water Treatment


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Water #reat&ent /ta"es

0. /reenin"

2. Aeration

1. ! orretion

3. ,oa"ulation andfloulation

5. /edi&entation

4. re-hlorination and

dehlorination7. iltration

6. Disinfetion

9. ! adust&ent


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/reenin"(

Definition8

Screening is a unit o!eration that se!arates&aterials in andor on water +found in different

si:es fro& water and fro& enterin" water

treat&ent failities and &ains.

#he unit in$ol$ed is alled a screen.


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C'assi"i#ati$% $" S#r%s

; esh

/reens?

; >ethod used to lean the entra!!ed &aterials

+&anually( &ehanially( raked or water-et

leaned; ied or &o$in" sreen surfae.


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Dri%i% Watr Trat*%t F'$+ Diara*


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*nitial /ta"esB.

Arati$%- dissol$in" oy"en into the water tore&o$e s&ell and taste( !ro&ote hel!ful

bateria to "row( and !rei!itate nuisane&etals like iron and &an"anese.


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T,-s $" Arat$rs

Cra$ity aerators

ountain aerators Diffused aerators

>ehanial aerators.


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T!r.i/it,

-H

Ch'$ri%0O1$%

Wh t i , l ti


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water treat&ent 20

What is ,oa"ulationC$a!'ati$%is the destabili:ation of olloids by addition of

he&ials that neutrali:e the ne"ati$e har"es

#he he&ials are known as oa"ulants( usually hi"her $alene

ationi salts +Al1E( e1Eet.

,oa"ulation is essentially a he&ial !roess

--

-

-

-

-- -

-

-

--

--

--

-----

--

-----


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>aor ,lean F!

C$a!'ati$% a%/ "'$##!'ati$% - auses thea""lo&eration and sedi&entation of sus!endedsolid !artiles throu"h the addition of a

oa"ulatin" a"ent +usually alu&inu& sulfateandor iron sulfate to the raw water alon" with a!oly&er to hel! for& a flo.


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,oa"ulation ai&

21


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23

COAGULANT AIDS

Othr s!.sta%#s tha%#$a!'a%ts !s/23 C'a, *i%ra's

3 Si'i#ats-P$',*rs

P$',*rs ar $"t%

ithr a%i$%i# $r

#ati$%i# t$ ai/

#$a!'ati$%4P$',*rs a's$

ri%"$r# "'$#s


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5ar Tst a--arat!s


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GAH #I/#8

#he ar test si&ulate the oa"ulationfloulation !roess in

a bath &ode. A series of bath tests are run in whih !( oa"ulant ty!e

and dosa"e and oa"ulant aid are $aried to "et the o!ti&al

dosa"e +lowest residual turbidity.

An eono&i analysis is !erfor&ed to selet these

!ara&eters.

, l ti ) l l ti


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,oa"ulation ) loulation

; Ra-i/ Mi6i% 3 78 t$ 98

s#$%/s

; F'$##!'ati$% G%t' *i6i%78398 *i%!ts t$ arat

th -arti#'s

; C$a!'a%ts

A'!*i%!* s!'"at (a'!*)

Frr$!s s!'"at ("rri#)

Frri# #h'$ri/


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FlocculationFlocculation

Gentle mixing to cause collisions between particles.Gentle mixing to cause collisions between particles.

When destabilized particles collide they stick together toWhen destabilized particles collide they stick together to

form flocform floc

Fl l ti B iFl l ti B i


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Flocculation BasinsFlocculation Basins


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ettling !edimentation"ettling !edimentation"


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#ircular Basin#ircular Basin $ectangular Basin$ectangular Basin


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Basin %odelBasin %odel


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ettlingettling


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Flocculator&clarifierFlocculator&clarifier


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S/i*%tati$% Basi%


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E*-t, S/i*%tati$% Basi%


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T!r.i/it,

-H

Ch'$ri%

S'!/ C$%#4

S'!/

L:'

T!r.i/it,

T!r.i/it,

Ora%i#s

TOC


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artile He&o$al >ehanis&s in ilters

'ransport to a surface

(ttachment

%olecular diffusion)nertia

Gra*ity

)nterception

training

collector

iltration #ehnolo"ies


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iltration #ehnolo"ies

/low +iltersJIn"lishJ/low sandJK@iosandL; irst filters used for &unii!al water treat&ent; Were unable to treat the turbid waters; ,an be used after Hou"hin" filters

Ha!id +>ehanialJA&erianJHa!id sand; Fsed in ,on$entional Water #reat&ent ailities; Fsed after oa"ulationfloulationsedi&entation; i"h flow ratesJlo" dailyJhydrauli leanin"

,era&i


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iltration


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ilters Calore

Bio and

$apid and

#artridge

Bag

+ot

#andle

,iatomaceous earth filter

low and


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ilter ran"e of a!!liability

-

/'0

-

-

-

F

- - - -k -k people

-k- - - -k -k people

-k

#artridge Bag$F1 +ot #andle,2


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Ha!id /and ilter

+,on$entional #reat&ent

Sand

Gravel

Infuent

Drain

EuentWash water

Anthracite

Size(mm)

0.70

0.! " 0.!!

! " #0

S$eci%cGravit&

'.#

.#!

.#!

De$th(cm)

0

!

!


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Sand

Gravel

Infuent

Drain

EuentWash water

Anthracite

@akwash

Wash wateris treated

waterM


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inal #ouhes

Disi%"#ti$%

#he filtered water &ay nor&ally ontain so&e har&ful

disease !roduin" bateria in it. #hese bateria &ust be

killed in order to &ake the water safe for drinkin". #he

!roess of killin" these bateria is known as Disinfetion.


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Mth$/s $" Disi%"#ti$%

Boiling

Treatment with Excess Lime Treament with Ozone

Chlorination


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333water is treated with a !owerful oidi:in" a"ent usuallyhlorine( hlorine then a&&onia +hlora&ine( or o:one.; A residual disinfetant is left in the water to !re$ent reinfetion.

-H a/;!st*%t- so that treated water lea$es the !lantin the desired ran"e of 4.5 to 6.5 ! units.


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Bra3 -$i%t #h'$ri%ati$%


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G%ra'i1/ #!r: $.tai%/ /!ri% .ra-$i%t #h'$ri%ati$%


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Bra P$i%t C!r:Bra P$i%t C!r:

I" i%$ra%i# #h'$ri% /*a%/ (44 Ir$% & M%) is -rs%t< i%itia' C'7

/$s -r$/!#s %$ rsi/!a' C'74

Rsi/!a' C'7Vs C'7 /$s C!r: +$!'/ . "'at !%ti' th /*a%/ is

satis"i/4

As th C'7/$s i%#ras< C'7 rsi/!a' "irst riss t$ a *a64 & th%

/#'i%s t$ a *i%4

Pri$r t$ th .ra -$i%t< C'7rsi/!a' is a #$*.i%/ rsi/!a'4

A"tr th .ra -$i%t< thr is %$ a**$%ia '"t t$ ra#t +ith C'74


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Bra3 -$i%t #h'$ri%ati$%

Wh% C'7 is a/// t$ +atr< it is #$%s!*/ t$ $6i/is :ari$!s $ra%i##$*-$!%/s i% +atr & that r-rs%ts i%itia' C'7/*a%/4

Th% C'7ra#ts +ith NH=t$ "r$* #$*.i%/ #h'$ri% rsi/!a'4

With a//iti$% $" C'7< #$*.i%/ C'7 rsi/!a' ra#hs a *a64 :a'! & "!rthr

a//iti$% $" C'7#a!ss a /#ras i% #$*.i%/ rsi/!a'4

This is #a''/ Bra3-$i%t Ch'$ri%ati$%4

At this -$i%t< Ch'$ra*i%s ar $6i/is/ t$ N7as4

A"tr .ra -$i%t #h'$ri%ati$% is ra#h/< "r #h'$ri% rsi/!a' /:'$-s > th

sa* rat as that $" a--'i/ /$s4


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-H

Ch'$ri%

Ch'$ri% Di$6,/

Water /u!!ly /yste&


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Water /u!!ly /yste&

Watr Distri.!ti$% S,st*s

#he !ur!ose of distribution syste& is to deli$er water to onsu&er with a!!ro!riate

uality( uantity and !ressure.


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Distri.!ti$% Rsr:$irs


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Distribution reser$oirs( also alled ser$ie reser$oirs( arethe stora"e reser$oirs( whih store the treated water forsu!!lyin" water in hourly flutuations for the nor&al

water de&and.

T,-s $" Rsr:$irs

Fnder"round reser$oirs./&all "round le$el reser$oirs.

Oar"e "round le$el reser$oirs.


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Water /tora"e

u&!ed to /tora"e #ank

/tora"e

Water !ressureo!si

o0 !si P 2.10 feet of water


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La,$!ts $" Distri.!ti$% Nt+$r

#he distribution !i!es are "enerally laid below the road !a$e&ents( and as suh

their layouts "enerally follow the layouts of roads. #here are( in "eneral( four

different ty!es of !i!e networksQ #hey are8

Dead End System

Grid Iron System

Ring System

Radial System

Pi- Nt+$r A%a',sis


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Analysis of water distribution syste& inludes

deter&inin" uantities of flow and head losses in

the $arious !i!e lines( and resultin" residual!ressures.

*n any !i!e network( the followin" two onditions

&ust be satisfied8

#he al"ebrai su& of !ressure dro!s around a

losed loo! &ust be :ero( i.e. there an be no

disontinuity in !ressure.

#he flow enterin" a untion &ust be eual to the

flow lea$in" that untionQ i.e. the law of ontinuity

&ust be satisfied.
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Grid%20iron.htmhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Grid%20iron.htmhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Ring.htmhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Radial.htmhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Ring.htmhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Grid%20iron.htmhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Dead%20end%20layout.htm


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Water Distribution /yste&

,onsists of water lines(

fittin"s( $al$es( ser$ie lines(

&eters( and fire hydrants

Ooo! syste& &ore desirablethan branh syste&

; *solation $al$es

; Water flows in &ore than

one diretion O


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Water Distribution /yste&

#y!ial new syste& !i!e

; #her&o!lasti or dutile iron

; Heinfored onrete in lar"er &ains


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Municipal & Industrial Wastewater Treatment
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Largediapvc.jpg


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Wastewater #reat&ent

ur!ose8

#o &ana"e water dishar"ed fro& ho&es( businesses( and industries

to redue the threat of water !ollution.

#he liuid waste- wastewater is essentially the water su!!ly of the

o&&unity after it has been used in a $ariety of a!!liations

Wastewater &ay be defined fro& the stand!oint of soures of "eneration

as a o&bination of the liuid or water-arried wastes re&o$ed fro&

institution( o&&erial and industrial establish&ents


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/ewa"e is waste water fro& a o&&unity( ontainin" solid andliuid ereta( deri$ed fro& houses( street and yard washin"s(

fatories and industries. *t rese&bles dirty water with an un!leasant

s&ell.

/ewa"e

44

/ewa"e onsist of about 99.9% water and .0 % solids( the solids areeither or"ani or inor"ani. #he or"ani solids onsist of about 45%

!rotein( 25% arbohydrate and 0% fats.

/ lla"e


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/ulla"e8

#he ter& Ksulla"eL is a!!lied to waste water

whih does not ontain hu&an ereta( e.".(waste water fro& kithens and bathroo&s

47

H$+ /$ + ?!a%ti", +atr -$''!ti$%


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H$+ /$ + ?!a%ti", +atr -$''!ti$%

BOD 3 Bi$#h*i#a' O6,% D*a%/

COD 3 Ch*i#a' O6,% D*a%/

DO 3 Diss$':/ O6,% L:'s

T@N 3 T$ta' @;'/ah' Nitr$%

Path$% L:'s (C$'i"$r*s)

NO=3N 3 Nitrat %itr$%

S!s-%// S$'i/s

A?!ati# Ora%is*s $r 'a# $" (a'a< "ish< t#4)

Ha:, Mta's

T$6i#it,Wast+atr Chara#tristi#s


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re-treat&ent

reli&inary treat&ent

ri&ary treat&ent

/eondary treat&ent

/lud"e +biosolids dis!osal



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Water dishar"ed fro& ho&es(

businesses( and industry enters

sanitary sewersWater fro& rainwater on streets

enters stor& water sewers

,o&bined sewers arry both

sanitary wastes and stor& water


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Water &o$es toward the

wastewater !lant !ri&arily by"ra$ity flow

Oift stations !u&! water fro&

low lyin" areas o$er hills


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M!%i#i-a' & I%/!stria' Watr Trat*%t F'$+ Diara*


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>unii!al ) *ndustrial Wastewater #reat&ent



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T!r.i/it,

-H


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reli&inary #reat&ent

- re&o$es lar"e obets andnon-de"radable &aterials

- !rotets !u&!s and

eui!&ent fro& da&a"e- bar sreen and "rit ha&ber



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@ar /reen

- athes lar"e

obets that ha$e"otten into sewersyste& suh as

briks( bottles(!iees of wood(et.



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Crit ,ha&ber- re&o$es roks( "ra$el( broken"lass( et.

>esh /reen- re&o$es do&esti ite&s( o&bs(towels( !lasti ba"s( syrin"es( et.


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reli&inary #reat&ent


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>easure&ent and sa&!lin" at theinlet struture

- a flow &eter ontinuously reordsthe $olu&e of water enterin" thetreat&ent !lant

- water sa&!les are taken fordeter&ination of sus!ended solidsand @.


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S'!/ C$%#4

S'!/

L:'



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/us!ended /olids ; the uantity ofsolid &aterials floatin" in the waterolu&n

@.


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>easure&ents of /us!ended /olids

and @.


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ri&ary #reat&ent-- a !hysial !roess

-- wastewater flow is slowed down

and sus!ended solids settle to thebotto& by "ra$ity

-- the &aterial that settles is alled

slud"e or biosolids



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ri&ary #reat&ent



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/lud"e fro& the !ri&arysedi&entation tanks is !u&!edto the slud"e thikener.

- &ore settlin" ours toonentrate the slud"e !rior todis!osal

*i l i l - t t


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*i+l+,ical -reatment

In the case +/ d+mestic wastewater treatmentthe +12ective +/ 1i+l+,ical treatment is3

4 -+ sta1ilize the +r,anic c+ntent

4 -+ rem+ve nutrients such as nitr+,en and $h+s$h+rus

Types:

Aer+1ic 5r+cessesAnaer+1ic 5r+cesses

6+m1ined Aer+1ic"Anaer+1ic 5r+cesses

5+nd 5r+cesses

Attached Gr+wthSus$ended Gr+wth6+m1ined S&stems

Aer+1icacultativeAnaer+1ic



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ri&ary treat&ent redues the sus!endedsolids and the @.


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Trat*%t stas S#$%/ar,

trat*%t

De"rade biolo"ial ontent +dissol$edor"ani &atter of the sewa"e; I8 hu&an waste( food waste( soa!s(

deter"ent Added bateria and !roto:oa into sewa"e

1 different a!!roahes;

ied fil& syste&; /us!ended fil& syste&

; Oa"oon syste&

#h h


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#hree a!!roahes

ied il& /yste&s

; "row &iroor"anis&s on substrates suh as

roks( sand or !lasti

; wastewater is s!read o$er the substrate; I8 #riklin" filters( rotatin" biolo"ial

ontators

#riklin" filters bed


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#riklin" filters bed

/!read wastewatero$er &iroor"anis&

&ade of oke

+arbonised oal(li&estone hi!s ors!eially fabriated!lasti &edia

Attahed Crowth or ied il& HeatorsAttahed Crowth or ied il& Heators


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#riklin" ilters#riklin" ilters

Hok >ediaHok >edia #y!ially 3 ; 6 feet dee!.#y!ially 3 ; 6 feet dee!.

#riklin" ilters#riklin" ilters


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""

With ti&e( the Ksli&eL layerWith ti&e( the Ksli&eL layer

beo&es thiker and thiker untilbeo&es thiker and thiker untiloy"en and or"ani &atter an notoy"en and or"ani &atter an not

!enetrate to the or"anis&s on the!enetrate to the or"anis&s on the

inside.inside.

#he or"anis&s on the inside then#he or"anis&s on the inside then

die and beo&e detahed fro& thedie and beo&e detahed fro& the

&edia( ausin" a !ortion of the&edia( ausin" a !ortion of the

Ksli&eL layer to Kslou"h offL.Ksli&eL layer to Kslou"h offL.

#his &eans the effluent fro& a#his &eans the effluent fro& a

triklin" filter will ha$e lots of solidstriklin" filter will ha$e lots of solids

+or"anis&s in it whih &ust be+or"anis&s in it whih &ust be

re&o$ed by sedi&entationre&o$ed by sedi&entation

/tone >edia #riklin" ilter


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91

/tone >edia #riklin" ilter

/tone >edia #riklin" ilters


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93

/tone->edia #riklin" ilters

>aor o&!onents; Hotary distributor

; Fnderdrain syste&

; ilter &edia +5-7 de!th >ost o&&on &edia is rushed rok( sla"

or field stone +1-5L in dia.

>edia &ust be durable( insoluble andresistant to s!allin"

/tone >edia #riklin" ilters


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95

/tone->edia #riklin" ilters

/o&e ww is reyled to the filter

#wo-sta"e onsists of 2 filters in series

+with or wo an inter&ediate larifier

/eond filter is less effiient sine food

onentration is less

@


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*n triklin" filters the &o$in"*n triklin" filters the &o$in"

wastewater !asses o$er thewastewater !asses o$er the

stationary rok &edia. *n anstationary rok &edia. *n an

H@,( the &o$in" &ediaH@,( the &o$in" &edia

!asses throu"h the!asses throu"h the

stationary wastewater.stationary wastewater.

,o&&only used out in,o&&only used out in

series and !arallelseries and !arallel


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/us!ended il& /yste&s; stir and sus!end &iroor"anis&s in

wastewater

; settled out as a slud"e; !u&!ed bak into the ino&in" wastewater

; I8 Ati$ated slud"e( etended aeration

/us!ended Crowth roesses/us!ended Crowth roesses


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Ati$ated /lud"eAti$ated /lud"e Desi"ned based on loadin"Desi"ned based on loadin"

+the a&ount of or"ani+the a&ount of or"ani&atter added relati$e to the&atter added relati$e to the

&iroor"anis&s a$ailable&iroor"anis&s a$ailable

,o&&only alled the food-,o&&only alled the food-

to-&iroor"anis&s ratio(to-&iroor"anis&s ratio(

>>

&easured as @ -&easured as $olatile

sus!ended solidssus!ended solids

onentrationonentration

> is the !ounds of> is the !ounds of

@O// in the aeration tank

Ati$ated slud"e


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Ati$ated slud"e

&ied o&&unity of &iroor"anis&s

@oth aerobi and anaerobi bateria &ay

eist

@iolo"ial flo is for&ed



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/eondary #reat&ent

AerationAeration


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Diffused AerationDiffused Aeration

,oarse @ubble,oarse @ubble

ine @ubbleine @ubble

>ehanial Aeration>ehanial Aeration


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Diss$':/

O6,%T!r.i/it,0SS

Ora%i#s (COD< BOD< TOC)

Diss$':/

O6,%

A**$%ia

Nitrat Ph$s-h$r!s



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S'!/ C$%#4

S'!/

L:'

S'!/ C$%#4

T!r.i/it,0SS

Ora%i#s (COD< BOD< TOC)

Nitrat

A**$%ia

Ph$s-h$r!s



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Ch'$ri%



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S!s-%// S$'i/s (SS)


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Water Treatment Overview

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