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Water Treatment Standards

A Comparative analysis of Water Treatment Standards Around the Globe

Report By: Akshay Vajpayee

Technion- ISE

Water and Wastewater Technologies- Prof. Noah Galil

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Introduction

Water treatment describes those industrial-scale processes used to make water more acceptable for a

desired end-use. These can include use for drinking water, industry, medical and many other uses. Such

processes may be contrasted with small-scale water sterilization practiced by campers and other people

in wilderness areas. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the

water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-

use. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without

adverse ecological impact.

Different Forms of Water Supplies and Treatments

1. Drinking water treatment

Several organisations and groups play a part in the production and management of drinking water.

These are:

Water suppliers, who produce and supply drinking water for their consumers

Health protection officers and drinking water assessors working within public health units, who have

responsibility for checking whether water suppliers are meeting the requirements of regulations and for

providing advice

the Ministry of Health of various governments, which develop regulations, tools to encourage the good

management of water supplies, support material to assist water suppliers in managing their supplies,

and distributes support funding when it is available.

A combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment

worldwide:

Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological growth

Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and manganese

Coagulation - for flocculation

Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes - to improve coagulation and for thicker floc

formation

Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the floc Filtration - removing particles from water

Desalination - Process of removing salt from the water

Disinfection - for killing bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyelectrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyelectrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

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2. Waste-Water Treatment

Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from wastewater

or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and

a sludge. To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and

infrastructure and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls. Some wastewaters

require different and sometimes specialized treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of

sewage and most wastewaters is carried out through separation ofsolids from liquids, usually

by sedimentation. By progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc,

which is then settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity is produced

Sample Plan for a Waste Water Treatment Unit

3. Industrial Waste Treatment

Two of the main processes of industrial water treatment are boiler water treatment and cooling

water treatment. A lack of proper water treatment can lead to the reaction of solids and bacteria

within pipe work and boiler housing. Steam boilers can suffer from scale or corrosion when left

untreated leading to weak and dangerous machinery, scale deposits can mean additional fuel is

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminant

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required to heat the same level of water because of the drop in efficiency. Poor quality dirty water

can become a breeding ground for bacteria such as Legionella causing a risk to public health.

With the proper treatment, a significant proportion of industrial on-site wastewater might be

reusable. This can save money in three ways: lower charges for lower water consumption, lower

charges for the smaller volume of effluent water discharged and lower energy costs due to the

recovery of heat in recycled wastewater.

Corrosion in low pressure boilers can be caused by dissolved oxygen, acidity and excessive alkalinity.

Water treatment therefore should remove the dissolved oxygen and maintain the boiler water with the

appropriate pH and alkalinity levels. Without effective water treatment, a cooling water system can suffer

from scale formation, corrosion and fouling and may become a breeding ground for harmful bacteria such

as those that cause Legionnaires' Disease. This reduces efficiency, shortens plant life and makes

operations unreliable and unsafe.

Drinking Water Standards In Various Countries

In this report we will analyze the water treatment standards in the following regions:

1. USA

2. Multiple Standard Comparison

USA Water Treatment Standards (EPA)

Cryptosporidium zero Gastrointestinal illness

(e.g., diarrhea,

vomiting, cramps)

Human and

animal fecal

waste

Giardia lamblia zero Gastrointestinal illness

(e.g., diarrhea,

Human and

animal fecal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellahttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella

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water. It is used to

indicate water quality

and filtration

effectiveness (e.g.,

whether disease-

causing organisms are

present). Higher

turbidity levels are

often associated with

higher levels of

disease-causing

microorganisms such

as viruses, parasites

and some bacteria.

These organisms can

cause symptoms such

as nausea, cramps,

diarrhea, and

associated headaches.

Viruses (enteric) zero Gastrointestinal illness

(e.g., diarrhea,

vomiting, cramps)

Human and

animal fecal

waste

Bromate zero Increased risk of Byproduct of

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pathogens.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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cancer drinking water

disinfection

Chlorite 0.8 Anemia; infants &

young children:

nervous system

effects

Byproduct of

drinking water

disinfection

Haloacetic acids

(HAA5)

n/a Increased risk of

cancer

Byproduct of

drinking water

disinfection

Total

Trihalomethanes

(TTHMs)

--> n/a Liver, kidney or

central nervous

system problems;

increased risk of

cancer

Byproduct of

drinking water

disinfection

Chloramines

(as Cl2)

MRDLG=41 Eye/nose irritation;

stomach discomfort,

anemia

Water additive

used to control

microbes

Chlorine (as MRDLG=41 Eye/nose irritation; Water additive

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectionbyproducts.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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Cl2) stomach discomfort used to control

microbes

Chlorine

dioxide (as

ClO2)

MRDLG=0.81 Anemia; infants & young

children: nervous system

effects

Water additive

used to control

microbes

Antimony 0.006 Increase in blood

cholesterol;decrease in blood

sugar

Discharge from

petroleum refineries;fire retardants;

ceramics; electronics;

solder

Arsenic 07 Skin damage or

problems with

circulatory

systems, and may

have increased risk

of getting cancer

Erosion of natural

deposits; runoff from

orchards, runoff from

glass &

electronicsproduction

wastes

Asbestos

(fiber >10

micrometers)

7 million

fibers per liter

Increased risk of

developing benign

intestinal polyps

Decay of asbestos

cement in water mains;

erosion of natural

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/antimony.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/antimony.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/arsenic.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/arsenic.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/asbestos.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/arsenic.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/antimony.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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deposits

Barium 2 Increase in blood

pressure

Discharge of drilling

wastes; discharge from

metal refineries;

erosion of natural

deposits

Beryllium 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal

refineries and coal-

burning factories;

discharge from

electrical, aerospace,

and defense industries

Cadmium 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized

pipes; erosion of

natural deposits;

discharge from metal

refineries; runoff from

waste batteries and

paints

Chromium

(total)

0.1 Allergic dermatitis Discharge from steel

and pulp mills; erosion

of natural deposits

Copper 1.3 Short term

exposure:

Gastrointestinal

Corrosion of household

plumbing systems;

erosion of natural

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/barium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/barium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/beryllium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/beryllium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cadmium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cadmium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chromium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chromium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chromium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/copper.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/copper.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/copper.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chromium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chromium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cadmium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/beryllium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/barium.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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distress

Long term

exposure: Liver or

kidney damage

People with

Wilson's Disease

should consult

their personal

doctor if the

amount of copper

in their water

exceeds the action

level

deposits

Cyanide (as

free cyanide)

0.2 Nerve damage or

thyroid problems

Discharge from

steel/metal factories;

discharge from plastic

and fertilizer factories

Fluoride 4.0 Bone disease (pain

and tenderness of

the bones);

Children may get

mottled teeth

Water additive which

promotes strong teeth;

erosion of natural

deposits; discharge

from fertilizer and

aluminum factories

Lead zero Infants and

children: Delays in

physical or mental

development;

Corrosion of household

plumbing systems;

erosion of natural

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cyanide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cyanide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cyanide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/fluoride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/fluoride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lead.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lead.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lead.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/fluoride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cyanide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cyanide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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children could

show slight deficits

in attention span

and learning

abilities

Adults: Kidney

problems; high

blood pressure

deposits

Mercury

(inorganic)

0.002 Kidney damage Erosion of natural

deposits; discharge

from refineries and

factories; runoff from

landfills and croplands

Nitrate(measured as

Nitrogen)

10 Infants below theage of six months

who drink water

containing nitrate

in excess of the

MCL could become

seriously ill and, if

untreated, may die.

Symptoms include

shortness of breath

and blue-babysyndrome.

Runoff from fertilizeruse; leaking from

septic tanks, sewage;

erosion of natural

deposits

Nitrite

(measured as

Nitrogen)

1 Infants below the

age of six months

who drink water

Runoff from fertilizer

use; leaking from

septic tanks, sewage;

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/mercury.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/mercury.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/mercury.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrite.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/nitrate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/mercury.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/mercury.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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Acrylamide zero Nervous

system or

blood

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Added to water

during

sewage/wastewater

treatment

Alachlor zero Eye, liver,

kidney or

spleen

problems;

anemia;

increased risk

of cancer

Runoff from

herbicide used on

row crops

Atrazine 0.003 Cardiovascular

system or

reproductive

problems

Runoff from

herbicide used on

row crops

Benzene zero Anemia;

decrease in

blood

platelets;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

factories; leaching

from gas storage

tanks and landfills

Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs) zero Reproductive

difficulties;

Leaching from

linings of water

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/acrylamide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/acrylamide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/alachlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/alachlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/atrazine.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/atrazine.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/benzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/benzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/benzo-a-pyrene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/benzo-a-pyrene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/benzo-a-pyrene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/benzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/atrazine.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/alachlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/acrylamide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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increased risk

of cancer

storage tanks and

distribution lines

Carbofuran 0.04 Problems with

blood,nervous

system, or

reproductive

system

Leaching of soil

fumigant used onrice and alfalfa

Carbon tetrachloride zero Liver

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

chemical plants

and other

industrial activities

Chlordane zero Liver or

nervous

system

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Residue of banned

termiticide

Chlorobenzene 0.1 Liver orkidney

problems

Discharge fromchemical and

agricultural

chemical factories

2,4-D 0.07 Kidney, liver, Runoff from

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/carbofuran.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/carbofuran.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/carbon-tetrachloride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/carbon-tetrachloride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chlordane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chlordane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/2-4-d-2-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/2-4-d-2-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/2-4-d-2-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/chlordane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/carbon-tetrachloride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/carbofuran.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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or adrenal

gland

problems

herbicide used on

row crops

Dalapon

0.2 Minor kidneychanges

Runoff fromherbicide used on

rights of way

1,2-Dibromo-3-

chloropropane (DBCP)

zero Reproductive

difficulties;

increased risk

of cancer

Runoff/leaching

from soil fumigant

used on soybeans,

cotton, pineapples,

and orchards

o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 Liver, kidney,

or circulatory

system

problems

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 Anemia; liver,

kidney or

spleen

damage;changes in

blood

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

1,2-Dichloroethane zero Increased risk Discharge from

industrial chemical

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dalapon.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dalapon.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/o-dichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/o-dichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/p-dichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/p-dichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/p-dichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/o-dichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dalapon.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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of cancer factories

1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 Liver

problems

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07 Liver

problems

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

trans-1,2-

Dichloroethylene

0.1 Liver

problems

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

Dichloromethane zero Liver

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

drug and chemical

factories

1,2-Dichloropropane zero Increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 0.4 Weight loss,

liver

problems, or

possible

reproductive

Discharge from

chemical factories

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cis-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cis-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trans-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trans-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trans-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dichloromethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dichloromethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dichloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dichloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/di-2-ethylhexyl-adipate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/di-2-ethylhexyl-adipate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/di-2-ethylhexyl-adipate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-dichloropropane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dichloromethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trans-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trans-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cis-1-2-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-dichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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difficulties.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate zero Reproductive

difficulties;

liverproblems;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

rubber and

chemical factories

Dinoseb 0.007 Reproductive

difficulties

Runoff from

herbicide used on

soybeans and

vegetables

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) zero Reproductive

difficulties;

increased risk

of cancer

Emissions from

waste incineration

and other

combustion;

discharge from

chemical factories

Diquat 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from

herbicide use

Endothall 0.1 Stomach and

intestinal

problems

Runoff from

herbicide use

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/di_2-ethylhexyl_phthalate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/di_2-ethylhexyl_phthalate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dinoseb.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dinoseb.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dioxin-2-3-7-8-tcdd.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dioxin-2-3-7-8-tcdd.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/diquat.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/diquat.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/endothall.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/endothall.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/endothall.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/diquat.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dioxin-2-3-7-8-tcdd.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/dinoseb.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/di_2-ethylhexyl_phthalate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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Endrin 0.002 Liver

problems

Residue of banned

insecticide

Epichlorohydrin zero Increased

cancer risk,and over a

long period of

time, stomach

problems

Discharge from

industrial chemicalfactories; an

impurity of some

water treatment

chemicals

Ethylbenzene 0.7 Liver or

kidneys

problems

Discharge from

petroleum

refineries

Ethylene dibromide zero Problems with

liver, stomach,

reproductive

system, or

kidneys;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

petroleum

refineries

Glyphosate 0.7 Kidneyproblems;

reproductive

difficulties

Runoff fromherbicide use

Heptachlor zero Liver damage; Residue of banned

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/endrin.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/endrin.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/epichlorohydrin.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/epichlorohydrin.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ethylbenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ethylbenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ethylene-dibromide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ethylene-dibromide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/glyphosate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/glyphosate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/heptachlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/heptachlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/heptachlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/glyphosate.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ethylene-dibromide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ethylbenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/epichlorohydrin.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/endrin.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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increased risk

of cancer

termiticide

Heptachlor epoxide zero Liver damage;

increased riskof cancer

Breakdown of

heptachlor

Hexachlorobenzene zero Liver or

kidney

problems;

reproductive

difficulties;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

metal refineries

and agricultural

chemical factories

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 0.05 Kidney or

stomach

problems

Discharge from

chemical factories

Lindane 0.0002 Liver or

kidney

problems

Runoff/leaching

from insecticide

used on cattle,

lumber, gardens

Methoxychlor 0.04 Reproductive

difficulties

Runoff/leaching

from insecticide

used on fruits,

vegetables, alfalfa,

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/heptachlor-epoxide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/heptachlor-epoxide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/hexachlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/hexachlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/hexachlorocyclopentadiene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/hexachlorocyclopentadiene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lindane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lindane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/methoxychlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/methoxychlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/methoxychlor.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lindane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/hexachlorocyclopentadiene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/hexachlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/heptachlor-epoxide.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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livestock

Oxamyl (Vydate) 0.2 Slight nervous

system effects

Runoff/leaching

from insecticide

used on apples,potatoes, and

tomatoes

Polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs)

zero Skin changes;

thymus gland

problems;

immune

deficiencies;

reproductive

or nervous

system

difficulties;

increased risk

of cancer

Runoff from

landfills; discharge

of waste chemicals

Pentachlorophenol zero Liver or

kidney

problems;

increased

cancer risk

Discharge from

wood preserving

factories

Picloram 0.5 Liver

problems

Herbicide runoff

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/oxamyl.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/oxamyl.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/polychlorinated-biphenyls.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/polychlorinated-biphenyls.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/polychlorinated-biphenyls.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pentachlorophenol.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pentachlorophenol.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/picloram.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/picloram.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/picloram.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/pentachlorophenol.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/polychlorinated-biphenyls.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/polychlorinated-biphenyls.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/oxamyl.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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Simazine 0.004 Problems with

blood

Herbicide runoff

Styrene 0.1 Liver, kidney,

or circulatorysystem

problems

Discharge from

rubber and plasticfactories; leaching

from landfills

Tetrachloroethylene zero Liver

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

factories and dry

cleaners

Toluene 1 Nervous

system,

kidney, or

liver problems

Discharge from

petroleum factories

Toxaphene zero Kidney, liver,

or thyroid

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Runoff/leaching

from insecticide

used on cotton and

cattle

2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05 Liver

problems

Residue of banned

herbicide

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.07 Changes in Discharge from

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/simazine.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/simazine.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/styrene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/styrene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/tetrachloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/tetrachloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toluene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toluene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toxaphene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toxaphene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/2-4-5-tp-silvex.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/2-4-5-tp-silvex.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-4-trichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-4-trichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-2-4-trichlorobenzene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/2-4-5-tp-silvex.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toxaphene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/toluene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/tetrachloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/styrene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/simazine.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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adrenal

glands

textile finishing

factories

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.20 Liver, nervous

system, orcirculatory

problems

Discharge from

metal degreasingsites and other

factories

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.003 Liver, kidney,

or immune

system

problems

Discharge from

industrial chemical

factories

Trichloroethylene zero Liver

problems;

increased risk

of cancer

Discharge from

metal degreasing

sites and other

factories

Vinyl chloride zero Increased risk

of cancer

Leaching from PVC

pipes; discharge

from plastic

factories

Xylenes (total) 10 Nervous

system

damage

Discharge from

petroleum

factories; discharge

from chemical

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-1-trichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-1-trichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-2-trichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-2-trichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/vinyl-chloride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/vinyl-chloride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/xylenes.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/xylenes.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/xylenes.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/vinyl-chloride.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/trichloroethylene.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-2-trichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/1-1-1-trichloroethane.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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factories

Alpha particles none7-------

--- zero

Increased risk of

cancer

Erosion of natural

deposits of certain

minerals that areradioactive and may

emit a form of

radiation known as

alpha radiation

Beta particles

and photon

emitters

none7-------

--- zero

Increased risk of

cancer

Decay of natural and

man-made deposits of

certain minerals thatare radioactive and

may emit forms of

radiation known as

photons and beta

radiation

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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Radium 226

and Radium

228

(combined)

none7-------

--- zero

Increased risk of

cancer

Erosion of natural

deposits

Uranium zero Increased risk of

cancer, kidney

toxicity

Erosion of natural

deposits

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#7http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/radionuclides.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#2http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#1

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Multiple Sources Comparison (US, Canada, WHO, EU, Taiwan)

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