WATSAN COORDINATION MEETING UNICEF Kampala July 7,2005

WATSAN COORDINATION MEETINGWATSAN COORDINATION MEETINGUNICEFUNICEF Kampala July 7,2005Kampala July 7,2005

SOLAR &SOLAR &DIESEL MOTOR DIESEL MOTOR PUMPSPUMPSAPPRAISALAPPRAISAL

Alessandro GaleotaAlessandro Galeota([email protected])([email protected])

solar & motor diesel pumps appraisal COsolar & motor diesel pumps appraisal COOPIOPI

SOLAR PUMPING SYSTEMSOLAR PUMPING SYSTEM The solar system comprises: stationary

or tracking solar array; controller; electric motor and pump

The system pumps water with the use of power generated by the sunlight

Solar electric cells convert sunlight directly into DC power (photovoltaic process)

The controller converts the variable DC voltage into three phase voltage to run a brushless pump


Aloi camp solar schemeAloi camp solar scheme


DIESEL MOTOR DRIVEN PUMPDIESEL MOTOR DRIVEN PUMP

Diesel motorDiesel motor Discharge and Discharge and

drive head (1)drive head (1) Driveshaft (4)Driveshaft (4) Rotor/stator Rotor/stator

pumping pumping element (6)element (6)


Pabbo camp diesel motorPabbo camp diesel motor


STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS Solar systemSolar system

Ideal for remote & Ideal for remote & unattended locationsunattended locations::

• No fuel & little or no No fuel & little or no maintenancemaintenance

• No need of pump or No need of pump or motor attendantsmotor attendants

Solar pumping system are Solar pumping system are noise and pollution freenoise and pollution free

Reliability and ease of useReliability and ease of use

Diesel systemDiesel system

Little maintenance of the Little maintenance of the pumppump

Wide range of applicationsWide range of applications• Capacity 10-1700 l/minCapacity 10-1700 l/min• Total head 15 – 450 mTotal head 15 – 450 m

Ease of inspection & Ease of inspection & maintenance of motor maintenance of motor drive headdrive head


WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSESSolar systemSolar system• High capital costHigh capital cost• Restricted daily Restricted daily

flowflow• Limited storage Limited storage

capacity due to capacity due to aboveabove

• Daily flow reduced Daily flow reduced with increase in with increase in total head total head

Diesel systemDiesel system• High O&M costsHigh O&M costs• No operation due No operation due

to shortage of fuelto shortage of fuel• Power losses Power losses

through drive head through drive head & shafting& shafting

• Greenhouse gas Greenhouse gas emissionemission

• Human factor Human factor


OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES for both systemsfor both systems

To address the water demand of To address the water demand of a large number of IDPsa large number of IDPs

To store waterTo store water To use tap stands with less effort To use tap stands with less effort

for collecting water and reduced for collecting water and reduced queueing timequeueing time

To increase access to safe To increase access to safe drinking waterdrinking water


POTENTIAL THREATSPOTENTIAL THREATS

Solar systemSolar system• Lower flow rate Lower flow rate

due to rainy seasondue to rainy season• Theft of solar Theft of solar

modulesmodules• Broken modulesBroken modules• Disconnection of Disconnection of

electrical wiringelectrical wiring

Diesel systemDiesel system• Lack of Lack of

maintenancemaintenance• Theft of fuelTheft of fuel• Unavailability of Unavailability of

spare parts spare parts


Steps towards solutionSteps towards solutionSolar systemSolar systemLower flow rate due Lower flow rate due

to rainy seasonto rainy season• GPS Tracking ArrayGPS Tracking Array• Additional array Additional array

oversizing (30%)oversizing (30%)• Increased water Increased water

storagestorage

Diesel systemDiesel systemLack of maintenanceLack of maintenance• Keeping a service Keeping a service

bookbook• Check of service Check of service

bookbookTheft of fuelTheft of fuel• Limited storage & Limited storage &

proper planning of proper planning of delivery delivery


Steps towards solutionSteps towards solutionTheft of solar Theft of solar

modulesmodules• Solar array placed Solar array placed

on high stand and on high stand and connected with connected with large size bolts large size bolts

Broken panelsBroken panels• Solar assembly Solar assembly

metal backed. No metal backed. No grid is suggestedgrid is suggested

Availability of spare Availability of spare partsparts

• Local authorized Local authorized distributors and distributors and dealersdealers


Steps towards solutionSteps towards solutionDisconnection of Disconnection of

electrical wiringelectrical wiring• The wires are The wires are

placed inside iron placed inside iron pipespipes

MONO PUMP COMPUTER AIDED SOLAR MONO PUMP COMPUTER AIDED SOLAR SIMULATIONSIMULATION

Country : Uganda System size : 1200 WattsLocation :Tororo (Latitude 0° 60' / Longitude 34° 20') System efficiency : 56%Static head : 35 m Array type :Tracking

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE AT 1000 W/ m 2

Daily FlowHorizontal I rradiation

KWh/ m2 day44,4 5,643,1 5,543,4 5,639,9 5,238,2 5,037,1 4,934,4 4,736,0 4,942,7 5,544,0 5,642,4 5,444,7 5,640,9 5,3Average

OctoberNovemberDecember

September

MonthJ anuaryFebruary

AugustJ uly

MarchAprilMayJ une

Average flow rate for JanuaryAverage flow rate for January(Mono Pump solar simulation)(Mono Pump solar simulation)

0102030405060708090

100

7.00 A

M

8.00 A

M

9.00 A

M

10.00

AM

11.00

AM

12.00

AM

1.00 P

M

2.00 P

M

3.00 P

M

4.00 P

M

5.00 P

M

Flow rate (l/min)


Aloi camp solar schemeAloi camp solar scheme(oversized solar array)(oversized solar array)

POWER SUPPLY

220

410 410 410 410

240

140

050

100150200250300350400450

7.30AM

8.00AM

12.00AM

4.00PM

5.30PM

6.00PM

6.30PM

TIME

WAT

TS


Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Benefit Analysis System’s daily flow of 40 mSystem’s daily flow of 40 m33

System’s lifetime of 10 yearsSystem’s lifetime of 10 years Benefit: revenue from water feesBenefit: revenue from water fees Capital cost and Operation & Capital cost and Operation &

Maintenance costsMaintenance costs Life-cycle costs and benefits are Life-cycle costs and benefits are

discounted to the discounted to the present valuepresent value using 10% discount rateusing 10% discount rate


O&M costs breakdownO&M costs breakdownDiesel pumpDiesel pump: Fuel consumption 1 l/h – : Fuel consumption 1 l/h –

Discharge rate 10 mDischarge rate 10 m33/h/h• Cost of dieselCost of diesel (216,000 USh/month)(216,000 USh/month)• Cost of lubricant Cost of lubricant (15% of fuel)(15% of fuel) (32,400 USh/month)(32,400 USh/month)• Wages of two pumps operators Wages of two pumps operators (150,000 (150,000

USh/month)USh/month) • Kit of spare parts for pump – Kit of spare parts for pump – over 3 yearsover 3 years (gland (gland

packing, vee belts, drive shafting assy, rubber column packing, vee belts, drive shafting assy, rubber column stabilizer, final connecting shaft) stabilizer, final connecting shaft) (122,467 USh/year)(122,467 USh/year)

• Engine service kit Engine service kit (2000 hours) (2000 hours) (363,658 USh/year)(363,658 USh/year)


O&M costs breakdownO&M costs breakdownSolar pump: Solar pump: replacement of replacement of

pump & controller after 5 years pump & controller after 5 years of serviceof service

SOLAR PUMP LIFE-CYCLE COSTS

YEARCAPITAL

COST

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

COSTS

TOTAL COSTS (EURO)

PRESENT VALUE FACTORS

(discount rate 10% )

PRESENT VALUES OF

TOTAL COSTS0 13432 0 13432 1,00 134321 0 0 0,91 02 0 0 0,83 03 0 0 0,75 04 0 0 0,68 05 0 0 0,62 06 2320 2320 0,56 12997 0 0 0,51 08 0 0 0,47 09 0 0 0,42 0

10 0 0 0,39 0

Remark: 14731

368

TOTAL LIFE-CYCLE COST

UNIT OUTPUT COST (Euro/ m3)The unit output cost is attained dividing the total life-cycle cost by 40 m3, which is solar pump's daily flow with a given 35 m of total head

Solar Pump Life-Cycle CostsSolar Pump Life-Cycle Costs

Diesel Pump Life-Cycle CostsDiesel Pump Life-Cycle Costs

YEAR

CAPITAL COST

OPERATION & MAINTENANC

E COSTS TOTAL COSTS

(EURO)

PRESENT VALUE

FACTORS (discount rate

10% )

PRESENT VALUES OF

TOTAL COSTS0 7607 0 7607 1,00 76071 2394 2394 0,91 21792 2394 2394 0,83 19873 2394 2394 0,75 17964 2394 2394 0,68 16285 2394 2394 0,62 14846 2394 2394 0,56 13417 2394 2394 0,51 12218 2394 2394 0,47 11259 2394 2394 0,42 1005

10 2394 2394 0,39 934

22306

558

(SOLAR PUMP UNIT OUTPUT COST: 368 Euro/ m 3 )

TOTAL LIFE-CYCLE COST

UNIT OUTPUT COST (Euro/ m3)Remarks: The unit output cost is attained dividing the total life-cycle cost by 40 m3 which is diesel motor pump's daily flow with a given 80 of total head

YEAR BENEFITS

CAPITAL COST

(EURO)

OPERATION &

MAINTENANCE COSTS

TOTAL COSTS

CASH-FLOW (BENEFITS -

TOTAL COSTS)

PRESENT VALUE

FACTORS (discount

rate 10% )

DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW

0 0 13432 13432 -13432 1,00 -134321 6636 0 0 6636 0,91 60392 6636 0 0 6636 0,83 55083 6636 0 0 6636 0,75 49774 6636 0 0 6636 0,68 45125 6636 0 0 6636 0,62 41146 6636 2320 2320 4316 0,56 24177 6636 0 0 6636 0,51 33848 6636 0 0 6636 0,47 31199 6636 0 0 6636 0,42 2787

10 6636 0 0 6636 0,39 2588

26014

Remarks:1 litre of water is assumed to cost 1 USH

40000 litres x 1 USH x 365 days = 14600000 / 2200 = 6636 Euro

NET PRESENT VALUE

DISCOUNTED CASH-FLOW DISCOUNTED CASH-FLOW FOR SOLAR PUMPFOR SOLAR PUMP

YEAR BENEFITS

CAPITAL COST

(EURO)

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

COSTS TOTAL COSTS

CASH-FLOW

(BENEFITS - TOTAL COSTS)

PRESENT VALUE

FACTORS (discount

rate 10% )

DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW

0 0 7607 7607 -7607 1,00 -76071 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,91 38602 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,83 35213 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,75 31824 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,68 28855 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,62 26306 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,56 23767 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,51 21638 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,47 19949 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,42 178210 6636 2394 2394 4242 0,39 1654

18439

Remarks:1 litre of water is assumed to cost 1 USH

40000 litres x 1 USH x 365 days = 14600000 / 2200 = 6636 Euro

NET PRESENT VALUE

(Net present value of solar pump: 26014)

DISCOUNTED CASH-FLOW DISCOUNTED CASH-FLOW FOR DIESEL PUMPFOR DIESEL PUMP


ConclusionsConclusions Solar system is Solar system is sustainablesustainable and and

reliablereliable: : no fuel, no need of operator, no fuel, no need of operator, pump and controller are maintenance-pump and controller are maintenance-freefree

Solar system is Solar system is cost-effective: cost-effective: 4 times 4 times the hand pump’s daily flow with the hand pump’s daily flow with negligible recurrent costnegligible recurrent cost

Diesel system has high pumping & lift capacity: 3 times the solar system’s daily flow


ConclusionsConclusions Over 10 years of service, unit output Over 10 years of service, unit output

cost of diesel pump is higher than cost of diesel pump is higher than solar: 558 Euro against 368 Eurosolar: 558 Euro against 368 Euro

For a better analysis of field data (i.e. For a better analysis of field data (i.e. maintenancemaintenance), the appraisal should ), the appraisal should be extended over a longer period of be extended over a longer period of service-timeservice-time


PUMP PERFORMANCEPUMP PERFORMANCE GrundfosGrundfos: : (H(HTT=6 Kwh/m=6 Kwh/m22 day day 20° northern latitude) 20° northern latitude) H(m)=30~Q(mH(m)=30~Q(m33/day)=26 H=60~Q=16 H=80~Q=13 /day)=26 H=60~Q=16 H=80~Q=13


PUMP PERFORMANCEPUMP PERFORMANCE Mono diesel pump mod. 620Mono diesel pump mod. 620 Pump Pump speed 1200 rpmspeed 1200 rpm H=30~Q=3.55 H=60~Q=3,48 H=80~Q=3,3H=30~Q=3.55 H=60~Q=3,48 H=80~Q=3,3

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WATSAN COORDINATION MEETING UNICEF Kampala July 7,2005

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