Waterfront Developments

8/3/2019 Waterfront Developments

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WAteRFRont DeVeLoPMentsIn HARMonY WItH nAtURe

ABSTRACT

The an develpent thee n any

castal cuntres s t utlse the attractve-

ness f water n a rad cntext. The

ephass has shfted fr castal prtec-

tn t the develpent f castal c-

untes, wth castal resrts alng exstngcastlnes. Waterfrnt develpents as

such are cnsdered t e artfcal peces f

new nature. The artfcal eaches and

lagns, hwever, d nt knw that they

are artfcal. Cnseuently, these landscape

eleents wll fllw the natural arne and

castal prcesses resultng fr the charac-

terstcs f the hydrdynac frces n the

castal sedents, flushng and pllutn

ladng t whch they are expsed fllw-

ng cnstructn. Therefre, understandng

the prevalng natural prcesses respnsle

fr creatng attractve waterfrnt, eachand lagn envrnents as a ass fr the

desgn f well-functnng artfcal castal

and arne eleents s essental.

Ths artcle fcuses n prvdng a asc

understandng f hw t develp well-

functnng castal and ffshre develp-

ents wth regard t the hydraulc ssues

fr se the st desred eleents n the

dern waterfrnt develpents, eaches

and lagns. Desgn gudelnes fr artificial

beaches and fr artificial lagoons wll e

presented as well as gudelnes fr recrea-

tional and landscape elements of coastal

developments. A hlstc desgn f the new

Aager beach Park n Cpenhagen s

presented as an exaple f hw a success-

ful cllaratn etween the castalengneer and the archtect can lead t a

sustanale new castal landscape. Fnally,

a new type f ffshre develpent

schee s presented, where the an dea

s the develpent f an expsed crescent-

shaped ay wth a hgh ualty each,

whch culd fr the ackne fr

develpent f a castal prenade.

All phtgraphs accpanyng ths artcle

arebyDHIorHaslv&Kjrsgaard.

INTRODUCTION

The art n develpng waterfrnt prjects s

t utlse the pssltes prvded at a

specfc ste t the eneft f the prject,

.e., t ntegrate the pssltes prvded

y the arne envrnent wth the

deands f scety. The art s t perceve

the arne frces, such as waves and tdes

as external pprtuntes t e used t

antan hgh ualty artfcal eaches and

lagns, cntrary t the tradtnal

apprach f percevng these external

frces as prle generatrs, aganst

whch prtectn s reured. The artcle s

dvded n the fllwng sectns: Characteristicsofnaturallandscape

eleents

Designguidelinesforartificialbeaches

Designguidelinesforartificiallagoons

Landscapeelementsofcoastalandoff-

shre develpents and ther hydraulc

desgn

Exampleofbeachparkdevelopment

Presentationofanewconceptforan

ffshre develpent schee

cHARAcTERIsTIcs OF NATURALLANDscAPE ELEMENTs

charateriti of natural eaheAttractve and safe recreatnal eaches ar

always charactersed y ther expsure t

derate wave actn, the tde s cr t

derate (tdal range < ~1.5 ), clean and

transparent water, n rck utcrps, well

srted edu sand and nal aunts

f natural and artfcal ders.

Ave, Attractve natural, eaches such as the Skaw

Spt n Denark eneft fr the natural wave actn

that keeps the clean and sandy.

KARsten MAnGoR, IDA BRKeR AnD DAn HAsL

Waterfront Developments in Harmony with Nature 2


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22 Terra et Aqua | Number 111 | June 2008

allw settleent f suspended atter nthe seaed and n the each, als n cases

where the eaches have een ult f clea

sand. Ths wll, wth te, lead t the

seaed eng cvered wth a layer f sft

sedent. Thugh ths s a natural prcess

t s the an reasn fr pr ualty f

eaches fund n prtected envrnents.

Such eaches feel uddy when walkng

the, whch s unattractve fr recreatna

eaches.

charateriti of natural lagoon

Natural lagns are attractve fr arecreatnal pnt f vew wng anly t

the pen water dy they ffer and nt

ther eaches, whch are nrally f pr

and alng Sr Lankas entre castlne.These eaches als rean clean and sandy,

ecause they t are expsed t waves.

Natural eaches develp dfferently when

they are lackng wave expsure. Ths s

clearly seen n the exaples presented n

Fgure 2 and Fgure 3. These exaples f

expsed and prtected natural eaches

denstrate that wave expsure s f

paraunt prtance fr the type f

natural each whch develps n an area.

Clearly, ne f the an hazards n relatnt develpng attractve artfcal sandy

eaches s lack f wave expsure. Lack f

wave expsure n an artfcal each wll

Exaples f attractve natural eaches arepresented n Fgure 1. These eaches are all

charactersed y ther expsure t waves,

ther clean each sand and ther clean

water. The type and clur f the sand s

dfferent, ut all types are natural each

sand f great eauty and recreatnal

value. The expsed eaches have a sandy

and clean appearance wng t the wave

actn whch prevents settleent f fne

sedents and rganc atter. Hwever,

there are als any exaples f gd

ualty eaches alng casts, where the

water cntans hgh aunts f suspendedsedents, at least durng the rany seasn

and/r durng rugh weather. Ths s, e.g.,

the stuatn alng malaysas East cast

Fgure 1. other exaples f attractve natural eaches wth expsure t waves. Left: NW medterranean cast n Egypt. Rght: Sunset beach n Dua, UAE.

Fgure 2. beaches lackng wave expsure. Left: beach n a natural lagn n the UAE, whch suffers fr algae and depstn f fne sedents. Rght: beaches n Dua Creek


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These natural cndtns ffer the fllwn

attractns:

Protectedwaterenvironment,whichare

tradtnally used y castal scetes as

natural lcatn fr cuntes ased

n natural harur facltes. Possibilitiesforagreatnumberof

cercal actvtes such as fshng,

huntng, auaculture, lcatn fr water

ntakes/utlets f dfferent knds and sal

prductn fr exaple.

Recreationalactivitiessuchaswater

sprts, navgatn n prtected waters,

fshng, rd watchng and s n.

on the ther hand, hwever, these

cuntes as well as the any asscate

actvtes n the lagns als cntrute t

the hgh rsk f pacts n the lagns,such as:

ualty. Castal lagns are charactersed

y the fllwng eleents:

Oneormoreso-calledtidalinletswhich

cnnect the lagn and the sea.

Tidalexchangeofwaterbetweenthe

lagn and the sea knwn as the tdalvlue.

Richflora,suchasseagrassbeds,man-

grves and eadws.

Richfaunasuchasmusselbanks,nursery

areas fr any fsh speces and rch rd

lfe.

Theopeningsaresometimesstableand

setes sufferng fr sedentatn;

ths s dependent n the alance etween

the tdal range and the wave expsure.

Thelagoonenvironmentisprotectedand

s therefre ften charactersed y the

settleent f fnes, whch n any casesleads t the fratn f udflats.


KARsTEN MANGOR

holds a MSc from the Technical

University of Denmark, 1972. He has

worked for over 30 years with DHI in

the fields of coastal hydraulics, shore-

line and environmental managementand waterfront developments. He is

author of the book, Shoreline Mana-

gement Guidelines and is chairman of

the PIANC CoCom Working Group 2 on

Best Practices for Coastal Stabilization

Methods. He is presently Chief Engineer

for Shoreline Management at DHI.

IDA bRKER

obtained her PhD in sediment transport

in 1985 at the Technical University of

Denmark and joined DHI immediately

after. She has been heavily involved inthe development of DHIs numerical

modelling tools for non-cohesive

sediment transport and morphological

evolution in the coastal zone and in

numerous coastal studies worldwide.

She is head of Coastal and Estuarine

Dynamics Department at DHI.

DAN bORGEN HAsLV

is a partner in Haslv & Kjrsgaard I/S,

Architects and Planners, Copenhagen K,

Denmark, and has wide experience in

coastal zone planning as well as inplanning and design in the fields of

urban development, tourism, coastal

rehabilitation and maritime facilities at

local, regional and national levels.

Fgure 3. Exaples f

crrelatn etween type

f each and wave

expsure. belw left:

Lcatn map, Nrth

beach n Dha, qatar.

Nte, the suthern part s

prtected y an sland

and asscated reefs and

has a uddy tdal flateach (pht lwer rght)

whereas the nrthern part

s expsed and has a

sandy each (pht

upper rght).

Doha Golf Club

Al KhorExpressway


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beah expoure to waveA each wll e expsed t waves n rder

t tan a gd ualty each. Hwever,

a recreatnal each shuld nt e t

expsed, as ths endangers athng safety.

Ths eans that there are tw ppsngreureents:

Acertaindegreeofexposuretoensure

a self-cleanng each.

Theexposureshouldnotbetoogreatin

rder t ensure safe athng cndtns.

in rder t safeguard an attractve sandy

each the yearly wave expsure shuld e

derate t expsed, whch eans that

the sgnfcant wave heght (Hs,

12h/y), whch

s exceeded 12 hurs per year, shuld e

hgher than 1.0 . Ths cnsstent ve-

ent f the sand durng rugh cndtnsy the wave actn s what naturally an-

tans a nce sandy each and shreface y

preventng settleent f the cntent f

fnes, whch are ften present n seawater

n the each and shreface. Furtherre,

the wave expsure prevents sea grasses

fr grwng n the shreface.

The dfference etween tw artfcal

eaches n a each park n the UAE area,

where the frst each s expsed t waves

and the secnd each s a prtected lag

each, can e seen clearly n Fgure 5.

N nternatnally agreed crtera exst as

related t wave heght relatve t safe

athng cndtns. bathng safety s anl

related t the ccurrence and type f

reakng waves and the wave-generated

currents n the reakng zne. These

cndtns are dscussed elw.

Breaking waves

Spllng reakers are ften asscated wth

the fratn f ars and rp currents,

whch can carry th adults and chldrenut nt deep water. Ths stuatn s typca

fr strng wnd and str cndtns at

sandy (cean) casts. Plungng waves are

dangerus ecause the vlent reakng

can ht a persn wh s swng. Plung-

ng reakers typcally ccur n cean cast

wth derate wave cndtns, such as

under nsn and trade wnd cndtns

n casts wth relatvely carse sand. base

n the ave, vusly cean casts are

attractve sandy eaches ecause f the

wde penng twards the sea, whch allws

se wave penetratn and gd water

ualty. The reakng waves ver the reef

and shals ensure a gd exchange f

waters.

DEsIGN GUIDELINEs FOR ARTIFIcIALbEAcHEs

The st prtant landscape eleents n

any waterfrnt develpents are attra-

ctive sandy beaches. An artfcal each s

the cnstructn f a new each y the

supplyng f sand, s-called each fll.

The desgn reureents fr a gd ualty

recreatnal each are utlned elw.

Pollutionleadingtodegradationofthe

water ualty and asscated degradatn

f flra and fauna.

Installationofsluicesleadingtochanges

n the salnty and such.

Reclamationsleadingtochangesinthe

tdal vlue.

Regulationofinletsanddredgingofnavgatn channels leadng t changes

n the tdal vlue, whch ay lead t

lcal ersn r general sltatn.

Navigation,whichmayleadtopollution

and ersn and ther pacts.

An exaple f an attractve lagn envrn-

ent s the se-pen marsa matruh

lagn lcated at the NW medterranean

cast f Egypt (Fgure 4). Ths lagn ffers


Fgure 4. Ave: marsa matruh Lagn, NW

medterranean cast f Egypt; red dt s pht lcatnfr phts elw. Lwer left: Se-expsed sandy

each lkng twards NW. Lwer rght: se-expsed

each twards SE.


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beah expoure in relation to tidalrange

A certan tdal range and str-surgeactvty wll cause a wde each. Hwever,

a tdal flat ay develp f the ean sprng

tdal range s uch larger than the yearly

average reaker wave heght H. A hgh

tdal range ay als cause a danger t

athers. Thus, a gd ualty recreatnal

each s nrally charactersed wth a

cr t derate tdal rege, whch

eans a tdal range saller than apprx

1.5 .

beah plan form

The each shuld e stale n plan fr(hrzntally) n rder t ensure nu

antenance. Ths eans that the ren-

tatn f the each ust e perpendcular

t the drectn f the prevalng waves, r

n ther wrds, the rentatn f the

each wll e n the eulru rentatn

whch s the rentatn prvdng net zer

lttral transprt. Ths ften leads t the

reureent f supprtng castal struc-

tures fr stalsng the each n an ren-

tatn, whch s dfferent fr the natural

rentatn f the castlne n the area f

nterest.

At an expsed each wth lue wave

attack, the supprtve castal structures f

an artfcal each shuld e desgned t

fulfl the fllwng cndtns:

Providesupportforastablelateralshape

f the each and prevent lss f sand

ut f the artfcal each area.

Providepartialprotectionagainstwave

actn.

Thebeachisdesignedtobestableunder

the resultng wave cndtns, and a nce

curved shape s taned y the dffrac-tng waves.

Nodangerousripcurrentsarecreated

ecause f the lng dstance etween

the reakwaters and the each and

ecause f the eulru shape f the

each.

Minimum wave expoureA recreatnal each shuld have an actve

prfle ut t a water depth f aut 2.0

relatve t lw tde. Ths recendatn

f a depth f 2.0 relatve t lw tde

results fr the reureent that swerswalkng n the seaed shuld experence

an attractve clean sandy seaed wthut

depstn f fnes, whch causes a uddy

seaed. The clean and actve seaed s

ensured y the reureent that the actve

castal prfle shuld extend ut t a water

depth f 2.0 , that s, dl 2.0 r n

ters f wave heght: Hs,12h/y

1.0 m.

Ths eans that the seaed ut t ths

water depth wll regularly e expsed t

waves whch wll prevent fne sedents

fr settlng n the shreface. Further-

re, the grwth f sea grasses wll alse prevented.

if the natural shreface des nt allw these

reureents t e fulflled, e.g., f the

shreface s shallwer than the eulru

prfle, then tw pssltes ay fulfl the

reureents:

Thebeachisshiftedseaward.

Theexistingcoastalprofileisexcavated

t accdate the eulru prfle.

the st dangerus. Hwever, f an upper

lt fr wave heghts were t e rec-

ended n relatn t safe athng cnd-tns, an estated crtern wll e

Hs< 0.8-1.2 durng the swng

seasn. The lw lt s vald fr lng perd

waves (swell) and the hgh lt fr steep

waves (wnd waves). Ths eans that

prtectve easures are reured f a ste s

re expsed durng the athng seasn

than gven n the ave rugh crtera, e.g.

n the fr f specally desgned castal

structures.

Rp currents generated as a result f the

presence f castal structures can als every dangerus. Ths danger ccurs ecause

durng a str stuatn waves wll e

partally sheltered ehnd the castal struc-

ture, ut n the sae area strng currents,

whch can carry pr swers ut nt

deep water, wll arse wng t eddy

fratn. Such areas wth partal shelter

prvded y castal structures generate a

false sense f safety and such arrangeents

shuld cnseuently e avded.

The prncple f prvdng safe partal shelter

and shrelne stalty at an expsed casts presented n Fgure 6, whch shws a

prject fr an artfcal each and a arna

n Alexandra, Egypt:

Largebreakwatersprovidepartialshelter;

the wdth f the penng has een adjus-

ted t prvde sutale wave expsure t

fulfl the reureents f derate

expsure fr securng a gd each

ualty and se-sheltered cndtns fr

prvdng safe swng cndtns.


Fgure 5. Left: An expsed artfcal each n the UAE s a nce clean each wng t the wave actn. Rght: At an

artfcal each n an artfcal lagn n the UAE, nte the uddy seaed, whch s caused y the lack f wave

expsure. The lack f freshness can e clearly seen.

Fgure 6. mdelled wave cndtns at an artfcal eac

n Alexandra, Egypt. The desgn s ade y DHi, Hasl

&KjrsgaardandECMA.


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Mustnotleadtodangerouscurrentsnear

the each.

Structureswillhaveastreamlinedformto

nse trappng f flatng ders.

Allcoastalstructuresshouldalsohave

recreatnal functns.

beah profile formThe each prfle shuld e stale, whch

eans that a each wll e ult n the fr

f the eulru prfle. A each adjusts

t the eulru prfle n the actve

lttral zne. The shape f the prfle s

anly dependent f the gran sze charac-

terstcs f the sand. The eulru shape,

Deans Eulru Prfle, fllws the

shaped=Ax2/3 where d s the depth n the

dstance x fr the shrelne, th d and x

n etres. A s Deans cnstant, whch sdependent n the gran sze f the sand

accrdng t the drectns gven n Tale i.

The eulru prfle cncept s vald nly

fr the actve lttral zne, .e., ut t the

Clsure Depth dl. As a rule f thu

dl~ 2H

s, 12h/ycan e used fr nral wnd

waves.

beah fill materialThe each fll ateral fr artfcal eaches

shuld fulfl the fllwng crtera n rder t

prvde a hgh ualty recreatnal each: Characteristicsofthefillsandshould

e slar t that f the natural sand

n the area f the new artfcal each s

cnnected t an exstng each, hwever,

as a rule slghtly carser.

Sandshouldbemedium,i.e.,0.25mm

< d50

< 0.5 , preferaly carser than

0.3 , whch nses wnd lss.

Minimumcontentoffines,i.e.,silt

cntent less than 1-2%.

Gravelandshellcontentlessthan3%.

Well-sortedsand,u=d60/d

10less than 2.0.

Colourshallbewhite,lightgreyoryellw/glden.

Nocontentoforganicmatter.

Thicknessofsandlayerwillbeata

nu1 , preferaly thcker.

The reasn fr the reureent fr the

each sand t e edu, well-srted sand

wth nu cntent f fnes s dscussed

elw. if ths reureent s nt fulflled,

.e., f the sand s graded (the ppste f

well srted) wth se cntent f fnes, the

perealty s lw, whch eans that the

each wll dran very slwly at fallng tde.

Ths ples that the each wll e wet at

all tes and wll have a tendency t e

swapy, and therey unpleasant t walk

n. Ths crtern s especally prtant fr

artfcal eaches ult at prtected lcatns,

as there wll nt e enugh wave actn t

wash the fne sedents ut f the each.

Furtherre, algae ay grw n the

each, whch akes t greensh n clur

and un-aesthetc. Fnally, n such envrn-ents the each wll attract each cras

and ther pellets. Especally at prtected

stes, the use f clean sand wth zer

cntent f rganc atter s prtant,

ecause the cnatn f lack f wave

expsure and cntent f rganc atter

ay lead t anxc cndtns resultng n

fratn f hydrgen sulphde, whch

causes a ad sell and dark clurng f

the sand (see exaples n Fgure 7).

The reureent fr a sall cntent f

gravel and carse fractns s prtant f

the ualty f the each surface as the

actn f the waves wll wash away the fn

fractns leavng the each arured wththe carse fractns. Such a each surface

s unpleasant t walk n (see exaples n

Fgure 8).

Tale I. correlation etween mean grain ize d50

in mm and the ontant A in

Dean Equilirium profile equation. For typial eah and.

d50

0.20 0.25 0.30 0.50

A 0.080 0.092 0.103 0.132

Fgure 7. Exaples f anxc cndtns and the fratn f hydrgen sulphde at prtected artfcal eaches.

Left: Dark sustance suspended n the water when seaed at shallw water s dstured, artfcal each n lagn

envrnent at the Egyptan NW cast. Rght: Dark sustance at each n artfcal lagn n the Red Sea.

Fgure 8. Artfcal eaches wth t uch carse ateral. Left: beach Park n Cpenhagen. Sectn where the

cntent f gravel and pele s t hgh. Rght: Artfcal each n the UAE where the cntent f shells and cral

ders s t hgh.


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Clearly, fr the exaples n Fgures 7 and

8, the use f very gd ualty fll sand fr

the cnstructn f artfcal recreatnal

eaches s very prtant.

DEsIGN GUIDELINEs FOR ARTIFIcIALLAGOONs

The st prtant landscape eleents n

any castal develpent schees are

attractve tdal lagns. Such lagns

prvde an attractve prtected arne

envrnent ut als ajr techncal

challenges. Desgn gudelnes fr eleents

f artfcal lagns are dscussed elw.

Lagoon mouth and channel sections

The stalty f tdal nlets s a scence ntself, whch s nt e dscussed n detal

here. Suffce t t say that at lttral trans-

prt casts the stalty f tdal nlets s a

ajr ssue, whch eans that careful

studes are needed. The reured crss

sectns wll e dependent n the tdal

vlue n the lagn. N specfc crtera

can e gven. Hwever, the crss sectn

area f uth and channel sectns f

artfcal lagns shuld e large enugh

that peak tdal current velctes are less

than ~ 0.8 /s. The wdth and depth

shuld als e desgned accrdng tgudelnes fr safe navgatn f the lagn

s t accdate atng y tr and

salng yachts.

Open water body

The an purpse f ntrducng artfcal

lagn and channel eleents s t add

attractve landscape eleents adjacent t

an uran develpent area. The lagn

ay e desgned t accdate watersprts, navgatn and swng, ut

swng n a lagn wll never e as

attractve as n the sea. The st prt

functn s t prvde the nherent attrac-

tn f water t an area whch des nt

have ths n ts natve cndtn. The lagn

therefre shuld e prperly desgned as

an prtant landscape eleent.

A reureent fr antanng gd water

ualty s the prper flushng f the lagn.

Flushng can e expressed n ters f a

characterstc flushng te T50, whch sthe te t takes efre 50% f the water

n the lagn syste has een exchanged

wth clean water fr the sea utsde the

lagn durng a desgn scenar. The desgn

scenar shuld e a cal and war perd,

as ths s st crtcal fr flushng and

water ualty. N reured crtera are

specfed fr the flushng te. An accep-

tale flushng te fr a natural lagn wll

nrally e 57 days ut the flushng te

fr artfcal recreatnal lagns shuld

preferaly e shrter.

Under any cndtns, re than ne

penng s recended n rder t

accdate suffcent flushng;

setes frced flushng crculatn y

gates r addtnal pupng ay e

reured. other rules f thu are:

Waterdepthsshallnotbelargerthan

34 .

Theremustbenolocaldepressionsinthseaed.

Theremustbenodischargeofpollutant

t the lagn, such as sewage, str

water, rne, clng water, pestcdes

and nutrents.

The ave-entned flushng gudelnes

are peratve fr tanng gd athng

cndtns. Fulflent f nternatnal

athng water ualty standards ust e

ensured, e.g. the EU Standard, Ref. /2/.

PerimetersNrally t s dffcult t tan a gd

ualty each nsde a lagn fr the

reasns dscussed n the prevus sectn.

The fllwng gudelnes shuld e fllw-

ed t tan the est pssle lagn

eaches f lagn eaches are earked

n despte the ave warnngs:

Fgure 9. Pctures fr Aager beach Park, Cpenhagen. Rght: mddle per functns as ternal structure fr the

tw each sectns and as vewng and athng faclty. belw: Seawall alng the suthern each sectn has ultple

functns: Cast prtectn, separatn etween prenade and each and sttng furnture.


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specfc develpent ste ffers n ters f

artfcal arne eleents, takng envrn-ental pacts nt cnsderatn. The

an jectves f the develper, eng a

pulc authrty r a prvate cpany, are

typcally se f the fllwng:

Enhancingofeconomicdevelopment

pssltes n an area.

Expandingthelengthofwaterperimete

thrugh estalshent f artfcal water

des.

Developingrecreationalandservice

facltes.

Providingbalancedpublicandprivate

access. Providingsandybeachesandother

shrelne pereters types.

Establishingoptimuminternal

functnalty and causng nu

envrnental pacts.

These jectves ust e alanced aganst

the pssltes and cnstrants ffered y

the natural cndtns n the develpent

area: Where can eaches e lcated and

The characterstc eleents are:

BeachesOthertypesofshorelineperimeters

Landscapebehindtheshorelineperimeter

Lagoonareas/bodylines

Far t any castal prjects are develped

wthut a clear understandng and respect

fr the natural hydraulc and castal

prcesses whch are decsve fr the verall

layut f the arne eleents f a develp-

ent. Cnseuently, any prjects are

develped wthut a clear dea f whch

layuts are feasle and f hw the

dfferent eleents can supprt each ther.

Ths ay lead t unsutale shrelne

pereter slutns f pr ualty and

cnseuently ajr expenses fr an-

tenance ften resultng n pr results.

The plannng prcess fr a waterfrnt

develpent shuld cnseuently ensure a

alance etween the jectves f the

develper and the pssltes that the

Useonlyhighstandardbeachsandas

explaned under the desgn gudelnesfr eaches.

Constructthedesiredbeachprofile

fr the egnnng.

Buildonlybeachesatexposedlocations

n large lagns wth densns

preferale > 25 k and water depth

nt less than 2 .

Buildonlybeachesiftheamountof

suspended sustances n the lagn

water s very sall, say n the rder f

less than 510 g/l.

it s strngly advsed t cnsder theralternatves than eaches nsde lagns.

LANDscAPE ELEMENTs OF cOAsTALAND OFFsHORE DEVELOPMENTs

The recreatnal and landscapng reure-

ents n relatn t desgn f the arne

eleents f waterfrnt develpents are

dscussed elw.

Fgure 10. Aeral pht f Aager beach Park, Cpenhagen (curtesy f Jan Kfd Wnther), whch cnssts f the fllwng an eleents: island wth ternal structures nrth

andsouthandaseparatingheadlandbetweennorthernandsouthernbeachesandalagoon.DesignedbyDHI,HaslvandKjrsgaardandNIRAS.



9/10


The each park has een very well receve

y the resdents f Cpenhagen and n an

pnn pll t was nnated as the est

each n the Cpenhagen area. it has als

receved a reward fr the Scety fr th

eautfcatn f the Captal, and pepleare enjyng all the facltes n the park

(see Fgure 11).

A NEW cONcEPT FOR AN OFFsHOREDEVELOPMENT scHEME

A new cncept fr an ffshre develp-

ent plan utlsng the prncples presented

n ths artcle has een develped y DHi

andHaslv&Kjrsgaard,Plannersand

Archtects, Cpenhagen. The plan s unve

sal ecause t can e pleented at anylcatn where a castal develpent s

f the cvl wrks s presented n Fgure 10.

The an wave drectns at the ste are NE

and SE, whch have een utlsed t ake

tw sectns f each separated y a head-

land, ne facng twards NE and ne facng

twards SE. Nte the Y-shape f the head-land structure prvdng a sth transtn

etween the structure and the eaches,

whch secures nu trappng f

flatng seaweed and ders n the

transtn areas. The new eaches have

een cnstructed n an sland and a new

lagn (excavated) has een ult etween

the sland and the ld shrelne. There s

always a gd current just ff the each

park as t s lcated n the Sund, the strat

etween Denark and Sweden, where the

water exchange etween the baltc and the

Nrth Sea takes place. Ths results n agd flushng f the lagn.

hw shuld they e rentated? Hw can

gd flushng and water ualty e ensured

n artfcal lagns and s n? These cn-

dtns are already dscussed n the prevus

sectns where desgn gudelnes fr

artfcal eaches and artfcal lagns arepresented.

it s especally prtant t ensure that

necessary castal structures are planned

and desgned as ultfunctnal facltes.

Exaples f such layuts culd e:

Aterminalstructureisdesignedasa

vewng headland.

Agroynestructureisdesignedasa

headland whch can e utlsed fr

recreatnal facltes.

Alagoonopeningcanbedesignedasa

arna. Aseawallcanbedesignedasan

ntegrated part f the each furnture

(see Fgure 9).

Landscapng prncples fr the layut f

artfcal eaches shuld fcus n as lng

and unnterrupted each sectns as ps-

sle, wth a nu nuer f struc-

tures, as ths wll enhance the natural

appearance f a each sectn.

An ntegrated plan ased n wrkale

arne eleents wll ake t pssle frdevelpers and planners t create unue

and sustanale castal develpents

where the pssltes and reureents f

nature are utlsed ptally accrdng t

the needs f scety.

AN EXAMPLE OF A sUccEssFULbEAcH PARK DEVELOPMENT

A new each park was recently ult n

Cpenhagen usng the prncple f akng

the new eaches expsed t waves yvng the ut t deep water therey

avdng the shelter prvded y the

exstng shallw shreface. An aeral pht

f the new each park just after fnalsatn

Fgure 11. Recreatnal actvtes n Aager beach Park,

Cpenhagen. Upper: beach actvtes. Lwer: Kayakng

and kte surfng n the Lagn; the each slands n the

ackgrund (curlesy Adran Saly).


10/10


needed and where wave expsure s

present. The plan has een created under

the tt, Wrk wth Nature, eanng

that the wave expsure at the ste shuld

e cnsdered a valuale natural gft, t e

utlsed fr develpng a sgnfcantrecreatnal faclty, naely a hgh-ualty

expsed each.

The centre f the plan s the unue half-

n-shaped cean ay prvdng an

excellent sandy each. The plan thus ffers

the psslty fr develpng an extreely

hgh ualty uran each whch can e

eupped wth an attractve crnce alng

whch st f the prtant recreatnal

and lesure functns f the new cty can e

develped, such as prenades, retal

dwntwn areas, advanced apartentschees, htels, arne sprt facltes,

entertanent facltes, parks and ther

aentes.

CONCLUSIONS

it s clearly crucal fr a successful desgn f

each and lagn eleents n waterfrnt

develpents that the hydraulc, castal

and envrnental aspects are ncluded n

the plannng fr the earlest plannng

stage. The desgn f these eleents has tfllw the rules f nature, whch

pses certan restrctns n the desgn.

The an ssues t serve are:

Artificial beaches:

Goodqualityrecreationalbeachesshould

e derately expsed t waves; they

shuld e rentated twards the drec-

tn f the prevalng waves t e stale

and ternal structures shuld e cn-

structed t prevent lss.

Artificialbeachesshouldbeconstructed

y gd ualty each sand: edu, .e.0.25 < d

50< 0.5 , well srted,

attractve clur, nu cntent f

fnes and nu cntent f carse

fractns and n cntent f rganc atter.

Coastalstructuresadjacenttobeaches

shuld e desgned s that n dangerus

currents are generated.

Artificial lagoons:

Highwaterqualitystandardsshouldbe

ensured n recreatnal lagns; the

flushng te T50

shuld e etter than

5 t 7 days, whch ay reure specalprecautns.

Thelagoonmouthsshouldbestableand

free f sedentatn.

Waterdepthsshouldbebetween2m

and 4 .

Theremustbenolocaldepressionsin

the seaed.

Theremustbenodischargeofpollutants

t the lagn, such as sewage, str

water, rne, clng water, pestcdes

and nutrents.

Waterfrnt develpents n general: Athoroughlyplannedlocationandlayout

f the uran eleents ntegratng

recreatnal deands wth the natural

dynacs f artfcal eaches and

lagns are prtant.

Coastalstructuresshouldalsohave

recreatnal functns.

REFERENCES

Aager beach Park, Cpenhagen, 200305.

Techncal reprts (Castal hydraulcs, land-

scapng, detaled desgn and EiA) fr AagerBeachParkI/SbyDHI,Haslv&Kjrsgaard,

Planners and Archtects, and NiRAS, Cnsultng

Engneers and Planners.

Drectve 2006/7/Ec f the Eurpean Parlaent

and f the Cuncl f 15 Feruary 2006

cncernng the anageent f athng water

and repealng Drectve 76/160/EEC.

mangr, Karsten, 2004. Shoreline Management

Guidelines.PublishedbyDHIWater&Environ-

ent, iSbN 87-981950-5-0.

mangr, Karsten, 2005. Successful Waterfront

Developments Wrk wth Nature. Keynte

Speech at AraanCast 2005, Dua, UAE.

Fgure 12. The Unverse cncept fr an ffshre develpent schee. Artsts pressn f the each n The

Universeandapossibleconceptforamarina.DHIandHaslv&Kjrsgaard.Allrightsreserved.

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