WAVEC’S 5 YEARS OF ACTIVITIES

2003-2008

Editorial

António J.n.A. SArmento

Message from the Director of the WavEC

the Pico Pilot Plant, in the frame of a project financed by DEMTEC/PRIME and by some associated companies, was equally impor-tant not only to improve the knowledge of wave energy in Portugal but also because it allowed to create a testing infrastructure at a real scale. Due to its dimension, this proj-ect was also structural, because, along with a network of young Wavetrain research-ers, financed by the European Union in the frame of the 6th FP, it allowed to establish a working team which is the WavEC’s base. The Wavetrain, through which around 15 young European researchers were trained, also gave a strong international visibility to the Wave Energy Centre. That visibility resulted from the quality of the research work and from the fact that these young researchers are, in general terms, presently working in companies (technologists, service providers, promoters, etc.) with activities in this sector.

The activity to promote the introduction of public policies to support wave energy, namely the introduction of a special tar-iff and the definition of the Pilot Zone for wave energy, was also particularly relevant.

In the last two of this five years period, the Centre’s activity has been very connected to a set of projects funded by the European Union, especially adapted to the Centre’s mission: the WAVEPLAM, with the objec-tive of identifying the non-technological barriers of wave energy and the mitigation mechanisms of those barriers; the AQUARET, with the goal of promoting e-learning in the aquatic renewable energies area; the EQUIMAR, which is set to identify good practice and standardization measures in maritime renewable energies, being the WavEC responsible for the environmental area; and finally the CORES, which is the only project of more technological charac-teristics, where the Centre is responsible for the development of a numerical model of a fluctuating oscillating water column.

Also, the rendering of services to national and foreign companies has increased con-siderably over the last two years, being par-ticularly gratifying to see that companies like Shell, Iberdrola and Energy Technologies In-stitute have requested the Centre’s services more than once. It is equally interesting to see that in number, although not in value, there are more foreign than national clients.

Finally it is equally important to underline the contribution of the WavEC to inter-national cooperation: the WavEC was co-founder and is a member of the Board of the European Ocean Energy Association, it assures the secretariat of the Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (IEA-

The Wave Energy Centre – Centro de Energia das Ondas (WavEC) is a private non-profit or-ganization which was created in May 2003. According to Article 2 of its Statutes, the WavEC’s objective is to promote and support the cooperation between companies, the re-search and financing institutions and other entities, bearing in mind the development, promotion, support for commercialization and transfer to the industry of the wave energy technologies for the production of electricity, freshwater, hydrogen or any other products of economic interest, as well as oth-er forms of renewable energies associated to the oceans. Initially formed by 10 associates, the Centre has now 15, involving compa-nies from the energetic, industry and ser-vices sectors, as well as national institutions of the scientific and technological system.

As it is still a very recent institution, the WavEC has been searching for its own space and vo-cation, in Portugal, in the European Union and abroad. Having been created with no private or public “dowry”, the Centre has been trying to develop self-financed projects, in the con-text of its mission, that are able to promote the creation of an interdisciplinary team and reinforce Portugal’s position as one of the leading countries regarding wave energy.

From an initial team of 2 people and a bud-get of around € 60.000 in 2003, the Cen-tre had, in 2008, a permanent team of 10 people and a budget around € 1.000.000, from which only 5% was from the associ-ates’ fees, while 15% were from national R&D projects, 20 % from rendering of ser-vices and the remaining 60% from European funding associated to 5 running projects. The WavEC’s technical team covers the hy-drodynamics, technology, environment and monitoring areas. The WavEC also has dissemination and secretariat services.

During the first three years of activity the Centre has directed its attention to the pro-motion and dissemination of wave energy to the public in general, but mainly to com-panies and to the State. The development of a study to the DGGE - Direcção Geral de Geologia e Energia (the Portuguese Gen-eral Directorate for Geology and Energy) regarding the potential of wave energy in Portugal was an important step towards that dissemination strategy. The recovery of

OES) and gave an important collaboration to the establishment of the protocol between the Portuguese and American governments regarding wave energy, signed in 2008.

After completing the first five year of exis-tence and facing the state of development of technology, the presently existing condi-tions in Portugal for the dynamization of a wave energy market, its positive integra-tion into the enterprise network and public administration and the existing excellent international connections, the Wave En-ergy Centre believes that it must develop into a Centre of Competences with inter-national visibility, supported by companies and national R&D institutions and taking advantage of the Pilot Zone. This kind of institution is important to guarantee the ap-pearance of a new industry, supported by an industrial cluster and services supported in know-how and scientific knowledge. It is also important to enhance and give interna-tional visibility to national competences in this domain, a fundamental aspect to open the way beyond frontiers to our companies. Due to the increasing interest and proxim-ity of the subject and the challenges that it poses, the WavEC also intends to dedi-cate its attention to wind offshore energy, mainly the fluctuating field to be installed into a water depth of 50 metres, or more.

As a whole, the exploitation of wave energy and wind offshore may give a very significant contribution to the production of electric energy and to the economic development of the country, that needs to be dynam-ized and challenged. A preliminary analysis shows that these two areas may contribute to the development of an economic activ-ity in industry and services, capable to con-tribute directly to more than 1% of our GDP during 30 to 40 years. This represents a cre-ation of around 30.000 to 40.000 new jobs, of which 3.000 to 4.000 will be of upper man-agement and around 300 to 400 of research-ers. The scale of this process means that the country needs to prepare itself, namely through the development of suitable tech-nological and scientific competences and of well prepared sectors that will enhance the necessary industrial innovation and the de-velopment of a network of competent and competitive suppliers of goods and services.

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02

Index

EDITORIAL # 01

Message from the Director of the WavEC # 01

INTRODUCTION # 03 - 05

PROJECTS # 06 - 15

OWC Demonstration # 06 - 07

WAVETRAIN # 08 - 09

Co-ordinated Action on Ocean Energy # 10

Aqua-RET # 11

WAVEPLAM # 12

WEAM # 13

CORES # 14

EQUIMAR # 15

RENDERING OF SERVICES # 16 - 17

PROMOTION ACTIVITIES AND DISSEMINATION # 18 - 22

IEA-OES # 21

EU-OEA # 22

MAIN ACTIVITIES # 23 - 28

Monitoring # 23

Technologies # 24

Numerical Modelling # 25

Legislation # 26

Environment # 27

Training # 28

ThE TEAM # 29 - 31

Consultative and management bodies # 29

The Team # 30 - 31

PUBLICATIONS # 32 - 35

CONTACTS # 36

03

Introduction

With its vast area of ocean, Portugal is one of the European coun-tries that offer the best natural conditions to the development of wave energy. Our country has a mild weather, relative deep waters near the coast and a medium-high energetic resource. It gathers also good infra-structures conditions near the exten-sion of the occidental coastline. It is also important to refer the technical-scientific knowledge that exists in the country and the growing interest of entities willing to invest in this area.

The founding of the Wave Energy Association

In this context the Wave Energy Centre (WavEC) appears, founded in 2003 as a private non-profit association aiming to develop wave energy and support companies and research centres in the area, through technical and political strategies.

The idea of the creation of the Wave Energy Centre in Portu-gal was first announced publically at the international event “Oceans III Millennium, 1st International Congress on Marine Sci-ence and Technology”, being held in Pontevedra / Spain in 2001.

Two years later and with a team of four people – one Di-rector, one secretary and two young researchers of the Instituto Superior Técnico (Technical University of Lis-bon) – the WavEC was founded with 10 associates.

The associates

The WavEC gathers 15 associates from different sectors, such as energy and industry, consultancy agencies and two wave en-ergy promoters, interested in the development of wave energy.

Presently the associates of the WavEC are the following: A. Silva Matos - Metalomecânica, SA.; Consulmar - Projectistas e Con-sultores Lda. (Project planning and consulting); EDA - Electri-cidade dos Açores (Electricity of the Azores); EDP - Energias de Portugal (Electricity of Portugal); Efacec Engenharia SA. (Elec-tronic Engineering); Enersis, Sociedade Gestora de Participações Sociais (substituted in 2009 by CEO - Companhia da Energia Oceânica, S.A.); GALP Energia SA.; Generg, Sociedade Gestora de Participações Sociais; GWH – Energia das Ondas, Unipessoal, Lda.; Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação,

IP (now Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG)); Instituto Superior Técnico (Technical University of Lisbon); Irmãos Cavaco, SA.; Kymaner, Tecnologias Energéticas Lda.; LAMTEC (Laboratório da Universidade dos Açores) and Martifer.

Mission of the WavEC

The mission of the WavEC is to ensure the necessary techno-logical and scientific support to its associates, to increase their participation in national and European projects, partnerships among the associates and between these and other national or international entities.

On the other hand, the WavEC aims to promote the exploita-tion of wave energy and ocean energetic resources and to contribute to stating Portugal’s status in the world as one of the leading countries in terms of ocean energy. The WavEC also promotes the training of qualified technical researchers in this field.

Figure: Evolution of the number of associates and WavEC personnel

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Introduction

The team

The team of the Wave Energy Centre has been increasing in number and is composed of specialists in diverse areas, such as hydrodynamics of wave energy, numerical model-ling, environment, monitoring and communication. The President of the Board of Directors is Prof. António Sarmen-to, associate professor at the Technical University of Lisbon, specialised in wave energy for more than three decades.

Our activities

The activities of the WavEC include rendering of ser-vices to entities and companies interested in the de-velopment of wave energy in Portugal and other coun-

tries, environmental impact studies, monitoring of prototypes, numerical modelling, technological assessment, identification of opportunities for business and public policies.

Training is another area of our activities, possible mainly through the European Marie Curie Research Training Net-works WAVETRAIN I project, responsible for the creation of a group of young researchers in the field of wave energy. The multinational Initial Training Network project WAVETRAIN II, started in October 2008 and will continue this training action.

Besides these activities, the WavEC aims to promote collaboration between companies, R&D entities and governmental bodies in identifying business opportunities in the field, through dissem-ination activities. The WavEC is also a founding member of the European Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA) and develops the secretariat of the Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agree-

Image: Our areas of activities

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Introduction

ment (IEA-OES), both active organizations in the field of wave energy.

Our clients

During these five years, our main clients have been: AWS II BW, DGGE – Direcção-Geral de Energia e Geologia (Energy and Geo-logy Directorate General), EDP, Enersis (now CEO), GALP Power, Wave Dragon ApS, Arthur D. Little, ETI - Energy Technologies In-stitute and other multinational companies of the energetic sector. Projects

A significant part of the activities of Wave Energy Centre is related to technological or non-technological R&D projects, both national and European and as coordinator or partner.

During these five years of activities, the WavEC has coordinated a national project aiming to recover the wave plant located on the Pico Island, Azores. This project, financed by the DEMTEC-PRIME programme, occupied a significant amount of work during the first years of existence of the association.

On an international level, we highlight our participation in the WAVETRAIN project as administrative and technical coordinator. This project obtained funding from the European Commission and made it possible to recruit several researchers in the wave en-ergy field for the participant organisations and the WavEC itself.

The projects of the WavEC are:

• Refurbishment and monitoring of the OWC Pilot Plant on the Pico Island in the Azores. PRIME-DEMTEC (2004 - 2006, Coordinator);• WAVETRAIN – Marie Curie European Research Training Network (2004-2008, Coordinator);• Co-ordination Action on Ocean Energy (CA-OE) (2004-2007);• Aqua-RET – Aquatic Renewable Energy Technologies (2006-2008);• WAVEPLAM – WAVe energy PLAnning and Marketing (2007-2010);• WEAM – Wave Energy Acoustic Monitoring (2007-2010, Coordinator);• CORES – Components for Renewable Ocean Energy Systems (2008-2011);• EQUIMAR – Equitable Testing and Evaluation of Marine Energy Extraction Devices in Terms of Performance, Cost and Environmental Impact (2008-2011);• WAVETRAIN2 - UE People ITN (2008-2011, Coordinator).

IncomeThe income of the Wave Energy Centre comes from the Euro-pean Commission, national funding, and rendering of services, scho-larship fees of the FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tec-nologia (Science and Technology Foundation) and fees from our associates. The following tables represent the evolution of the income and expenses during the five years of activities of the WavEC. The graphic of the income shows that, despite the fact that the income has not been constant during these years, the majority results from the WavEC’s participation in projects, both national and international. Regarding the evolution of ex-penses, the graphic shows that the main expenses are related to the refurbishment of the Pico Pilot Plant and the WavEC’s recur-

Evolution of Expenses from 2003 to 2007

Evolution of Income from 2003 to 2007

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Demonstration of national capacity

OWC Demonstration

The first major project managed by the WavEC is called OWC (Oscillating Water Column) Demonstration, a national pro-ject that aimed to recover and test the OWC Pico Plant, in the Azores, in order to demonstrate the viability of this techno-logy.

The project started in 2004 and finished in 2006. In the following year, and after two years of its management, the WavEC became the owner of the Pico device.

With its own human and financial resour-ces, the WavEC continued the maintenance and monitoring activities of the Pico Plant in 2007. The data collected from the tests on the OWC have improved the experi-ence and knowledge on this technology and can be adapted to other devices, for both coastal and offshore structures.

Funding and support

OWC Demonstration was a national fun-ded project of the DEMTEC programme (PRIME) and private investors (WavEC’s associates), with large financial support from EDP – Electricity of Portugal - and EFACEC – Portuguese supplier of electri-cal equipment.

The partners involved in this project were our associates: - EDA - Electricidade dos Açores (Electri-city of the Azores) - EDP - Energias de Portugal (Electricity of Portugal) - IST - Instituto Superior Técnico (Techni-cal University of Lisbon) - INETI (now LNEG) - Irmãos Cavaco and Consulmar - Kymaner - company that contributed to the project and joined the WavEC at the end of 2007 for technical support.

Projects

General InformationOriginal Name: Demonstração CAO Funding: PRIME / DEMTEC (national public funding) and associates (private funding) Team Coordinator: Frank NeumannTotal Funding: : € 797 598, 00WavEC Funding: € 538 410, 00Duration: 24 months + 12Coordinator: Wave Energy CentreOther partners: EDP – Energias de Portugal, EDA – Electricidade dos Açores, InstitutoSuperior Técnico, INETI (now LNEG), Efacec, Irmãos Cavaco, Consulmar and Kymaner (techni-cal support)Website: www.pico-owc.net

The first major project

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Five years of experienceThe project in three phases

The development of the project has gone through 3 important phases: refurbish-ment, test and improvement. The first one consisted mainly in the refurbishment of the Pico Plant’s mechanical and electrical equipment initially installed at the plant. It took place between October 2003 and Sep-tember 2005. Mechanical components were recovered and the generator reconnected. The electronic and control equipment, ini-tially located inside the plant was relocated for security reasons into two containers at a distance of around 100 meters inland. Be-sides, a relief valve was installed in order to reduce the pressure in the chamber and to allow the turbine operation within higher wave conditions.

The second phase of the project consisted of testing the existing equipment, from September 2005 to May 2006. During these tests, excessive vibrations of the turbine and its support were encountered, limiting the operational rotational speed around 1200 rpm. The development of these tests ended with an incident with the turbine guide vanes.

From June to November 2005 and from July to November 2006, two members of the WavEC team, namely Frank Neumann (Op-

erator of the Pico Plant) and Ana Brito e Melo (Data processing) were on site for the development of the equipment and new tests. The installation of new turbine guide vanes and tests marked the begin-ning of the new phase of operation.

Dissemination

The refurbishment operations of the Pico Plant were accompanied by demonstra-tion and dissemination activities. Papers, technical and scientific communications and presentations in conferences took place during this period, as well as train-ing courses and organized visits for indi-viduals/groups with interest in learning more about this technology. On the 8th November 2005 and 31st October 2006 the WavEC organized the project’s public demonstration sessions. Besides, a DVD is available for dissemination purposes.

After the end of the project

Maintenance and monitoring activities continue to take place at the OWC Pico Plant after the end of the project with progress at both structural and electronic levels. From 2007 to June 2008, the WavEC had a member of its team, Victor Winands on site. Since June 2008, Victor has been working for our associate Kymaner, con-tinuing his work on the OWC device.

What is the major challenge to work at the Pico Plant?

In the first place to demonstrate that the use of wave energy is possible! On the other hand, this plant is a real chal-lenge because of the successive pro-blems that it has faced before and that we have tried to solve: to demonstrate that this plant works is my aim at the moment.

As a surfer what is your vision about wave energy?

Being a surfer was the moving force to enter into this working field. I under-stand the fear of many surfers about the possibility of wave energy farms “destroying” the waves. Despite, I am not familiar with any technology that has a major impact on waves. Diverse studies have been made to identify this possible impact. Surfers have also collaborated on these studies. At the WavEC a researcher (and surfer) has prepared a study on the impact of wave energy on surfing areas in the Portuguese Pilot Zone. In my opinion the impact on the form and height of the waves will be small. We should not forget that we must change the way we treat nature and make a balance between various impacts. It would not be wise for me to invest my time and effort to work in this area if I was not sure that wave energy is a good oppor-tunity and that it will not destroy what I most like to do: Surf!

Interview

Victor Winands Pico Plant Operator since 2007Interview: September 2008

Projects

Victor Winands

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A new generation of wave energy re-searchers

WAVETRAIN

An international challenge

Wavetrain was the first major European project coordinated by WavEC, funded by the European Commission Sixth Framework Programme under the spe-cific Marie Curie Action. The main aim of the project was to train a group of scientists in the field of wave energy.

The WavEC coordinated administratively and technically the project that started in June 2004, as a result of its well succeeded proposal. The network joined eight Eu-ropean universities, one national public entity and two wave energy developers.

The main objective of the project was to create a training network of researchers in the field of wave energy, specialized specifically in device modelling and de-sign, device components, socio-economic and environmental impact assessment and evaluation of existing power plants, such as the Oscillating Water Column of the Pico Plant, AWS and Wave Dragon.

Wavetrain at the WavEC

The project allowed the WavEC to have 3 researchers in its team: Veronica La Regina (Italy), specialist in Econo-mics, Iain Russell (United Kingdom) and Cristina Huertas Olivares (Spain), specialists in the environmental area.

The beginning of 2008 marked the end of WAVETRAIN and today the project is well known internationally. The involved researchers have been presenting their papers in diverse international confe-rences and thus disseminating wave en-ergy technology and the project itself.

Besides the exchange of knowledge in the field of wave energy, differ-ent short courses have taken place for all participants in the projects and other interested researchers.

The multinational Initial Training Network project WAVETRAIN II, started at the end of 2008 and will continue this training action.

Projects

General InformationFunding: 6FP of the European CommissionTeam Coordinator: Frank NeumannTotal Funding: € 1 823 900,00WavEC Funding: € 284 831,38Duration: 45 monthsCoordinator: Instituto Superior Técnico, (Management by the WavEC)Other partners: Teamwork Technology, SPOK ApS, Queen’s University Belfast, Ecole Centrale Nantes, Cork University, University of Edinburgh, INETI (now LNEG – Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia), Technische Universiteit Delft and ChalmersWebsite: www.wavetrain.info

Tests in laboratory - University of Edin-burgh, 2006

Shortcourse: Wave Energy Environmental Issues, Denmark, 2007

Field trip to Wavebob, Galway Bay, Ireland, 2006

Shortcourse: Monitoring, Lab. of Queens University, Ireland , 2006

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Short Courses

During the three years of existence of the project six short courses have been organized:

• Ocean Wave Energy Fundamentals - Chalmers University of Technology – 23rd of May to 3rd of June 2005;

• Numerical Modelling of Wave Energy Devices - Ecole Centrale de Nantes: 27th of June to 8th of July 2005;

• Physical Modelling and Monitoring - HMRC Uni-versity College Cork and Queen’s University Bel-fast: 10th to 16th of May 2006;

• Power-Take-Off Systems - University of Edin-burgh: 4th to 8th of December 2006;

• Wave Energy Environmental Issues - Spok ApS: 23rd to 25th of April 2007;

• Wave Energy Realities – Pico Island, Azores - WavEC: 24th to 28th of September 2007.

Shortcourse: Wave Energy Realities, Pico Island, Azores, 2007

Projects

ParticipantsInstituto Superior Técnico - Portugal

Pierpaolo Ricci (Italy) and Florent Thiébaut (France)

Teamwork Technology BV - The Netherlands

Miguel Prado (Portugal)

SPOK ApS - Denmark

James Tedd (United Kingdom)

Queen’s University Belfast - Ireland

Joseph van’t Hoff (The Netherlands)

WavEC - Portugal

Iain Russell (United Kingdom), Veronica la Regina (Italy) and

Cristina Huertas Olivares (Spain)

Ecole Centrale de Nantes - France

José Carlos Lopes (Portugal), Martin Kamensky (Slovenia) and

Lorenzo Baños (Spain)

University College Cork - Ireland

Rebecca Church (England) and Julien Cretel (France)

The University of Edinburgh - United Kingdom

João Cruz (Portugal), Jorge Lucas (Portugal), Remy Pascal (France)

and André Delrue (The Netherlands)

INETI - Portugal

Jean Baptiste Saulnier (France)

Technische Universiteit Delft - The Netherlands

Mattia Scuotto (Italy)

Chalmers Tekniska hogskola AB - Sweden

John FitzGerald (Ireland)

Interview with Frank NeumannAssociate Director of the WavEC

What is the meaning of WAVETRAIN?

The WAVETRAIN project had a very im-portant characteristic that was only noticed during the development of the project: the creation of an inter-national homogeneous group of re-searchers in the technological field. The collaboration base that this group rep-resents for future projects is a unique added value for the technological development.

Interview with Veronica La Regina – in-vited researcher – economic aspects

What did the WAVETRAIN project meant to you?

Wavetrain was an excellent experience for me with a double multicultural meaning. In the first place due to the fact that the proj-ect was Portuguese and I have stayed in this country with my typical Italian personality. On the other hand, because it was in the field of engineering and I have studied so-cial sciences (law and economy).

Interview with Florent Thiebaut – WAVETRAIN researcher

In what way did this project open job opportunities in the field of wave en-ergy?

WAVETRAIN was a very interesting ex-perience to start a career in the field of wave energy. It allowed me to work in a project with direct relation to these technologies, as the Oscillating Wa-ter Column in the Azores, Portugal. It allowed me to learn about the develop-ment of the Oscillating Water Column and to know the characteristics and limitations of the Wells turbine.

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The Co-ordinated Action on Ocean Energy (CA-OE) started in 2004 with funding of the 6th FP of the European Commission. It con-tinued for 39 months with 40 partners and 20 associated partners from 15 countries.

CA-OE main objective was to promote the cooperation between the players in the energy sector, to promote and disseminate ocean energy technolo-gies and to establish a common know-ledge base necessary for coherent de-velopment of R&D policies in Europe.

The main activity of the project con-sisted in the organisation of interactive workshops as a vehicle to exchange, present and analyse important infor-mation for ocean energy development. The topics of the 5 workshops were: 1. Numerical modelling and tank testing, 2. Components and power take-off, 3. Structural design, 4. Performance as-sessment and 5. Environmental impact.

WavEC’s role

An important aspect of the CA-OE pro-ject was the component of exchange of personnel to strengthen the expertise by mobility and exchange of personnel. The CA-OE therefore included funding to provide grants to researchers to pay short exchange visits to different institutions working in similar areas with the aim of integrating this knowledge in their work. This component of personnel exchange was coordinated by WavEC.

Projects

General Information Funding: 6FP of the European CommissionTeam Coordinator: Ana Brito e MeloTotal Funding: € 1500 000,00WavEC Funding: € 48 000,00Duration: 39 monthsCoordinator: RambøllOther Partners: Core-group: University of Strathclyde, Centre For Renewable Energy Sources, University College Cork, HMRC, WavEC; Ocean Energy Devel-opers: Ocean Power Delivery Ltd, Teamwork Technology BV, Queens University Belfast, Insti-tuto Superior Técnico, Aqua Ener-gy UK, Ldt, Wave Dragon ApS, In-genioerfirma Eric Rossen,, Ocean Energy Limited, WavePlane Pro-duction A/S, MT Power, C J Day Associates, Ponte di Archimedes S.p.A, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Electricité de France; R&D institutions: Aalborg University, The University of Edin-burgh, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Group ESIM, Bulgarian Ship Hy-drodynamics Centre, University of Southampton, Ghent Univer-sity, Universität Hannover, Upp-sala University, Division for Elec-tricity and Lightening Research, UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS, Swedish Seabased Energy AB, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola AB, Technis-che Universiteit Delft, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, National Technical University of Athens, Naval Arrch & Mar Engng., Ecofys bv, INETI (now LNEG), The Robert Gordon University, POWERTECH LABS INC., DHI Water & Environ-ment, Lancaster University, SPOK Aps and Institut Français de Re-cherche pour lÉxploitation de la MerWebsite: http://www.wave-en-ergy.net/

Wind offshore farm, Copenhagen

Co-ordinated Action on Ocean Energy

Workshops • Modelling Ocean Energy System (4-5 April 2005, Aalborg, Denmark) • Component Technology and Power Take-off (2-3 November 2005, Uppsala, Sweden) • System Design, Construction, Reliability and Safety (30-31 March 2006, Amster-dam, The Netherlands) • Performance Monitoring of Ocean Energy Systems (16-17 November 2006, Lisbon, Portugal) • Environmental, Economics, Development Policy and Promotional Opportunities (23-25 April 2007, Copenhagen, Denmark)

Shortcourse: Environmental Issues on Ocean Energy, Denmark

Aqua-RET – Aquatic Renewable Energy Technologies

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Aquatic Renewable Energy Technologies (Aqua-RET) is an EU funded Leonardo da Vinci project that developed a set of e-learning tools on marine renewable energy to inform the general public and to stimulate companies to intervene in the marine renewable energy industry. Participant countries

The project started in October 2006 and continued until the end of 2008.

It gathered entities and institutes of countries such as Cyprus, Greece, Ro-mania, Scotland, Ireland and Portugal.

A new training concept

Through e-learning modules using the la-test multimedia tools, the user is informed about the existing marine renewable en-ergy technologies, how aquatic renewable energy technologies work, how they fit into the landscape and how they benefit the economy.

The outcomes of the Aqua-RET project are a unit of e-learning modules, avai-lable online or on CD-ROM, supported by complimentary educational posters based on the aquatic renewable energy tech-nologies (run-of-river, tidal impoundment, tidal stream, wave, and offshore wind), to be used by everyone interested in aquatic renewable energy.

Projects

3rd Meeting : Atens, Greece, 2008

General Information Funding: 6FP of the European Commission (Leonardo da Vinci II programme)Team Coordinator: Frank Neu-mannTotal Funding: € 396 512,00WavEC Funding: € 36 900,00Duration: 24 monthsCoordinator: Aqua TT UETP Ltd.Other Partners: Cyprus Institute of Energy; CRES; La Tene Maps; Uni-versity Politehnica of Bucharest; Aquatera Ltd; Scottish Renewables Forum Ltd and WavEC.Website:http://www.aquaret.com/

Poster of Wave Energy

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Projects

WAVEPLAMWAVe Energy PLAnning and Marketing

The WAVEPLAM - Wave Energy Planning and Marketing - project started at the end of October 2007 and will run until 2010. The project is funded by the European Commission under the Intelligent Energy Executive Agency programme and its pur-pose is to develop tools, establish methods and standards, and to create conditions to speed up the introduction of ocean en-ergy into the European renewable energy market, tackling in advance non-techno-logical barriers and conditioning factors that may arise when these technologies are available for large-scale development. Eight participants are involved in this proj-ect from the following EU member coun-tries: Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, Greece, Ireland, Belgium and Denmark.

A Wave Energy European Market

Despite the fact that in these last years there has been an increase in wave ener-gy research, it is necessary to gather all ef-forts in order to create a European ocean energy market. The WAVEPLAM project

will contribute to the creation of this mar-ket through diverse actions.

At a first stage, the involved entities will contribute to the creation of this market increasing the knowledge of decision makers and investors about the state of the art, the different non-technological barriers and the best practices to over-come them and build the proper tools to create the conditions to speed up the in-terest and the investment in wave energy projects among target groups.

Wave Energy Marketing

One of WAVEPLAM’s expected results is to guarantee communication and transfer of knowledge with relevant agents and institutions throughout Europe and to fa-cilitate the creation of networks through projects. This way, through its dissemi-nation actions, the WAVEPLAM aims to develop tools, create standard methods and the necessary conditions to speed up the introduction of ocean energy into the European renewable energy market.

General InformationFunding: 6FP of the European Commission (Intelligent Energy Executive Agency Programme)Team Coordinator: Cristina Huer-tas Olivares – until October 2008 / Frank Neumann – from October 2008 onwardsTotal Funding: € 526 988,00WavEC Funding: € 43 337,50Duration: 36 monthsCoordinator: EVE – Ente Vasco de la EnergíaOther Partners: Fundación Robotiker, Wavegen, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), University College Cork, Euro-pean Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA), Wave Dragon ApS and WavEC.Website: www.waveplam.eu

Newsletter

The first newsletter of the WAVE-PLAM project, prepared by the WavEC, is available for download on the project’s website. To obtain the next publications, please sign in for free on the website.

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Projects

WEAM Wave Energy Acoustic Monitoring

At the end of 2007 a new project, named WEAM, Wave Energy Acoustic Monito-ring, joined the WavEC’s list of activities. This project obtained national fund-ing from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Science and Technology Foundation) and has the objective to de-velop an instrumentation chain suitable for the assessment of possible underwa-ter noise caused by wave energy con-verters and to set up a monitoring plan.

Coordinated by the Wave Energy Centre, the WEAM project started in November 2007 with the collaboration of CINTAL - Centro de Investigação Tecnológica do Algarve (Technological Investiga-tion Centre) for a period of 36 months.

Monitoring Plan

The WEAM project will study and de-velop an underwater noise monito-ring plan in order to prevent and as-sess the impact of possible underwater noise caused by wave energy con-verters, especially on marine fauna.

In an initial phase it is expected that noise generation by single Wave Energy De-vices (WED) is small. However, the pres-ence of a large number of converters in

the same area (wave energy farm) ope-rating in an almost continuous way may eventually cause some environmental impact. Up until now there have been no acoustic environmental impact studies based on real data or experiences on how such acoustic monitoring must be done.

The development of a validated monito-ring system, the characterization of up to three wave energy prototypes or farms of different technologies and the set-up of an acoustic monitoring plan are the expected results of this project. The results are ex-pected to guide the development of a more environmental friendly technology and to clarify limits for the number and density of wave energy devices in a wave farm.

Phases of development of the Project

The project is structured into three pha-ses: 1) Development of monitoring equip-ment; 2) Acoustic monitoring of at least three wave energy farms; Pico Plant, Azores, the Pelamis farm (of three de-vices) and another prototype or available farm for the 36 months of the project (in the area of the pilot zone). 3) Setting up an acoustic monitoring plan for wave energy.

General InformationFunding: National - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Science and Technology Foundation)Team Coordinator: Sofia PatrícioTotal Funding: € 180 000,00WavEC Funding: € 78 636,00Duration: 36 monthsCoordinator: Wave Energy CentreOther Partners: Centro de Investigação Tecnológica do Algarve (CINTAL/UAlg)Website: http://www.siplab.fct.ualg.pt/proj/weam.shtml

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The CORES – Components for Ocean Renewable Energy Systems project, fi-nanced in the scope of the 7FP of the European Commission (Research and Technology Development - RTD Pro-gramme), began in April 2008 and will run over the next three years.

The CORES main objective is the creation of a complete wave-to-wire modelling tool to be applied to the OEbuoy technology, de-veloped by the Irish company Ocean Ener-gy. In the scope of this project an air turbine will be built, a task that will be lead by the IST - Instituto Superior Técnico (Technical University of Lisbon). Kymaner, an associ-ate of the WavEC, participates in the tasks, projecting and supplying the turbine.

The wave energy converters are in the beginning of their development. The first generation of devices– in a demonstra-tion phase – was installed on some coastal lines and usually consists in Oscillating Water Column (OWC) systems. The sys-tems have evolved from fixed devices on coastal lines to floating structures in deep waters. It is in this scope that the CORES project will focus its activities in the devel-

opment of new device concepts, energy production components, control, moor-ing, data collecting and instrumentation.

Another important objective of this project is to reduce technical and non-technical barriers on the marine environ-ment and to reduce the costs per kWh of generated energy. The new equipments and concepts will be tested on a floating OWC pilot plant, the OEBuoy, installed at sea at the Galway Bay Test Site (Ireland). The validated and verified results will be integrated into a holistic system model.

WavEC’s role

The WavEC’s role in this project is to de-velop a wave-to-wire model applied to the numerical simulation of the OEbuoy performance equipped with an impulse air turbine, being also responsible for the integration of the sub-models in the other work programmes, developed by other partners of the projects, into a toolbox to analyze the global opera-tion of the floating OWC system and its validation with real data from OEbuoy.

Projects

General InformationFunding: 7FP of the European Commission (Research and Techno-logy Development - RTD Pro-gramme) Team Coordinator: Ana Brito e MeloTotal Funding: € 3 449 559,40WavEC Funding: € 284 880,00Duration: 36 monthsCoordinator: University College Cork/ Hydraulics & Maritime Re-search CentreOther partners: Aalborg Uni-versitet, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna, Fundacion Robotiker, Institut für Solare Ener-gieversorgunstechnik E.V., Instituto Superior Técnico, Kymaner Tec-nologias Energéticas Lda., Marine Computation Services Ltd., Ocean Energy Ltd., Queen’s University Bel-fast, University of Exeter, University of Limerick and WavEC. Website: http://hmrc.ucc.ie/FP7/cores.html

CORES Components for Ocean Renewable Energy Systems

Components summary of the CORES Project (image on the left) and OEbuoy installed at Galway Bay Test Site (Ireland), scale 1:4 (image on

the right)

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The EQUIMAR - Equitable Testing and Evalu-ation of Marine Energy Extraction Devices in terms of Performance, Cost and Environ-mental Impact project is funded by the Eu-ropean Commission under the 7FP and star-ted in April 2008 for a period of three years. The main objective of this project is to establish and apply standard metho-dologies for the evaluation and tech-nical implementation, characteriza-tion of nature, of sea conditions, of currents levels and recourse assessment of areas where devices can be deployed.

Creation of protocols

The EQUIMAR project intends to create a set of protocols aiming to evaluate marine energy extraction devices. These proto-cols will harmonise testing and evaluation procedures across the wide variety of de-vices presently available with the aim of accelerating their adoption through the combination of the technology and an improved understanding of the environ-mental and economic impacts associated with the deployment of arrays of devices. A series of protocols will be developed through robust, auditable processes and will be disseminated to the wider commu-nity. Results from the EquiMar project will establish a sound base for future standards. Through this set of protocols, the project will assess devices covering site selection, device engineering design, scaling up of designs, deployment of arrays of devices, environmental impact, in terms of both bio-logical & coastal processes, and economic issues.

Projects

EQUIMAREquitable Testing and Evaluation of Marine Energy Extraction Devices in terms of Per-formance, Cost and Environmental Impact

General InformationFunding: 7FP of the European Commis-sionTeam Coordinator: Cristina Huertas Oli-vares until October 2008 / Teresa Simas from October 2008 onwardsTotal Funding: € 3 990 024,00WavEC Funding: € 232 785,00Duration: 36 monthsCoordinator: University of EdinburghOther partners: The University of Edin-burgh, Fundación Robotiker, University of Strathclyde, Electricité de France SA, EU Ocean Energy Association, University of Exeter, University College Cork, The University of Manchester, Southampton University, Institut Français de Recherché pour l’Exploitation de la Mer , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche: Instituto di Sci-enze Marine, Det Norske Veritas, Team-work Technology, Pelamis Wave Power Ltd, European Marine Energy Centre, Wave Dragon, Uppsala University, Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Associa-tion of Marine Sciences, Feisty Produc-tions Ltd, Aalborg University, Rambøll, Actimar and WavEC.Webpage: http://www.equimar.org/

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Services

Rendering of services

The Wave Energy Centre is engaged, since its foundation, in the rendering of services to associates and non-associates and has developed several consultancy reports related, in their majority, to site selection for the installation of wave energy devices, characteristics of the Portuguese western coast and state of the art of technologies in this field. The reports are mainly confiden-tial and thus not available for consultation.

Potential and strategy for the devel-opment of wave energy in Portugal. Year: 2004Client: Direcção-Geral de Energia e Geo-logia (Energy and Geology General Direc-torate). Available for consultation on the WavEC’s website

This report analyses the potential impact that wave energy might have in Portugal, if it is confirmed as a technological and economical viable alternative, and the na-tional strategy to achieve this potential.

The main national entities with mari-time jurisdiction were contacted in the scope of this study, mainly those related to maritime activities, fishery, military exercises, submarine transport cables, research activities on hydrocarbonates and protected national areas. Various different areas in the maritime domain with some kind of restrictions have been pointed out in order to estimate the po-tential wave energy utilization. A map has been drawn with possible areas of con-cession on the Portuguese western coast, between the bathymetry of 50 and 80 m.

Preliminary Site Selection Study for Dem-onstrationWave Farm in Portugal

Year: 2005Client: Multinational Company of the oil sector - Confidential

In this report, five preferential sites were identified for the installation of wave en-ergy farms along the Portuguese coast in the near future. It also describes all the available information that exists in Portugal related to the exploitation of wave energy on the Portuguese coast (geological characteristics, bathymetry, resource, protected natural areas, grid connection capacity, etc) and related insti-tutions and also how this data is available.

Wave Energy Technologies Evaluation Study

Year: 2006Client: EDP - Energias de Portugal (Elec-tricity of Portugal) – Confidential study

This study includes an initial evaluation of wave energy technologies, in order to contribute to an eventual decision of EDP to get involved in this sector. The study highlights all the main activities in this field. In the scope of the report, the WavEC has produced an enquiry for the technologists and analysed its results. The outcome of this report was discussed in a workshop organised by EDP with tech-nical support of the WavEC. This work-shop led to the selection of four tech-nologies for future due-diligence by EDP.

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Services

Wave Energy: State of the Art

Year: 2007Client: National Energy Company - Con-fidential

This report intended to give a wide and actual perspective of wave energy utilisation, namely technical, commer-cial, economical, environmental, re-search and development issues. The report intended to give the client a gen-eral overview of this field and, if the out-come was positive, a business strategy.

The report covered the following areas: I) Potential and actual and future costs of energy. II) Actual perspectives and incen-tive policies. III) Main technologies and comparative appreciation. IV) Environ-mental impacts and conflict of interests.

Site selection for the exploitation of re-sources on the Portuguese western coast. Year: 2007Client: Multinational Energy Company – Confidential

Site selection study for the installation of offshore wave energy farms (in water depths of about 50 m), with indication of possible barriers on the Portuguese coast. The approach used in the preliminary study of the WavEC regarding the poten-tial of wave energy utilisation on the Por-tuguese western coast (2004) consists of a detailed analysis of the previously identi-fied potential zones for the concession of wave energy farms.

This study also presents the diverse tech-nology types proposed for the exploita-tion of wave energy and the state of de-velopment of a technology. It also gives a brief focus to the technical and environ-mental impacts of the different technolo-gies, showing their advantages and disad-vantages.

The economic involvement of the

wave energy technological field and the perspective of environmental im-pacts of large scale utilization of wave energy are also focused in the report.

Wave energy technology developers & relevant support systems in key markets Year: 2007Client: European energy company – Con-fidential

This study was prepared by the WavEC in collaboration with a Norwegian company named Lovdal Venture by request of an important European oil company.

A global vision of wave energy technology developers was presented in the report as well as the most relevant activities, inclu-ding public incentives in certain key-mar-kets. 56 wave energy conversion systems were presented and described highlight-ing its different principles.

The study also includes a brief note of the most important reports published in the last years.

Actual and comprehensive per-spective of the wave energy sector Year: 2007Client: European energy company – Con-fidential

This study was prepared by the WavEC in collaboration with a Norwegian company named Lovdal Venture by request of an important European oil company.

This report gives an overview of the actual wave energy sector and intends to be a baseline report for the client to evaluate business opportunities in this fast grow-ing emerging industry. Furthermore, it gives a description of what is going on in all the relevant countries in the world that are involved in wave energy.

The report includes a list of the main or-ganisations involved, research institutes and contacts of technology developers active in the development of wave energy projects. The final chapter deals with the future development of the industry.

Due Diligence Year: 2007Client: Multinational of energetic sector - Confidential

Participation in due diligence process re-lated to an advanced wave energy device with technical recommendations in an intermediate report. The client has shown interest in continuing this render of ser-vice in the future.

Wind offshore status and opportunities Year: 2008Client: EDP - Confidential

The Wave Energy Centre developed, at re-quest of EDP Inovação, a study of the de-velopment of offshore wind energy. This study informed the client about the state of the art of offshore wind energy, market opportunities and international political scenery, global vision of legal aspects and environmental apprehension and Portu-guese business opportunities.

Wave Energy Technologies: Benchmark Year: 2008Client: Multinational of energetic sector - Confidential

Benchmark study for the client. A set of wave energy technologies were investiga-ted and presented to the client for selec-tion of 2 technologies for Due-diligence.

Disseminação

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Dissemination

2005 Seminar

Utilization of Wave Energy

Promotion and Dissemina-tion Activities

2007 Seminar

Wave Energy Conversion Technologies

During its five years of existence, WavEC has been trying to dissemi-nate its activities and wave energy in general, through several initia-tives. It has been present in many national and international confe-rences related to ocean renewable energies. In this scope, several tech-nical papers have been published in national and international journals.

In 2005 the Centre organized its first tech-nical seminar: Utilization of Wave Energy, which took place at the Pavilion of Know-ledge – Ciência Viva, Parque das Nações, in Lisbon, with around 110 participants. The event was attended by the Assistant Secretary of State for Industry and Inno-vation, Professor António Castro e Guerra, the Secretary of State for the Environ-ment, Professor Humberto Rosa, and the Secretary of State for Science, Technology and Higher Education, Professor Manuel Heitor.

The seminar “Wave Energy: Technologies and Challenges”, organized by GALP Energia in partnership with the WavEC, took place in June 2007 and complements the report “Wave Energy: State of the Art”, made by WavEC for GALP Energia. The seminar’s ob-jective was to identify and discuss the main technological, operational, environmental and economic issues regarding the utiliza-tion of wave energy, with the goal to sup-port GALP Energia in getting an overview of this theme. This meeting gathered national specialists in several areas, relevant for the utilization of wave energy: hydrodynam-ics, control, operationality, survivability, materials, moorings, offshore operations, environmental impacts, electrical connec-tions and grid integration, among others.

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Dissemination

The seminar Wave Energy Realities was organized in the scope of the European project Marie Curie Research Training Networks WAVETRAIN and had the par-ticipation of young researchers from the project and some guests.

The workshop ran over four days. The participants had the opportunity to put the Pico Pilot Plant to work, gather data and process them, under the orientation of the Centre’s team.

The workshop ended with the scale of the Pico Mountain, of 2351 metres high.

The Wave Energy Centre’s team partici-pated in the 3rd Innovation Journeys, organized by the Agência de Inovação (AdI) - Innovation Agency -, from 7 to 10 November 2007, at the Feira Internacio-nal de Lisboa – FIL (Lisbon International Exhibition Fair), Parque das Nações.

The event aimed to divulge and support the economic valorisation of the results from R&D projects financed by the Agen-cy, and to bring a new dynamic to the partnerships between entrepreneurs, researchers and investors. The team was at the stand number 37 to present the project OWC Demonstration / Reno-vation and Test of the OWC Pilot Plant on Pico Island, Azores. For this event a model of the Pico Plant was made, which is available for future events.

2007 Conference

ISOPE 07

2007 Seminar

Wave Energy Realities

2007 Journeys

3rd Innovation Journeys

Also in 2007 the WavEC sponsored the world conference called International Symposium of Offshore and Polar Engi-neering (ISOPE 07), through logistic sup-port.

This event has a session in oceans energy in which the WavEC’s team participates every year with the presentation of ar-ticles in the scope of its activities that are published at the conference’s procee-dings.

Website: www.isope.org

In 2008, the Centre participated in the or-ganization of a joint initiative of the British Embassy and the Scottish Development International, called “Offshore Projects: Technologies and Services”.

The seminar, which took place in the mor-ning of the 19th February, was attended by Scottish companies of the renewable energies sector willing to cooperate with Portuguese companies from the same area.

In the scope of the seminar there were also one-to-one meetings, with interested Portuguese companies and entities, du-ring the afternoon of the same day.

On the 24th November 2008, the WavEC celebrated its five years of activities with a seminar in the areas of ocean energies and offshore wind, at the Museum of Elec-tricity, contributing once more to the ex-planation about this source of alternative energy and its application in Portugal, to the intervenient parts on the electricity market.

The seminar aimed to make a review on the state of the art of wave energy and off-shore wind technology and to reflect on the associated business opportunities, the difficulties ahead and the ways to over-come them, using as an example what is done in other countries, especially the way to finance the development of tech-nologies in these areas.

The Centre’s activities are accompanied of information available to all, through book-lets and also through its internet pages.

DisseminaçãoDissemination

The seminar “Wind Offshore: Challenges and Opportunities” on the 12th May 2008, organized by EDP Inovação, had the tech-nical support from WavEC. This seminar complements the report “Wind Offshore: Status and opportunities”, made by the Centre after a request from EDP. Interna-tional experts of offshore wind energy technologies and national experts of off-shore wind resource on the Portuguese coast were invited to have an active par-ticipation. The results from this seminar were presented on a final report made for EDP Inovação.

Offshore Technologies

Wind Offshore: Challenges and Opportunities

Marine Renewable Energy in Portugal and Other Actions

2008 Seminars

Besides these activities, the WavEC’s team makes available, in a quick and informal way, information regarding the Portuguese and international ener-getic sector, whenever it is contacted. It is also important to underline the se-veral missions of the team members as guest speakers in regional/local events or-ganized by town councils, private associa-tions, universities and secondary schools, besides their participation in international events.

Programme of the event

Poster of the 2008 technical seminar

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Dissemination

IEA-OESThe International Energy Agency

Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement

In 2001 the Ocean Energy Systems Imple-menting Agreement of the International Energy Agency (IEA-OES) was established with the initial participation of three coun-tries: Portugal, Denmark and United King-dom. Nowadays, besides these, Belgium, Canada, Germany, the European Commis-sion, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Spain, Sweden, The United States of Ame-rica and New Zealand are also members of the Agreement. This agreement, in the field of renewable energies, consists of a mechanism of the International Energy Agency to promote the collaboration be-tween countries at an international level.

Representatives of each member states meet twice a year to discuss working pro-grammes and new initiatives and to ex-change information regarding national ac-tivities in the field of ocean energy (which, besides wave energy, includes tides, tidal current energy, thermal and salinity gra-dients). The working programme focuses on three areas: i) Dissemination and ex-

change of information, ii) Development of patterns to test wave energy and current devices and iii) Integration of systems into the electrical grid.

The secretariat of this project is an activity of the WavEC, coordinated by Ana Brito e Melo. In the frame of this secretariat, the Wave Energy Centre has the responsibility to develop and publish the annual report of activities of the Agreement as well as other diverse dissemination publications and is also responsible for the mainte-nance of the website: www.iea-oceans.org. It also supports the members in the development of the working programme activities and preparation of the Executive Committee meetings, besides being the first point of contact of the International Energy Agency or with other potential parties interested in joining the Agree-ment. Since January 2007 the WavEC has also been responsible for the financial management of this Agreement.

Website: www.iea-oceans.org

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Today the association has more than 30 associated institutions and is open to other interested entities.

Besides the diverse collaborations and dissemination at a European level, it is expected that the association acts mainly as lobbyist at a European level, in order to assure that this section ob-tains the attention and support that it deserves. As an associate of various in-ternational entities, the WavEC is one of the major contributors of the EU-OEA.

The WavEC recognizes the importance of existing public policies to support the development and commercialization of wave energy and its action has followed the path to promote these policies, both at national and international level.

This way, the WavEC became in 2006 one of the founding members of the European Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA), a pri-vate association with its headquarters in Brussels, created in order to strengthen the development of markets and tech-nologies of ocean energy in the European Union.

The EU-OEA acts as a central network for its members for the exchange of information and European funding sources, as well as a dissemination platform of information related to ocean energy exploitation. This way, the project intends to speak with one voice in the ocean energy sector and to promote its benefits. The association also participates in the development of pro-jects and promotes its activities through diverse conference presentations, publica-tions and other dissemination activities.

EU-OEA European Ocean Energy Association

Dissemination

General informationDuration: open (since 2006)Founding Members: Alla Weinstein(AED) – President; Hans van Breugel(AWS); Hans Christian Sorensen (WaveDragon), Kim Nielsen (RAMBØll), PeterDelf (AquaEnergy Development UK -AED), Tom Thorpe (Oxford Oceanics) and António Sarmento (WavEC).Website: http://www.eu-oea.com/

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Monitoring is a key activity to the advance of technologies, par-ticularly at a pre-commercial stage.

It is important to invest in Research & Development (R&D), in or-der to establish numerical and experimental simulations, from tests in tanks to feasible technology. However, at the current state of development it is important to validate these experi-ences on a real scale.

During the five years of existence of the WavEC, we have had the opportunity to acquire essential experience in the monitoring of the following different technologies:

AWS Pilot Plant

The AWS Pilot Plant of the Dutch company Teamwork Techno-logy (2004) is a device to be completely submerged into a water depth of about 60m. This technology is called “point absorption” for its radial symmetry and thus capacity to absorb energy from all directions.

This pilot plant was installed offshore near Póvoa de Varzim in 2004. The WavEC collaborated in the installation and submersion

Monitoring Learning from reality

Areas of Activities

process of the device and helped with the assessment proce-dure of its operation during the testing period, acquiring thus a significant experience in offshore technology.

OWC Pico Plant

The European Pilot Plant of the Pico Island is a coastal Water Os-cillating Column (OWC) device located on the Pico North coast with a high natural concentration of energy. The Plant was built in 1995 with European funding. Important recovery ac-tions took place within a national funded programme DEMTEC (2004-2006).

The WavEC was responsible for the monitoring of the plant de-veloping an important role by giving technical support on site. This project allowed the team to acquire practical experience with problems that may be typical with these types of plants. The WavEC team also acquired knowledge of diverse electri-cal, mechanical and measurement equipment, which led to the necessary knowledge of its team members to provide training programmes of this technology, its operation and data treat-ment.

AWS, Teamwork Technology, 2004 Pico Plant, Azores

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Technologies

The technology to exploit wave en-ergy has presently reached the initial phase of demonstration, after 30 years of R&D. However, contrarily to wind en-ergy, where only one concept remained – one turbine with a horizontal axis with three blades – there are still sev-eral concepts competing in wave energy. Tests of pilot plants and prototypes at sea

Different wave energy exploitation sys-tems have been tested at sea, both pilot plants and prototypes: OWC Pico Plant (WavEC, Portugal), OWC LIMPET Plant (Wavegen, United Kingdom), AWS (Team-work Technology, 2004/ The Netherlands), Wave Dragon (Wave Dragon ApS/Den-mark), Pelamis (Ocean Power Delivery Ltd/United Kingdom), Powerbuoy (Ocean Power Technologies/ USA), Parabolic OWC Plant with Deniss-Auld turbine (Ocean-linx/Australia), AquaBuOY (Finavera Re-newables/Canada), OEbuoy (Ocean Ener-gy Ltd/Ireland), WaveBob (Wavebob Ltd/Ireland), FO3 (Fobox/ Norway), WaveRoller (AW-Energy Oy/Finland) and Wave Star (Wave Star Energy/Denmark).

Other less developed systems may also be tested at sea in the coming years. Pre-commercial state of technology

Some of these companies have already plans to install the next units in other countries. Two projects with a commercial contract are currently at their final stage to start deploying the wave energy units. One project has been already installed at the end of 2008, namely three Pelamis units of the Scottish company Pelamis

Wave Power (former OPD) at the west-ern coast of Portugal (total power of 2.25 MW), in the scope of a contract with the Portuguese ENERSIS company. Another project promoted by Ente Vasco de la En-ergía (EVE) has the intention to integrate 16 OWC chambers of the Scottish com-pany Wavegen into the new breakwater of Mutriky at the Bask Region (total power of 296 kW). The third project is the instal-lation of 10 devices of the American Pow-erbuoy in Cantábria, Spain (total power of 1.4 MW), in the scope of a contract with the multinational Iberdrola Renewables.

Today we witness a fast growing of in-dustry related to wave energy with new stakeholders in this sector, some of which are multinational companies.

On the other hand, in the last years and in several countries, new mechanisms have been developed. For the investors it is important to acknowledge the technol-ogy, the several teams responsible for the development of the technology, expected capital costs for the first farm, i.e. acquire a global vision of the sector in order to make decisions for a possible involvement.

WavEC’s role

Since 2004, the WavEC has written regu-lar reports addressed to companies inte-rested in the existing opportunities of the wave energy market.

The WavEC keeps an updated data base of all wave energy technologies and their state of development. In 2008 we exten-ded this data base to information related to marine current energy.

Areas of Activities

Pico Plant (WavEC)

AWS (Teamwork Technology, 2004)

Pelamis (Pelamis Wave Power)

OEbuoy (Ocean Energy Ltd)

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The numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic interaction between wave energy converters (WECs) and sea waves started with the purpose of understanding, in a prompt way, the energy absorption level, as well as the device efficiency.

Numerical models are therefore valuable tools as they allow, in a prompt way, to optimize the device geometry and characterize the power-take-off (PTO) equipment. For this reason their appli-cation is generally the first stage of any technology development.

Presently there are several different wave energy tech-nologies under evaluation and so the convergence to a specific device has not yet been reached. Therefore, the numerical simulation of new possible solutions is still an important field of application of numerical models.

On the other hand, the installation at sea of the first prototypes has revealed that numerical models are also valuable tools to characterize and to optimize the anchoring systems. Simulta-

Numerical Modelling

Areas of Activities

neously, due to the exponential increment of the computa-tional capacity verified in the last years, the application and development of non linear numerical models that allows, for instance, to estimate the viscous dissipation, has been an im-portant expansion field.

In a near future it is expected that the application of numeri-cal codes will be extended to the characterization and ma-nagement of wave energy farms. Therefore, numerical tools may be of great utility in the optimization of the farm dimen-sion (number of devices and distance between them) as well as in the prediction of the medium level of energy absorption.

Regarding the numerical field the WavEC has the capac-ity to answer to a large range of possible requests concern-ing wave energy, not only because it has a skilled and expe-rienced team, but also because there is access to the most recent numerical codes applied presently in wave energy.

Numerical simulation of wave energy converters

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Legislation in wave energy

In May 2007, the Decree-Law nr. 225/2007 of the Government re-established the tariff foreseen in the Decree-Law nr. 339-C/2001 of 29 of December for wave energy and introduced some im-provements to articulate licensing procedures related to the in-stallation of renewable devices with environmental legislation.

In January 2008 the Decree-Law nr. 5/2008 regulated a Portuguese Pilot Zone for the installation of wave en-ergy devices offshore São Pedro de Moel, with a to-tal area of 320 km2 at water depths between 30 and 90 m and an estimated installed capacity of 250 MW.

WavEC’s role

In 2004 the WavEC mentioned for the first time the diffi-culty of the licensing procedure of wave energy farms, ap-pealing to the necessity of a simple and balanced licensing process in order to attract the technological development in this area to Portugal as well as the participation of na-tional companies in this development from its early stage.

It was in this context that the WavEC started the activity of site identification on the western Portuguese coast at a water depth between 50 and 80 meters, with suitable characteristics for the in-stallation of wave energy farms. The licensing process is a govern-mental tool that has a direct impact on the environmental protec-tion, territorial arrangement and socio-economic development.

In Portugal there is not much experience regarding licens-ing procedures at sea. The AWS pilot plant (Dutch technol-ogy) was the first technology in Portugal that requested licensing to be installed offshore Póvoa de Varzim. The process was accompanied by a project commission coordi-nated by the Instituto do Ambiente (Environmental Institute).

It was in this particular context that the WavEC mentioned the necessity of a licensing policy for wave energy farms that would distinguish the current stage of development of the technology, with still very limited installation power, representing therefore less environmental risks or conflict of interests with other uses, for a future mature and economic viable stage of technology.

Public funding may support generic infra-structural issues, such as availability of connection point or technical and scientific ca-pacity (qualified workforce, technical means, intervention etc.).

On the other hand, the WavEC has also appealed for the need of a differential tariff according to the diffe-rent phases of maturity and potential of technologies.

In the paper “Estado Actual da Energia das Ondas e as Perspec-tivas Nacionais” (State of Art of Wave Energy and National Per-spectives) by A.J.N.A. Sarmento, F. Neumann and V. La Regina, the WavEC mentions the need to develop a national strategy for this sector, presenting ideas about this strategy and issues to be taken into consideration. The article mentions the triple opportunity that wave energy represents to Portugal: pro-duction of renewable energy, socio-economic development with exportations and creation of qualified jobs and technol-ogy and the rising of an industrial cluster focused on the ocean.

Areas of Activities

Legislation

Pilot Zone area - Map of Portugal

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Areas of Activities

Environment

The exploitation of wave energy is a potential renewable energy re-source that can contribute to a sus-tainable future. However, this will re-quire environmental impact studies.

Wave energy devices will be installed in marine environment that is by nature sen-sitive and contains an important biological diversity. However, in Portugal, there are very few environmental impact studies in this area. Therefore it is important to eva-luate what interactions may occur, whe-ther positive or negative, between devices and environment. Socio-economic issues must be taken into account in these stud-ies, particularly regarding new job oppor-tunities and the effect of the introduction of this technology on the local community.

WavEC’s WAVETRAIN project

The WavEC participated in the Euro-pean WAVETRAIN project. This project allowed the recruitment of new re-searchers with the objective of offering training specifically in this area, since there were no training courses avai-lable in this area. Diverse information available was collected and analysed.

Since then the WavEC has been active in disseminating this area, having col-laborated with Spok ApS in the orga-nization of a short course focused on Environmental Aspects of Wave En-ergy, in Copenhagen, in April 2007.

Today the WavEC is internationally well known in this area. In October 2007 we were invited to participate in a work-shop organized by the IEA-OES in Mes-sina, Italy, gathering specialists in en-vironmental aspects of wave energy.

WavEC has been invited to present its vision of new environmental aspects challenges at the “Global Marine Rene-wable Conference” (New York, April 2008).

Currently the WavEC leads the environ-mental component of the European EQUIMAR project that will introduce the first standards (pre-characterization, monitoring and mitigation measurement studies) for future environmental studies.

The WavEC has also an important role in the WAVEPLAM project, by study-ing the non technological barriers, including environmental aspects.

Regarding the Pilot Zone, the WavEC gathered and coordinated a work-ing group to discuss an environmental strategy to be presented to the Ma-naging Body of the Pilot Zone. Diverse entities were gathered, namely the In-stituto Hidrográfico, IPIMAR, IMAR, IN-ETI (now LNEG), SPVS and HIDROMOD.

Underwater Noise

One of the potential environmental im-pacts discussed world-wide questioned is underwater noise. Both on a national and international level there are no underwa-ter noise studies based on real facts and there is also no experience on how the acoustic monitoring will take place.

The WEAM – Wave Energy Acoustic Moni-toring project emerged with the intention to fill this gap. The project is coordinated by the WavEC and receives national fun-ding from the FCT (Science and Technol-ogy Foundation).

Areas of Activities

Training

28

Shortcourse: Wave Energy Realities, Pico Island, Azores , 2007

The participation of the WavEC in European projects has given us the opportunity to work in collaboration with universities, re-ceiving students from different countries that develop their internship or final study work with the supervision of WavEC’s team.

Students

• 01/4/2003 to 31/07/2003 - Marc Chiron (France) - Modelization of a 3D of freedom AWS singled moored tension leg;

• 01/4/2004 to 31/07/2004 - Pierre. M. Guillouet (France) - Simulation of highly resonant OWC power plants: analysis of numerical problems occurring with AQUADYN;

• 07/6/2004 to 17/09/2004 – Christell Herry (France) – OWC wave power plants Imple-mentation of a SIMULINK Model;

• 10/05/2006 to 28/07/2008 – David Ben Haim (France) - Modelisation numerique de la structure du Pelamis (numerical modelling of the Pelamis structure);

• 10/05/2006 to 28/08/2006 – Laurent Lebreton (France) – Étude d’une bouée à colonne d’éau oscillante (study of an oscil-lating water column buoy);

• 25/02/2008 to 08/08/2008 – Izan Le Crom (France) - Estudo do impacto da explora-ção da energia das ondas na agitação marítima junto à costa portuguesa (Study of wave energy exploitation impact near the Portuguese coast);

• 07/04/2008 to 18/09/2008 – Thomas Soulard (France) - Wave energy absorption through the relative heave oscillating mo-tion of two bodies.

Internship

• 29/01/2007 to 30/06/2007 Nicolai Løvdal

(Norway) – International internship in Ocean Energy.

PhD

• 01/02/2007 to 01/02/2008 – Erik Segergren (Sweden) - Wave Energy Con-verter (In collaboration with IST)

WAVEC PROJECTS

CA-OE project

• 15/11/2006 to 01/12/2006 Ernst Soons (The Netherlands) - A generic research into computational modeling of Wells ro-tors in oscillating air & water flows;

• 23/05/2007 to 21/07/2007 - Animesh Panda (India) - Wave Characteristics Esti-mation: based on Results from sea trials in Pico OWC Wave Energy Plant, Azores;

• 10/09/2007 to 30/09/2007 - Lucia Mar-gheritini (Italy) - OWC PICO Plant and SSG Pilot Plant: hint for comparison of two wave energy converters.

WAVETRAIN project

• 11/04/2005 to 31/12/2005 - Iain Russell (United Kingdom) - Function: Elaboration of an environmental evaluation of wave energy in Portugal and Europe.

• 01/03/2005 to 31/05/2006 - Veronica La Regina (Italy) - Function: Elaboration of a socio-economic evaluation of wave en-ergy in Portugal and Europe

• 15/05/2006 to 29/02/2008 - Cristina Huertas Olivares (Spain) – Function: Ela-boration of an environmental evaluation of wave energy in Portugal and Europe.

The Team

Consultative and management bodies

Structure of WavEC

29

The Wave Energy Centre is organised according to the following structure: advisory board and executive bodies.

ADVISORy bOARD

The advisory body of the WavEC is composed by delegates of the Scientific Board who will pronounce about all Scientific and Technical issues and analyse the Plan of Activities and Projects of the association or other issues arisen by the executive bodies

ExECUTIVE bODIES

The executive body of WavEC is composed by the General As-sembly, the Board of Directors and the Finance Board.

The General Assembly meets ordinarily each year to discuss and vote the annual report and accounts presented by the Board of Directors and the corresponding examination report by the Fi-nance Board, concerning the WavEC’s activities of the previous year and again approve the Plan of Activities and Budget for the following year.

The Board of Directors of the WavEC meets ordinarily at least once per three months and, extraordinarily, whenever requested to meet by the Chairperson, by requirement of two members of the Board or at the request of the Finance Board. The Board is re-sponsible for the preparation of the Annual Plan of Activities and Budget, as well as other documents of importance to the eco-nomical and financial management of the WavEC and submits

them to the General Assembly or, when appropriate, appeals to the Scientific Committee for advice.

board of Directors

The Board of Directors is composed by the following members: Professor António Sarmento (IST - Instituto Superior Técnico / Technical University of Lisbon), Eng. Fernando Silveira Ramos (Consulmar), Eng. Luís Carrilho (EDP – Energias de Portugal / Electricity of Portugal), Eng. Rui Barros (CEO – Companhia da Energia Oceânica, S.A.) and Eng. António Pontes (Martifer).

Former members of the board of Directors

Dra. Teresa Pontes (LNEG- former INETI);Eng. João Aguiar (EDP)

Scientific board

President since 2007: Dra. Teresa Pontes (LNEG- former INETI);From 2003 to 2007: Prof. António Falcão (IST)

General Assembly

President since 2003: Eng. Pedro Domingues (Efacec – Sistemas de Electrónica SA).

Finance board President since 2003: Eng. Maria de Fátima Candelária Guimarães (EDA – Electricidade dos Açores / Electricity of the Azores)

The Team

The Team

30

The Wave Energy Centre was set up in 2003 with a team of four people - one director, one secretary and two young researchers of the IST - Instituto Superior Técnico – (Technical University of Lisbon).

Today the team is composed of ten spe-cialists of different areas such as hydro-dynamics, numerical modelling, en-

vironmental assessment, monitoring and communication. The increase of the WavEC team in these last years re-flects the increase of our participation in projects mainly in the field of techno-logy, modelling and environment. We will soon recruit a specialist in economics.

The WavEC has worked as well in collabo-

António Sarmento

Director

Frank Neumann

Associate Director

Catarina Tavares

Secretary

Janete Gonçalves

Communication

Cristina Huertas Olivares until October 2008

Sofia Patrício André Moura Ana Brito e Melo Marco Alves

Environment hydrodynamics

ration with researchers of the IST since the beginning of its foundation and has received students from several countries, namely France, Norway, India, U.S.A, The Netherlands and Germany that have re-alized traineeships and final course stu-dies under the supervision of the WavEC.

The Team

31

The Team

António Sarmento

Is an associate professor at the Depart-ment of Mechanical Engineering of the Instituto Superior Técnico (faculty that belongs to the Technical University of Lis-bon) and has been active in the field of wave energy research for more than three decades. He is the director of the Wave Energy Centre since its foundation in 2003 and member of the Board of Directors of the European Ocean Energy Association since 2006. Professor António Sarmento is also a member of the Board of directors of the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISOPE), since July of 2007.

Frank Neumann

Frank Neumann has a degree in Civil En-gineering obtained at the University of Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1999. In the same year he started his activity in wave energy at the Technical University of Lisbon deve-loping studies related to the technological and economical viability of coastal wave energy devices. In 2003 he joins the WavEC team contributing actively in its founda-tion and management. He coordinated a researchers’ network formed by the WAVE-TRAIN project and is responsible for the WAVETRAIN 2 project, started at the end of 2008. He also coordinates the monitor-ing works at the Pico device since 2005. Since January 2008, Frank Neumann has been the Associate Director of the WavEC.

Ana Brito e Melo

Ana Brito e Melo has a degree in Civil Engi-neering obtained in 1992 at the IST, mas-ters in 1995 and PhD in 2000 in Mechani-cal Engineering at the same University in the field of numerical modelling of an os-cillating water column device. In 1993 she started her research activity in the wave energy group of the IST and ten years later she joined the WavEC. Ana Brito e Melo has a training in hydrodynamics and ex-

perience in numerical modelling and is coordinator of projects in this field. She is also responsible for the reports that are developed for our clients. Ana is also the secretary of the Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement.

Marco Alves

Marco Alves obtained his degree in Me-chanical Engineering in 2000 and mas-ters in 2003 at the Technical University of Lisbon. In 2000 he started his activity in ocean energy at the IST in the field of hydrodynamics and numerical mod-elling of wave energy. Currently he is developing his PhD in Mechanical En-gineering. In 2008 he joined the WavEC team being responsible for studies in this area, as the European project CORES.

Cristina huertas Olivares

Cristina Huertas has a degree in Envi-ronmental Sciences obtained at the Uni-versity of Huelva, masters in Water Engi-neering at the University of Sevilha and PhD (2007) in Marine Environment and Chemical Engineering at the Superior School of Engineering of the same Uni-versity. In 2007, Cristina joined the WavEC within the WAVETRAIN project, a network of exchange of researchers, and acquired specialization in the field of environmen-tal impact of wave energy. She has coor-dinated the environmental strategy pro-jects: EQUIMAR and WAVEPLAM. Cristina has also been a member of the Steering Committe of INORE – International Net-work of Offshore Renewable Energy. In October 2008 she left the WavEC to em-brace a new project in her own country Spain. Teresa Simas joins the WavEC to substitute Cristina. Teresa obtained a de-gree in Marine Biology and Fisheries at the Algarve University (Portugal) in 1995 and further graduation (masters in 1998 and PhD in 2007) in Environmental Sci-

ences at the Universidade Nova of Lisbon.

Sofia Patrício

Sofia Patrício has a degree in Environ-mental Engineering (2006) of the Es-cola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal (Superior Institute of Technology of Se-túbal) and joined the WavEC in 2005 in the field of licensing and environmental assessment. She collaborates in diverse projects within the environmental field. She is the coordinator of the project WEAM related to underwater acous-tic monitoring of wave energy devices.

André Moura

André obtained his bachelorship in Ma-rine Biology and Oceanography at the University of Southampton in 2006. One year later he joined the WavEC team and collaborates in projects focused on envi-ronmental issues, as the EQUIMAR project. Currently he collaborates on data collec-tion regarding the Portuguese Pilot Zone.

Catarina Tavares

In 2007 Catarina obtained her degree in Support to Managers at the Instituto Su-perior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto (Superior Institute of Language, Secretary and Accountancy). At the end of 2007 she joined the team, after a period of 9 months of professional internship.

Janete Gonçalves

Janete obtained her degree in Social and Cultural Communication in 1998 at the Portuguese Catholic University of Lisbon. After the foundation of the Wave Energy Centre in 2003 she started to work as a secretary with communication respon-sibility. In 2007 she started full-time for the communication section of WavEC.

Publications

Papers

32

The Wave Energy Centre has participated in national and international conferences with diverse papers. These papers have copyright and cannot be published on our website, however they can be given by the author upon special request.

The following pages show a list of the main papers of the WavEC team, since the beginning of its activity.

Papers of WavEC

2008

- G. Bhuyan, J. Bard, J. Huckerby, T. Pontes and A. Brito-Melo, “International Collaboration and Role of IEA-OES” proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE 2008), Brest, France, 15th -17th October 2008.

- F. Neumann, V. Winands, A.J.N.A. Sarmento, “Pico Shoreline OWC: status and new perspectives”, proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE 2008), Brest, France, 15th -17th October 2008.

- I. Le Crom, A Brito-Melo, A. Sarmento, “Maritime Portuguese Pilot Zone for Wave Energy Conversion: Modelling Analysis of the Impact on Surfing Conditions” to be published in the proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE 2008), Brest, France, 15th -17th October 2008.

- Jose Ramón López; Huertas-Olivares, C.; J.Luis Villate; David Langstom; A.J.N.A. Sarmento; Michael Panagiotopoulos; Brian Holmes; Na-thalie Rousseau; Hans C.Soerensen, F. Neumann, “Wave Energy Planning and Marketing (WAVEPLAM)”, Proc. World Renewable Energy Congress (WRECX), UK, 19-25 July 2008.

- Mendes, L, Palha, A, Fortes, J., Brito-Melo, A., Alves, M.A.A., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Analysis of the impact of a Pilot Zone for wave energy conversion offshore Portugal, Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2008, July 6-11.

- Patrício, S., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., “Development of a Monitoring Plan to Assess the Underwater, Acoustic Impact from Wave Energy”, Inter-national Scientific Meeting on Marine Renewable Energy and the Environment (MAREE 2008), London, UK,16-17 June, 2008.

- A. Brito-Melo, F. Neumann, A.J.N.A. Sarmento, Full-scale Data Assessment in OWC Pico Plant, International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISSN 1053-5381), Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2008, pp. 2734.

2007

- Alves, M.A.A., Traylor, H., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Hydrodynamic Optimization of a Wave Energy Converter Using a Heave Motion Buoy”, Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. on Wave and Tidal Energy, Porto, Portugal, 2007.

- Bhuyan, G. S. and Brito-Melo, A. “The Strategy for the Next Five Years – Int. Energy Agency’s Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) Implement-ing Agreement”, Proc. 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2007.

- Brito-Melo, A., Bhuyan, G., Nielsen, K., Polaski, K., Pontes, T. and Shanahan, G. “Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement: An Inter-national Collaborative Programme”, Proc. 17th Int Offshore and Polar Eng Conf, ISOPE, Lisbon, Portugal, July 2007.

- Brito-Melo, A., Neumann, F. and Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Full-scale Data Assessment in OWC Pico Plant”, Proc. 17th Int Offshore and Polar Eng Conf, ISOPE, Lisbon, Portugal, July 2007.

- Huertas-Olivares, C. “Environmental Impacts of Wave Energy”, 1st International PhD Symposium on Offshore Renewable Energy, Trond-hein, Norway, 2007.

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Neumann, F., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Environmental Management Recommendations for the Portuguese Pilot Zone”, Proc. of the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC), Porto, Portugal, 2007.

Publications

Papers

33

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Russell, I., Patrício, S., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Comparison of Baseline Environmental Studies of Offshore Renewable Energies”; The Seventeenth Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference – ISOPE, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007.

- Løvdal, N., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. “Internationalization Within the Ocean Energy Industry - a Remedy for Entrepreneurial Chal-lenges?”, Proc. of the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC), Porto, Portugal, 2007.

- Neumann, F., Brito-Melo, A., Didier, E., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Pico OWC Recovery Project: Recent Activities and Performance Data”, Proc. of the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2007.

2006

- Brito-Melo, A., Neumann, F. and Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Recovery Project of the Wave Power Plant at Pico Island, Azores, and Initial Observa-tions of its Operation”( in Portuguese), ENER06-Conf. sobre Energias Renováveis e Ambiente, Figueira da Foz, Portugal, September 2006.

- Cruz, J., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Sea State Characterization of the Test Site of an Offshore Wave Energy Plant”, Ocean Energy, doi:10.1016/j. oceaneng.2006. 04.004.

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Patrício, S., Neumann, F., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Renewable Wave Energy. Making it Sustainable”. Communications to the International Conference on Renewable Energies and Water Technologies, CIERTA 2006. Vol II, EMI 91-96, 2006, Almeria, Spain.

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Patrício, S., Russell, I., Gardner, F., van t’Hoff, J., Neumann, F. ”The EIA Approach to Wave Energy Within the European Research Training Network WAVETRAIN”, 2006, I Int. Conf. Ocean Energy. October 2006. Bremerhaven, Germany.

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Patrício, S., Neumann, F., Sarmento. A.J.N.A. “Impacto Ambiental da Energia das Ondas”, Congresso Ibérico sobre Gestão e Planificação das Águas, 2006.

- La Regina, V., Neumann, F., Brito-Melo, A., Patrício, S., Sarmento A.J.N.A. ”Opportunities of Portugal for Wave Energy Development”, WREEC-2006, Tripoli (Lybia), January 2006.

- La Regina, V., Patrício, S., Neumann, F. and Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “The Role Of Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (SIA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Understanding Benefits from Wave Energy Deployment”, in: World Renewable Energy Congress 2006 , Flor-ence, Italy, 2006.

- La Regina, V., Brito-Melo, A., Patrício, S., Neumann, F., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) of Wave Energy Industry in Portugal”, WREEC 2006, Tripoli (Libya), 2006.

- Neumann, F., Brito-Melo, A., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. (2006), “Grid Connected OWC Wave Power Plant at the Azores, Portugal”, Proc. Int. Conf. Ocean Energy: from innovation to industry, OTTI, ISBN 3-934681-49-2, pp. 53-60.

- Neumann, F., Tedd, J., Prado, M., Russell, I., Patrício, S., La Regina, V. “Licensing and Environmental Issues of Wave Energy Projects”, WREC – IX, Florence 2006.

- Polaski K. and Brito-Melo, A. “5-year Activity Review of the IEA Ocean energy Systems Implementing Agreement”, Int. Conf. on Ocean Energy, Bremenhaven, Germany, September 2006.

- Ricci, P., Alves, M.A.A. “Optimisation of the Geometry of Wave Energy Converters”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Ocean Energy, Bremerhaven, Germany, 2006.

- Sarmento, A., Brito-Melo, A. and Neumann, F. “Results From Sea Trials In The OWC European Wave Energy Plant At Pico, Azores”, invited paper for WREC-IX, 19.08-25.08.2006, Proc. WREC IX, ISBN 008 44671 X.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F., La Regina, V. “Aspectos Estratégicos do Desenvolvimento de Energia das Ondas em Portugal”, ENER06 – Conferência sobre Energias Renováveis e Ambiente, Figueira da Foz, Portugal, 28-30 September 2006.

Publications

Papers

34

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Whitaker, T., Brito-Melo, A., Clement, A., Salter, S., Pontes, T., Neumann, F. (2006), “The European Research Training Network For Competitive Wave Energy”, Proc. WREC IX, ISBN 008 44671 X.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., La Regina, V. and Neumann, F. “Europe’s Wave Energy Development: Technological, Economical and Political View-points”, ISOPE 2006, San Francisco (USA), 2006.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F., Patrício, S., La Regina, V.” Wave Energy Development from Portugal to all over Europe: A Policy Land-scape”, IGEC-2Ontario Canada, 2006.

2005

- Alves, M.A.A., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Non-Linear and Viscous Diffraction Response of OWC Wave Power Plants”, Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf. on Wave and Tidal Energy, Glasgow, Scotland, 2005.

- Cruz, J.M.B.P. and Sarmento, A.J.N.A., “Time Domain Simulations on a Single Point Moored Submerged Sphere of Variable Radius”, in: Proc. of OMAE2005, Halkidiki, Greece, 2005.

- Cruz, J.M.B.P., Sarmento, A.J.N.A. and Gardner, F. “AWS Pilot Plant Tests: Wave Characteristics”, in: Proc. of the 6th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, pages 105-112, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, 2005.

- Cruz, J.M.B.P., Alves, M.A.A., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Brito-Melo, A., Neumann, F. “Estudo Comparativo entre Tecnologias de Aproveitamento de Energia Eólica e Energia das Ondas (Comparative Study of Wind and Wave Energy)”, ENER’05, Figueira da Foz/Portugal, 2005

- Goden de Sousa Prado, M., Neumann, F., Damen, MEC and Gardner, F. (2005). “AWS Results of Pilot Plant Testing 2004. In CM Johnstone & AD Grant (Eds.)”, Proc. of the 6th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (pp. 401-407). Glasgow: University of Strathclyde.

- La Regina, V., “Wave Energy World: Challenges and Expectations”, Green Power Conference, Rome (IT), November 2005.

- La Regina, V., Neumann, F. and Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Economic Reasoning and Public Financing of Wave Energy”, in: 6th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, pages 429-436, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, 2005.

- Lewis, G., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Johnstone, C., Nielsen, K. “A European Platform for the Integration and Sharing of Research and Technical Development Activities in Ocean Energy Systems”, Proc. of the Wave Renewable Energy Congress, 2005.

- Martins, E., Silveira Ramos, F., Carrilho, L., Gato, L.M.C., Justino, P.A.P., Trigo, L. and Neumann, F., “Ceodouro Project: Overall Design of an OWC in the New Oporto Breakwater”, in: 6th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, pages 273-280, University of Strathclyde, Glas-gow, UK, 2005.

- Polaski, K. and Brito-Melo, A. “The IEA Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement: Its Status and Future Prospects”, Proc. of the Sixth European Wave Energy Conference, Glasgow, UK, August 29 - September 2, 2005

- Sá da Costa, J., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Gardner, F., Beirão, P. and Brito-Melo, A. “Time Domain Model of the AWS Wave Energy Converter”, in: Proc. of the 6th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, pages 91-98, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, 2005.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. “The Need and Available Means for International cooperation in Marine Renewable Energy”, WREC IX -2005, Aberdeen (UK), May 2005.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. “Uma Nota sobre a Problemática da Tarifa para os Parques de Energia das Ondas”, ENER’05 – Conf. sobre Energias Renováveis e Ambiente em Portugal, Figueira da Foz (Pt), May 2005.

2004

- Alves, M.A.A., Lara, J.L., Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Losada, I.J. “Non-linear Numerical Simulation of Regular Waves Interaction With Inclined

Publications

Papers

35

Ramps”, Proc. of the 14th Int Offshore and Polar Eng Conf, Toulon, France, ISOPE, Vol I, pp 217-224, 2004.

- Brito-Melo, A. “Abordagem Hidrodinâmica dos Sistemas de Extracção de Energia das Ondas” (Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Systems), Congresso de Métodos Computacionais em Engenharia, Lisbon, Portugal, 31 May- 2 June 2004.

- Cruz, J.M.B.P. & Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Wave Energy Absorption by a Submerged Sphere of Variable Radius With a Swinging Single Point Moored Tension Line”, Proc. of the 14th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. & Exhibition, Toulon, França, 2004.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. and Brito-Melo, A. “Estudo Sócio-económico do Desenvolvimento da Energia das Ondas em Portugal”, (Socio-economic Study of the Wave Energy Development in Portugal), Simpósio sobre Energias Renováveis em Portugal, ENER04, Figueira da Foz, Portugal, 6-7 May 2004.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. and Brito-Melo, A. “Non-Technical Barriers to Large-Scale Wave Energy Utilisation”, Int. Conf. on New and Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development, Évora – Portugal, 28 June - 1 July 2004.

books and Chapters in books

2008

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Norris, J. “Environmental Impact Assessment; Power - Current Status and Future Perspectives”, ISBN 978-3-540-74894-6, Springer Series in Green Energy and Technology ISSN 1865-3529, 2008.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. and Brito-Melo, A. “Cap. 7.5.2 - Full-Scale WECs; Operational Experience: Oscillating Water Column – Pico Plant Ocean Wave Energy – Current Status and Future Perspectives”, ISBN 978-3-540-74894-6, Springer Series in Green Energy and Techno-logy ISSN 1865-3529, 2008.

- Sarmento, A.J.N.A., Neumann, F. and Brito-Melo, A. “Cap. 7.1.2 - Full-Scale WECs; Pico - European Pilot Plant Ocean Wave Energy – Current Status and Future Perspectives”, ISBN 978-3-540-74894-6, Springer Series in Green Energy and Technology ISSN 1865-3529, 2008.

2004

Cruz, J.M.B.P. and Sarmento, A.J.N.A. “Energia das Ondas: Introdução aos Aspectos Tecnológi-cos, Económicos e Ambientais”, ISBN 972-8577-11-7, Instituto do Ambiente, 2004. Available on our website.

Thesis and final course study

2007

- Huertas-Olivares, C., Morillo, J., Manarillo- Garcia, I. “Validation of Stirbar Sorptive Extraction for the Determination of 24 Priority Sub-stances from the European Water Framework Directive in Estuarine and Sea Water, Talanta, Vol. 72, Issue 3, 1149-1156, 2007.

2004

- Alves, M.A.A. “Modelação Numérica Não-Linear da Interacção de Ondas com Estruturas Costeiras”, Master disseration in Mechanical En-gineering, Energy Profile, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, 2004

Contacts WavECAv. Manuel da Maia, 36, r/c Dto., 1000-201 Lisbon, Portugal

Telephone: +351 21 848 2655 / +351 92 751 9653

Fax: +351 21 848 1630

Email: mail@wave-energy-centre.org

Website: www.wavec.org

Associates

Images on the report

Images of the front and back cover: Pico Plant (WavEC); OEbuoy (Ocean Energy Ltd); AWS (Teamwork Technology, 2004); Waveroller (Aw-Energy Oy); Wave Dragon (Wave Dragon Ltd.); Pelamis (Pelamis Wave Power).

Edition: March 2009 (Translation of Portuguese version of Novem-ber 2008)

Printing: Fernandes & Terceiro, S.A.

GWH Energia

das Ondas

Board of Directors

The Team

WavEC

Substituted in 2009 by CEO

Contacts WavEC

Av. Manuel da Maia, 36, r/c Dto.1000-201 Lisbon, PortugalTelephone: +351 21 848 2655 / +351 92 751 9653Fax: +351 21 848 1630Email: mail@wave-energy-centre.orgWebpage: www.wavec.org