Improving Watersheds & Community Livelihoods Through
CDM Carbon Revenue – Case Study from Himachal Pradesh, India
RAJ KUMAR KAPOOR
Adll. Pr. Chief Conservator of Forests cum Chief Project Director
Mid Himalayan WatershedProject, (H. P)
INDIA
• 92% human population lives in rural areas. • 92% villages have population less than 1000.• 80% population is engaged in agriculture sector • 84.5% are small and marginal farmers • Agrarian economy • Mainly rain‐fed agriculture and horticulture.
Cold Dry
Mid HillsHigh Hills
Shiwaliks
Project Participants
•MHWDP • FOREST DEPTT.
•GRAM PANCHYAT
•COMMUNITY GROUPS
Objectives of the Proposed Project
• Improvement of the productive potential of degraded lands or watershed catchment areas and enhance biomass production and carbon stocks in degraded lands, and
• Improvement of livelihoods and incomes of rural households residing in selected watersheds of MHWDP using socially inclusive and institutionally and environmentally sustainable approaches.
Guiding Principles
i. Identify Native and local Species.ii. Involve Communities in reforestation efforts.iii. Value addition to ongoing watershed
interventions.iv. Technical and financial support for
reforestation by MHWDP (including capacity building).
v. Carbon Revenue to go to communities as incentive to protect Forests/ Watersheds.
i. Identify Native and local Species.ii. Involve Communities in reforestation efforts.iii. Value addition to ongoing watershed
interventions.iv. Technical and financial support for
reforestation by MHWDP (including capacity building).
v. Carbon Revenue to go to communities as incentive to protect Forests/ Watersheds.
HP Project‐ at a glance• Reforestation project
• Title‐ “India: Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project‐ Improving Livelihoods and Watersheds”
• Start date‐ July 2006• Expected Operational Life time‐ 60 Years• Crediting period‐ 20 years (Renewable Twice)• Project proponents –HPMHWDP / Forest Deptt.HP• Project Partners – Govt. of H.P; World Bank; Govt. of Spain• Area ‐4003 Ha• GPs ‐ 177• No. of parcels‐ 420• Size of parcels‐ 1 ha to 150 ha• Land status‐ degraded forest /community land/private land• Transfer of technologies –NA• Methodology‐ AR‐ACM‐001 (Ver .03)• Carbon Pool Selected‐ 3 (AGB+BGB+SOC)• Estimated ex‐ante GHG removals by sinks ~ 828 Kt CO2 ‐e
Project Boundary & Land Eligibility• Cluster of Multiple Discrete Parcels of land• Remote Sensing Data ‐ GPs with significant quantities of eligible lands shortlisted (FSI data/Survey maps).
• Communities sensitized, PRA conducted to identify Spare‐able/agreed land parcels likely to qualify.
• GPS Survey ‐ Generate Boundaries/polygans, measure area.
• FSI did analysis for eligibility using Satellite Data‐1990 (TM) and current (LIS‐III).
• Generated output on maps.• Scrutiny by Validation Team – Onsite Visit / Satellite Data
1989
LANDSAT TM
2004
IRS P6 LISS III
Parcel EligibilityPolygon Submitted to FSI Polygon Eligible as per ReportNumber Area (ha) Number Area(ha)
1016 10804.23 960 10010.73
Polygon ValidatedNumber Area (ha)
420 4003.
SPREAD OF PARCELS – DISTRICT.
BILASPUR DISTRICT.
NM 046‐F2
NM 060‐P1
Legal Status WiseSr No Division Forest Community Private Total
1 Dharamshala 91.92 8.4 5.5 105.82
2 Mandi 422.6 0 104.1 526.7
3 Bhattiyat 467.2 0 98.5 565.7
4 Nurpur 81 0 20.1 101.1
5 Sujanpur 0 103.61 156 259.61
6 Solan 0 47 64.1 111.1
7 Swarghat 767.4 0 0 767.4
8 Nahn 1.5 132 49.9 183.4
9 Kullu 554.76 0 0 554.76
10 Rampur 709.17 0 0 709.17
11 Namhol 100.8 0 51.2 152
3176.85 293.06 533.15 4003.06
CERs
(tCO2‐e)
(20 yrs Project)
CERs/year
(tCO2‐e)
CER revenue
(Rs./year) at
US$ 5/tCO2
(1$= Rs48)
CER revenue
(Rs./year) at
US$ 10/tCO2
Total for the whole project area 8,28,016 41,979 10152840 20305680
Average per hectare
207 10.34 2536.8 5073.6
Revenue from sale of CERs
Stratification
• Baseline & Project– Degraded Forest Land (Restoration Forestry Model)
• Low (600 ‐ 1100 m)
• Medium (1100 ‐ 1400 m)
• High (1400 ‐ 1800 m)
– Degraded Community Land (Community Forestry)• Low (600 ‐ 1100 m)
• Medium (1100 ‐ 1400 m)
• High (1400 ‐ 1800 m)
– Degraded Private Land (Farm Forestry)• Low (600 ‐ 1100 m)
• Medium (1100 ‐ 1400 m)
• High (1400 ‐ 1800 m)
S. No. Scientific Name S. No. Scientific Name S. No. Scientific Name
1 Acacia catechu 16 Gravellia robusta 31 Terminalia arjuna2 Aegle marmelos 17 Grewia optiva/G.
oppositifolia32 Terminalia chebula
3 Aesculus indica 18 Juglans regia 33 Artocarpus lakoocha4 Ailanthus altissima/A.
excelsa19 Mangifera indica 34 Hicoria carya
5 Albizzia procera 20 Melia azadirchta 35 Dendrocalamus spps6 Albizzia lebbek 21 Morus alba 36 Tectona grandis7 Albizzia stipulata 22 Pinus roxburghii 37 Terminalia tomentosa8 Alnus nepalensis/A.
nitida23 Pongamia pinnata 38 Prunus armeniaca
9 Azadirachta indica 24 Populus ciliata/P. Alba/P. deltoids
39 Ulmus laevigata/u. wallichiana.
10 Bauhinia variegata 25 Quercusleucotrichophora
40 Prunus cornuta/P. Cerassoides/P.padus
11 Bombax ceiba 26 Robiniapseudoacacia
41 Olea glandulifera
12 Toona ciliata 27 Salix alba 42 Pinus wallichiana13 Cedrus deodara 28 Sapindus mukorossii 43 Cassia seamia14 Dalbergia sissoo 29 Syzygium cuminii 44 Acacia nilotica15 Emblica officinalis 30 Terminalia bellerica 45 Butea monosperma
Stratification
Technology• Fencing‐ (wherever required) 50%
– Wood (Lops and Tops)– Bamboo– Stone
• Seed‐ High Quality (Identified Source)• Nursery‐
– Decentralized (Reduce Transportation Emissions).– Healthy Tall Seedlings (12‐18 Months)– Bigger P. Bags
• Site Preparation‐ Layout– 1100 Plants per Ha.– Pit size – 45x45x45 cm– Soil Disturbance/ha.‐ 70 m2 /ha.– Only Manual Labour (No Mechanical Device)– No Fertilizer Application in Plantations
Swarghat Division KHERI-II Nursery
Amla (Phyllanthus embelica) Kachnar (Bauhinia verigata)
Methodology & Tools• Consolidated afforestation and reforestation baseline and monitoring methodology AR‐ACM0001/version 03
• Tools• Combined Tool (v01)• Calculation of No of Sample Plots (v2)• Tool for Testing Significance of GHG emissions• Estimation of Emission from Clearing, Burning of Veg• Tool for Estimation of GHG emissions‐Displacement of Grazing (v2)
• Tool for Identification of Degraded Lands• Procedure to define Eligibility of Land for A/R (v1• Soil Organic Carbon Pool Significance
Baseline Data
Land Category ABG Non‐Tree BiomassDry/t/ha/Yr
Tree Biomasst/ha(SE ‐0.5 – 1.15)
Soil Organic Carbon (tC/ha)(SE– 1.14 – 3.01)
Forest 1.7 1.92 26.98
Community 1.3 1.85 30.21
Private 2.0 2.18 27.74
Estimation of ex ante Baseline Net GHG RemovalsDegraded Lands have Negligible or Zero other Carbon Pools (Litter, Dead Wood, Non Tree Biomass)MAI = 0.004 t/Ha/YrAv. Growing Stock = 3.27 t/Ha (Insignificant, Not Included)
0
25
50
75
100
125
0 10 20 30 40 50Time (years)
Car
bon
(t C
/ha)
Measurement Plan• Baseline
– Step 1: MEASURE Carbon at beginning of project
14 t C/ha
0
25
50
75
100
125
0 10 20 30 40 50Time (years)
Car
bon
(t C
/ha)
Measurement Plan• Baseline
– Step 1: Carbon at beginning of project
– Step 2: ESTIMATE Carbon over timeE.g.: Change in Carbon Stocks
Baseline:14 t C/ha
Baseline: Year 4032 t C/ha
0
25
50
75
100
125
0 10 20 30 40 50Time (years)
Car
bon
(t C
/ha)
Measurement Plan• Project: Plant Trees
– Step 1: Carbon at beginning of project
– Step 2: MEASURE Carbon over time
Project: Year 40110 t C/ha
Baseline: Year 40
32 t C/ha
0
25
50
75
100
125
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Time (years)
Car
bon
(t C
/ha)
Measurement Plan• Project: Plant Trees
– Step 1: Carbon at beginning of project
– Step 2: Carbon over time40 years Net Sequestered: 110 ‐ 32 = 78 t C/ha
Project: Year 40110 t C/ha
Baseline: Year 40
32 t C/ha
Demonstration of Additionality(Combined Tool)
• Alternative Scenarios Forest & Community Lands can’t be put to other use except Afforestation; Pvt. Lands Degraded (Unfit for Agriculture)
• Barrier• Financial – F & C –Currently Low budget allocation ; P‐No State budget available nor Financial access from Capital markets
• Ecological‐ Degraded Lands require Higher & Continuous Caring, Tending & After‐Care of Plantations
• Common Practice Analysis –Incentive of Carbon Revenue for Continous Caring & Tending of Plantations; Improved Silviculture Practices
Estimation of Net GHG Removals (Ex ante)
• TARAM model of WB used• Compilation of Rep. Growth Rate of a Age Class for Stand Model – as input to TARAM has been a challenge
• Species – 45• Strata – 9• Age Classes 4 (<5y; 5 ‐10y; 11‐20y; >20y)• Growth Rates ‐2 (Fast ; Slow)• Large No of Literature Values of CAI/MAI• Lack of Complete/Sufficient Rep Regional Data
Calculation of Carbon Stocks(A) Cumulative Area under each Strata (stand)
(B) Av. MAI [t/ha] (Literature): Fast Growing‐
Slow Growing‐
(C) Av. BEF (IPCC default) : 1.2
(D) Total AGB : (A)*(B)*(C)
(E) Total AG_Carbon : (D)*0.5
(F) Total BG_ Carbon: (E)*0.22
(G) Total Carbon: AG_C+ BG_C+SoC (0.5t/ha)
(H) Total CO2 Eq: (G)*3.66
Approach for Generating CAI/MAI
Age <5 5-10 11-20 21-30 Reference
6 4.70
J.K. Rawat, V. N.Tandon (1993), Biomass production and mineral cycling in young Chir Pine plantations in Himachal Pradesh, Indian Forester, December
10 7.91
14 5.93
16 4.18
18 4.69
10 4.91
S.K. Suri (1984), Growth analysis of Chir(Pinus roxburghii, sargent) plantations in Supkhar of Balaghat division of Madhya Pradesh,Indian Forester, May
15 4.21
15 4.68
15 5.12
20 4.54
20 5.51
25 4.77
25 5.09
25 5.83
30 4.91
30 5.46
30 5.97
Step ‐1 Literature Values of Growth rates (CAI/ MAI of Sp. Collated as per age Classes . Value closest to Mean Selected(Eg. Data for Pinus roxburghii)
Step ‐2 Growth Rates – Stand Model : To ensure Conservativeness Value Closest to Mean Selected
Altitude Growth rate Species mix <5 5-10 11-20
Data used in case of non-
availability of data for a particular
species
High (1400-1800m)
Fast
Alnus nitida 5.30A. nepalensis(22 yrs)
Juglans regia 10.50
Populus ciliata 16.90 10.75 P.deltoidesQuercusleucotrichophora 16.63Salix alba 0.67 5.80 8.00Toona ciliata 6.33Conservative 10.50 5.80 6.33Mean 11.17 8.27 6.54
Slow
Robinia pseudoacacia 3.59Ailanthus excelsaPrunus armenicaAesculus indica 0.32 1.07 3.69Cedrus deodara 0.95
Pinus wallichiana 5.42 4.69 P. roxburghiiConservative 0.32 1.07 3.69Mean 0.64 3.25 3.99
Step 3 ‐ Conservative CAI/ MAI for each Stand Model ‐ Fast & Slow Growing Sp. Group Compiled
Altitude Growth rate Species mix <5 5-10 11-20
High (1400-1800m)
Fast growing
Alnus nitida,Juglansregia,Populusciliata,Quercusleucotrichophora,Salixalba.,Toona ciliata 10.50 5.80 6.33
Slow growing
Ailanthus excelsa,Prunusarmenica,Robiniapseudoacacia, Aesculusindica,Cedrusdeodara,Pinuswallichiana 0.32 1.07 3.69
Step 4 – Single value computed for each Stand Model considering
Weighted Value
Stand model
Altitude range
Rate of growth
No. of trees/ha
Fraction of total density
MAI for calculation (t/ha/yr)
<5 5-10 11-20
Restoration
High (1400-1800m) Fast 550 0.5 5.25 2.90 3.17
Slow 550 0.5 0.16 0.54 1.85
Total 1100 5.41 3.43 5.01
Final Table for Input to TARAM
Stand model Altitude range
MAI for calculation (t/ha/yr) Average
MAI over 20 years<5 5-10 11-20
Restoration
High (1400-1800m) 5.41 3.43 5.01 4.62Medium (1100-1400m)
2.66 5.40 4.51 4.19
Low (600-1100m) 4.23 4.60 4.49 4.44
Community forestry
High (1400-1800m) 5.41 3.43 5.01 4.62Medium (1100-1400m)
2.66 5.40 4.51 4.19
Low (600-1100m) 4.23 4.60 4.49 4.44
Farm forestry
High (1400-1800m) 6.43 3.91 5.27 5.20Medium (1100-1400m)
3.00 5.64 4.69 4.45
Low (600-1100m) 4.63 5.24 4.86 4.91
Values Used for C stock Estimation
• BEF : Literature Value of 17 Sp. Taken• Av. Value 1.98 (1.49 – 2.90)• Conservative Value ‐ 1.2 (IPCC GPG 2003) used• Root : Shoot Ratio‐ Literature Value of 13 Sp• Av. Value 0.22 (0.17 – 0.39) used • IPCC Default 0.26‐ (Higher)• Carbon Fraction ‐0.5• SoC – 0.5 tC/Ha/Yr (Methodology)
Monitoring Plan• Monitoring of Plantation/Establishment
– Site Preparation
– Sp. Planted
– Survival
– Weeding/Hoeing regime
Sampling Design• Living Bio‐mass‐
– Permanent Sample Plots
– Systematic Sampling with Random Start
– Total 224 Plots in 9 Sub‐Strata
– Plot Size = 25x20 m
– Monitoring Frequency – AGB – 5 yrs.
Benefits to Himachal Pradesh• Reclamation of degraded lands
• Increased area under forests
• Reduced pressure on forests– For biomass and grazing
• Carbon sink enhancement
• Reduced flooding
• Reduced landslides
• Livelihoods and Income Enhancement of Communities
• Institutional Strengthening
Grass‐root Level Institutions User group/VFDS
(for each land parcel or group of land parcels)Forest
Land Parcel 2Forest
Land Parcel 1
Forest Land
Parcel 3
Community Land Parcel
1
Private Land Parcel 2
Private Land
Parcel 1
PanchayatsBoundary
Private land owner/ attorney
CARBON REVENUE
MHWDP/ FOREST DEPARTMENT
Gram Panchayats’ GP FUND (undertaking works as approved in GPWDP )
Gram Panchayats’ GP FUND (undertaking works as approved in GPWDP )
10 % Overhead Charges
PRIVATE LAND
80 % of r
emainin
g
carbon revenue
90 % of carb
on revenue
20 % of
remain
ing
carbon revenue
FOREST LAND COMMUNITY LAND
Owner or Attorney USER GROUP/VFDS
(members responsible for protection of land parcel)
USER GROUP/VFDS USER GROUPS/ VFDS
(members responsible for protection of land parcel
depending upon their share /rights in land parcel)
80 % of
remain
ing
carbon revenue with
GP
bal. 90
% of
remaini
ng
carbon revenue
BIO CARBON FUND
CPD‐MHWDP
WATERSHED DIVISION(on the basis of no. of land
parcels)
User group/VFDS
INDIVISUALS/ HOUSEHOLDS
CDM Executive Committee
Private Land(Owner/Attorney)
Separate CDM account
Recomm
end
CDM Executive BoardPo
licy
Decisions
BIO CARBON FUND FLOWMECHANISM
HP CDM Bio Carbon Project‐ A Win ‐Win Scenario
CDM Mo
ney
Plantations/ Forest Important for
Watershed Protection
Communities Protect Plantations & watersheds
For..