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Improving Watersheds & Community Livelihoods Through CDM Carbon Revenue – Case Study from Himachal Pradesh, India RAJ KUMAR KAPOOR Adll. Pr. Chief Conservator of Forests cum Chief Project Director Mid Himalayan WatershedProject, (H. P) INDIA
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Page 1: Watersheds Livelihoods Through CDM Carbon –Case Study from ...cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/improving_watersheds.pdf · Himachal Pradesh, Indian Forester, December 10 7.91 14 5.93

Improving Watersheds & Community Livelihoods Through 

CDM Carbon Revenue – Case Study from Himachal Pradesh, India

RAJ KUMAR KAPOOR

Adll. Pr. Chief Conservator of Forests cum Chief Project Director

Mid Himalayan WatershedProject, (H. P)

INDIA

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• 92% human population lives in rural areas. • 92% villages have population less than 1000.• 80% population is engaged in agriculture sector  • 84.5% are small and marginal farmers • Agrarian economy • Mainly rain‐fed agriculture and horticulture.

Cold Dry

Mid HillsHigh Hills

Shiwaliks

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Project Participants

•MHWDP • FOREST DEPTT.

•GRAM PANCHYAT

•COMMUNITY GROUPS

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Objectives of the Proposed Project

• Improvement of the productive potential of degraded lands or watershed catchment areas and enhance biomass production and carbon stocks in degraded lands, and 

• Improvement of livelihoods and incomes of rural households residing in selected watersheds of MHWDP using socially inclusive and institutionally and environmentally sustainable approaches. 

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Guiding Principles

i. Identify Native and local Species.ii. Involve Communities in reforestation efforts.iii. Value addition to ongoing watershed 

interventions.iv. Technical and  financial support for 

reforestation  by MHWDP (including capacity building).

v. Carbon Revenue to go to communities as incentive to protect Forests/ Watersheds.

i. Identify Native and local Species.ii. Involve Communities in reforestation efforts.iii. Value addition to ongoing watershed 

interventions.iv. Technical and  financial support for 

reforestation  by MHWDP (including capacity building).

v. Carbon Revenue to go to communities as incentive to protect Forests/ Watersheds.

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HP Project‐ at a glance• Reforestation project 

• Title‐ “India: Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project‐ Improving Livelihoods and Watersheds”

• Start date‐ July 2006• Expected Operational Life time‐ 60 Years• Crediting period‐ 20 years (Renewable Twice)• Project proponents –HPMHWDP / Forest Deptt.HP• Project Partners – Govt. of H.P; World Bank; Govt. of Spain• Area ‐4003 Ha• GPs ‐ 177• No. of parcels‐ 420• Size of parcels‐ 1 ha to 150 ha• Land status‐ degraded forest /community land/private land• Transfer of technologies –NA• Methodology‐ AR‐ACM‐001 (Ver .03)• Carbon Pool Selected‐ 3 (AGB+BGB+SOC)• Estimated ex‐ante GHG removals by sinks ~ 828 Kt CO2 ‐e

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Project Boundary & Land Eligibility• Cluster of Multiple Discrete Parcels of land• Remote Sensing Data ‐ GPs with significant quantities of eligible lands shortlisted (FSI data/Survey maps).

• Communities  sensitized,  PRA  conducted  to  identify Spare‐able/agreed land parcels likely to qualify.

• GPS  Survey  ‐ Generate  Boundaries/polygans, measure area.

• FSI  did  analysis  for  eligibility  using  Satellite  Data‐1990 (TM) and current (LIS‐III).

• Generated output on maps.• Scrutiny by Validation Team – Onsite Visit / Satellite Data

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1989

LANDSAT TM

2004

IRS P6 LISS III

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Parcel EligibilityPolygon Submitted to FSI Polygon Eligible as per ReportNumber Area (ha) Number Area(ha)

1016 10804.23 960 10010.73

Polygon  ValidatedNumber Area (ha)

420 4003.

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SPREAD OF PARCELS – DISTRICT.

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BILASPUR DISTRICT.

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NM 046‐F2

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NM 060‐P1

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Legal Status WiseSr No Division Forest Community Private Total

1 Dharamshala 91.92 8.4 5.5 105.82

2 Mandi 422.6 0 104.1 526.7

3 Bhattiyat 467.2 0 98.5 565.7

4 Nurpur 81 0 20.1 101.1

5 Sujanpur 0 103.61 156 259.61

6 Solan 0 47 64.1 111.1

7 Swarghat 767.4 0 0 767.4

8 Nahn 1.5 132 49.9 183.4

9 Kullu 554.76 0 0 554.76

10 Rampur 709.17 0 0 709.17

11 Namhol 100.8 0 51.2 152

3176.85 293.06 533.15 4003.06

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CERs

(tCO2‐e)

(20 yrs Project)

CERs/year

(tCO2‐e)

CER revenue

(Rs./year) at

US$ 5/tCO2

(1$= Rs48)

CER revenue

(Rs./year) at

US$ 10/tCO2

Total for the whole project area 8,28,016 41,979 10152840 20305680

Average per hectare

207 10.34 2536.8 5073.6

Revenue from sale of CERs

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Stratification 

• Baseline & Project– Degraded Forest Land (Restoration Forestry Model)

• Low  (600  ‐ 1100 m)

• Medium (1100  ‐ 1400 m)

• High (1400  ‐ 1800 m)

– Degraded Community Land (Community Forestry)• Low  (600  ‐ 1100 m)

• Medium (1100  ‐ 1400 m)

• High (1400  ‐ 1800 m)

– Degraded Private Land (Farm Forestry)• Low  (600  ‐ 1100 m)

• Medium (1100  ‐ 1400 m)

• High (1400  ‐ 1800 m)

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S. No. Scientific Name S. No. Scientific Name S. No. Scientific Name

1 Acacia catechu 16 Gravellia robusta 31 Terminalia arjuna2 Aegle marmelos 17 Grewia optiva/G.

oppositifolia32 Terminalia chebula

3 Aesculus indica 18 Juglans regia 33 Artocarpus lakoocha4 Ailanthus altissima/A.

excelsa19 Mangifera indica 34 Hicoria carya

5 Albizzia procera 20 Melia azadirchta 35 Dendrocalamus spps6 Albizzia lebbek 21 Morus alba 36 Tectona grandis7 Albizzia stipulata 22 Pinus roxburghii 37 Terminalia tomentosa8 Alnus nepalensis/A.

nitida23 Pongamia pinnata 38 Prunus armeniaca

9 Azadirachta indica 24 Populus ciliata/P. Alba/P. deltoids

39 Ulmus laevigata/u. wallichiana.

10 Bauhinia variegata 25 Quercusleucotrichophora

40 Prunus cornuta/P. Cerassoides/P.padus

11 Bombax ceiba 26 Robiniapseudoacacia

41 Olea glandulifera

12 Toona ciliata 27 Salix alba 42 Pinus wallichiana13 Cedrus deodara 28 Sapindus mukorossii 43 Cassia seamia14 Dalbergia sissoo 29 Syzygium cuminii 44 Acacia nilotica15 Emblica officinalis 30 Terminalia bellerica 45 Butea monosperma

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Stratification 

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Technology• Fencing‐ (wherever required) 50%

– Wood (Lops and Tops)– Bamboo– Stone

• Seed‐ High Quality (Identified Source)• Nursery‐

– Decentralized (Reduce Transportation Emissions).– Healthy Tall Seedlings (12‐18 Months)– Bigger P. Bags

• Site Preparation‐ Layout– 1100 Plants per Ha.– Pit size – 45x45x45 cm– Soil Disturbance/ha.‐ 70 m2 /ha.– Only Manual Labour (No Mechanical  Device)– No Fertilizer Application in Plantations

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Swarghat Division KHERI-II Nursery

Amla (Phyllanthus embelica) Kachnar (Bauhinia verigata)

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Methodology & Tools• Consolidated afforestation and reforestation baseline and monitoring methodology                                      AR‐ACM0001/version 03

• Tools• Combined Tool (v01)• Calculation of No of Sample Plots (v2)• Tool for Testing Significance of GHG emissions• Estimation of Emission from Clearing, Burning of Veg• Tool for Estimation of GHG emissions‐Displacement of Grazing (v2)

• Tool for Identification of Degraded Lands• Procedure to define Eligibility of Land for A/R (v1• Soil Organic Carbon Pool Significance

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Baseline Data

Land Category ABG Non‐Tree BiomassDry/t/ha/Yr

Tree Biomasst/ha(SE ‐0.5 – 1.15)

Soil Organic Carbon (tC/ha)(SE– 1.14 – 3.01)

Forest 1.7 1.92 26.98

Community 1.3 1.85 30.21

Private 2.0 2.18 27.74

Estimation of ex ante Baseline Net GHG RemovalsDegraded Lands have Negligible or Zero other Carbon Pools (Litter, Dead Wood, Non Tree Biomass)MAI  = 0.004 t/Ha/YrAv. Growing Stock = 3.27 t/Ha (Insignificant, Not Included)

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0

25

50

75

100

125

0 10 20 30 40 50Time (years)

Car

bon

(t C

/ha)

Measurement Plan• Baseline

– Step 1: MEASURE Carbon at beginning of project

14 t C/ha

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0

25

50

75

100

125

0 10 20 30 40 50Time (years)

Car

bon

(t C

/ha)

Measurement Plan• Baseline

– Step 1: Carbon at beginning of project

– Step 2: ESTIMATE Carbon over timeE.g.: Change in Carbon Stocks

Baseline:14 t C/ha

Baseline: Year 4032 t C/ha

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0

25

50

75

100

125

0 10 20 30 40 50Time (years)

Car

bon

(t C

/ha)

Measurement Plan• Project: Plant Trees

– Step 1: Carbon at beginning of project

– Step 2: MEASURE Carbon over time

Project: Year 40110 t C/ha

Baseline: Year 40

32 t C/ha

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0

25

50

75

100

125

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Time (years)

Car

bon

(t C

/ha)

Measurement Plan• Project: Plant Trees

– Step 1: Carbon at beginning of project

– Step 2: Carbon over time40 years Net Sequestered: 110 ‐ 32 = 78 t C/ha

Project: Year 40110 t C/ha

Baseline: Year 40

32 t C/ha

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Demonstration of Additionality(Combined Tool)

• Alternative Scenarios Forest & Community Lands can’t be put to other use except Afforestation; Pvt. Lands Degraded (Unfit for Agriculture)

• Barrier• Financial – F & C –Currently Low budget allocation ; P‐No State budget available nor Financial access from Capital markets

• Ecological‐ Degraded Lands require Higher & Continuous Caring, Tending & After‐Care of Plantations

• Common Practice Analysis –Incentive of Carbon Revenue for Continous Caring & Tending of Plantations; Improved Silviculture Practices 

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Estimation of Net GHG Removals (Ex ante)

• TARAM model of WB used• Compilation of Rep. Growth Rate of a Age Class for Stand Model – as input to TARAM has been a challenge

• Species – 45• Strata – 9• Age Classes 4 (<5y; 5 ‐10y; 11‐20y; >20y)• Growth Rates ‐2 (Fast ; Slow)• Large No of Literature Values of CAI/MAI• Lack of Complete/Sufficient Rep Regional Data

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Calculation of Carbon Stocks(A) Cumulative Area under each Strata (stand)

(B) Av. MAI [t/ha] (Literature): Fast Growing‐

Slow Growing‐

(C) Av. BEF (IPCC default)        : 1.2

(D) Total AGB : (A)*(B)*(C)

(E) Total AG_Carbon : (D)*0.5

(F) Total BG_ Carbon: (E)*0.22

(G) Total Carbon: AG_C+ BG_C+SoC (0.5t/ha)

(H) Total CO2 Eq: (G)*3.66

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Approach for Generating CAI/MAI

Age <5 5-10 11-20 21-30 Reference

6 4.70

J.K. Rawat, V. N.Tandon (1993), Biomass production and mineral cycling in young Chir Pine plantations in Himachal Pradesh, Indian Forester, December

10 7.91

14 5.93

16 4.18

18 4.69

10 4.91

S.K. Suri (1984), Growth analysis of Chir(Pinus roxburghii, sargent) plantations in Supkhar of Balaghat division of Madhya Pradesh,Indian Forester, May

15 4.21

15 4.68

15 5.12

20 4.54

20 5.51

25 4.77

25 5.09

25 5.83

30 4.91

30 5.46

30 5.97

Step ‐1 Literature Values of Growth rates (CAI/ MAI of Sp. Collated as per age Classes . Value closest to Mean Selected(Eg. Data for Pinus roxburghii)

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Step ‐2 Growth Rates – Stand Model : To ensure Conservativeness Value Closest to Mean Selected

Altitude Growth rate Species mix <5 5-10 11-20

Data used in case of non-

availability of data for a particular

species

High (1400-1800m)

Fast

Alnus nitida 5.30A. nepalensis(22 yrs)

Juglans regia 10.50

Populus ciliata 16.90 10.75 P.deltoidesQuercusleucotrichophora 16.63Salix alba 0.67 5.80 8.00Toona ciliata 6.33Conservative 10.50 5.80 6.33Mean 11.17 8.27 6.54

Slow

Robinia pseudoacacia 3.59Ailanthus excelsaPrunus armenicaAesculus indica 0.32 1.07 3.69Cedrus deodara 0.95

Pinus wallichiana 5.42 4.69 P. roxburghiiConservative 0.32 1.07 3.69Mean 0.64 3.25 3.99

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Step 3 ‐ Conservative CAI/ MAI for each Stand Model  ‐ Fast & Slow Growing Sp. Group Compiled

Altitude Growth rate Species mix <5 5-10 11-20

High (1400-1800m)

Fast growing

Alnus nitida,Juglansregia,Populusciliata,Quercusleucotrichophora,Salixalba.,Toona ciliata 10.50 5.80 6.33

Slow growing

Ailanthus excelsa,Prunusarmenica,Robiniapseudoacacia, Aesculusindica,Cedrusdeodara,Pinuswallichiana 0.32 1.07 3.69

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Step 4 – Single value computed for each Stand Model considering 

Weighted Value 

Stand model

Altitude range

Rate of growth

No. of trees/ha

Fraction of total density

MAI for calculation (t/ha/yr)

<5 5-10 11-20

Restoration

High (1400-1800m) Fast 550 0.5 5.25 2.90 3.17

Slow 550 0.5 0.16 0.54 1.85

Total 1100 5.41 3.43 5.01

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Final Table for Input to TARAM

Stand model Altitude range

MAI for calculation (t/ha/yr) Average

MAI over 20 years<5 5-10 11-20

Restoration

High (1400-1800m) 5.41 3.43 5.01 4.62Medium (1100-1400m)

2.66 5.40 4.51 4.19

Low (600-1100m) 4.23 4.60 4.49 4.44

Community forestry

High (1400-1800m) 5.41 3.43 5.01 4.62Medium (1100-1400m)

2.66 5.40 4.51 4.19

Low (600-1100m) 4.23 4.60 4.49 4.44

Farm forestry

High (1400-1800m) 6.43 3.91 5.27 5.20Medium (1100-1400m)

3.00 5.64 4.69 4.45

Low (600-1100m) 4.63 5.24 4.86 4.91

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Values Used for C stock Estimation

• BEF : Literature Value of 17 Sp. Taken• Av. Value 1.98 (1.49 – 2.90)• Conservative Value ‐ 1.2 (IPCC GPG 2003) used• Root : Shoot Ratio‐ Literature Value of 13 Sp• Av. Value 0.22 (0.17 – 0.39) used • IPCC Default 0.26‐ (Higher)• Carbon Fraction ‐0.5• SoC – 0.5 tC/Ha/Yr (Methodology)

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Monitoring Plan• Monitoring of Plantation/Establishment

– Site Preparation

– Sp. Planted

– Survival

– Weeding/Hoeing regime

Sampling Design• Living Bio‐mass‐

– Permanent Sample Plots

– Systematic Sampling with Random Start

– Total 224 Plots in 9 Sub‐Strata

– Plot Size = 25x20 m

– Monitoring Frequency – AGB – 5 yrs.

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Benefits to Himachal Pradesh• Reclamation of degraded lands 

• Increased area under forests

• Reduced pressure on forests– For biomass and grazing

• Carbon sink enhancement

• Reduced flooding

• Reduced landslides

• Livelihoods and Income Enhancement of Communities

• Institutional Strengthening

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Grass‐root Level Institutions User group/VFDS

(for each land parcel or group of land parcels)Forest 

Land Parcel 2Forest  

Land Parcel 1

Forest Land 

Parcel 3

Community Land Parcel 

1

Private  Land Parcel 2

Private Land 

Parcel 1

PanchayatsBoundary

Private land owner/ attorney 

Page 42: Watersheds Livelihoods Through CDM Carbon –Case Study from ...cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/improving_watersheds.pdf · Himachal Pradesh, Indian Forester, December 10 7.91 14 5.93

CARBON REVENUE

MHWDP/ FOREST DEPARTMENT

Gram Panchayats’ GP FUND (undertaking works as approved in GPWDP )

Gram Panchayats’ GP FUND (undertaking works as approved in GPWDP )

10 % Overhead Charges

PRIVATE LAND

80 % of r

emainin

carbon revenue

90 %  of carb

on revenue

20 % of 

remain

ing 

carbon revenue

FOREST LAND COMMUNITY LAND

Owner or Attorney  USER GROUP/VFDS 

(members responsible for protection of land parcel) 

USER GROUP/VFDS USER GROUPS/ VFDS

(members responsible for protection of land parcel 

depending upon their share /rights in land parcel) 

80 % of 

remain

ing 

carbon revenue with

GP

bal. 90 

 % of 

remaini

ng 

carbon revenue

Page 43: Watersheds Livelihoods Through CDM Carbon –Case Study from ...cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/improving_watersheds.pdf · Himachal Pradesh, Indian Forester, December 10 7.91 14 5.93

BIO CARBON FUND

CPD‐MHWDP

WATERSHED DIVISION(on the basis of no. of land 

parcels)

User group/VFDS 

INDIVISUALS/ HOUSEHOLDS

CDM Executive Committee

Private Land(Owner/Attorney)

Separate CDM account

Recomm

end

CDM Executive BoardPo

licy 

Decisions

BIO CARBON FUND FLOWMECHANISM

Page 44: Watersheds Livelihoods Through CDM Carbon –Case Study from ...cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/improving_watersheds.pdf · Himachal Pradesh, Indian Forester, December 10 7.91 14 5.93

HP CDM Bio Carbon Project‐ A Win ‐Win Scenario

CDM Mo

ney

Plantations/ Forest Important for 

Watershed Protection

Communities Protect Plantations & watersheds  

For..


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