WB Waste Management Report

8/9/2019 WB Waste Management Report

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World Bank Financed Waste Management Projects:Overview of the Waste Management Markets and

Trends in Developing Countries and Prospects forFinnish Companies

Project Advisory Services, WashingtonMarch 5, 20004


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Annamari Paimela-Wheler, March 5, 2004

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Content:

1. Solid Waste Management in the Developing Countries

2. World Banks Lending Program in the Waste Management

3. International Finance Corporation (IFC): Investing in Private Sector Waste ManagementProjects

4. World Bank Regional Activities in Solid Waste Management Sector

4.1. Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region

4.2. N orth Africa and N ear East Region4.3. East Asia and Pacific Region4.4. South Asia

5. World Bank Advantage: Why to Participate in a Project financed by the World Bank

6 Best Business Opportunities for Stream Companies in the World Bank Projects

7. Proposed Future Action with Finpro/ Washington

Annexes

Annex 1: Resources

Annex 2: Composition of Urban Waste in Asian Countries

Annex 3: Emergence of Mega Cities


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1. Solid Waste Management in the Developing Countries

The solid waste management is an urban issue. In developing countries it is also a major public health

issue and a growing environmental problem. Recent outbreak of SARS epidemic in East Asia and theplague in Algeries in last December highlighted the issue. In both cases the cause of the outbreak waspoorly managed urban solid waste. Environmentally open dumping and inadequately controlledlandfills threaten already scarce water resources and contaminate surface and groundwater in most ofthe developing countries.

Through the years the developing countries have collaborated with multilateral aid agencies such as theWorld Bank to improve and finance solid waste management projects. Bilateral aid agencies are alsoactive in the waste management sector, e.g. Finland has financed dumpsite upgrading in the Philippinesand pollution control in Egypt.

For many reasons solid waste projects have not been successful in the developing countries. Althoughcountries handle their waste problems very differently, their approaches are governed by the followingcommon constrains:

solid waste management is a very low priority in developing countries except in capital citiesand large urban areas. Water and waste water projects are the current priority.

local governments lack institutional capacity

financial constrains including difficulty to generate income, e.g. lack of dumping or collection

fees, make these projects financially unsustainable,

most countries lack a domestic industry capable of producing affordable equipment for wastemanagement. Most developing countries depend on expensive imported equipment, which aredifficult to maintain and often unsuitable for local conditions

recycling of solid waste is not feasible, as there is no local industry capable of receiving andrecycling the collected material, e.g. recycling paper is only feasible if there is a paper mill ready touse waste paper

the social status of solid waste workers is especially low in developing countries. Dumpsites,transfer stations and landfills are frequented by scavengers, which creates its own problems

However demographic and economic developments will increase the waste generation dramaticallyover the next twenty years:

Rising incomes in developing countries will lead to greater use of resources and thereforemore waste; especially as Asian countries are more likely adopt American consumer habitsinstead of somewhat more conservative European attitude. United Nations Environmental


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Program, UNEP, estimates that municipal waste will increase more than 150 per cent by 2032 inSouth Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia.

As Asia urbanizes, solid waste production will increase since urban residents generate 2-3 times

more solid waste than their rural counterparts. Urban areas in Asia today generate about 760.000tons waste per day, and by 2025 will produce about 1.8 million tons per day.

Emerging Mega cities will increase solid waste production. By 2015 there will be 21 cities inthe world with population of 10 million or more, ten of them will be in Asia,

The above mentioned development drivers will lend new urgency to urban environment problems.Solid waste management business and solid waste markets will expand as

spending on solid waste increases dramatically: presently the urban areas in Asia spend aboutUS$25 billion dollars on solid waste per year. Spending will increase to about US$47 billion in 2025

trends in solid waste change: with population increases and urbanization the municipal waste willchange from predominantly compostable organic waste into waste streams consisting of packagingwaste, paper, plastic, glass etc. It has been calculated that if the per capita consumption of CocaCola goes up by just one serving a year in China, India and Indonesia, 2.4. billion containers will beadded to the waste stream

increased waste will raise demands on municipal governments capacity: they will need moresophisticated equipment and management tools including IT applications to provide adequate

waste management services. Currently , Manila produces more than 6500 tons of solid waste whenits landfills can barely manage half of that amount.

These developments signal a booming waste market in the developing countries with growing businessopportunities for Finnish companies.

2. World Banks Lending Program in the Solid Waste Management

The first municipal waste project financed by the World Bank was for Singapore in 1973. Since thenthe lending has slowly risen to 72 projects totaling over one billion dollars. The distribution of projectsand the funds by region active and under implementation in 2004 is presented in the table below.


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Few of these projects focus specifically on the improvement of municipal solid waste management.Most solid waste management projects have been components of the larger municipal developmentprojects. There are also solid waste components in water supply, urban development and urbanenvironment projects. Regionally the World Bank has been most active by far in East Asia and leastactive in South Asia.

The pipeline for the solid waste projects expected to be approved in the next two years includes 15 newprojects, with total estimated value about US$660 million. The majority of the lending will go to Asia.

The regional distribution of the pipeline is shown below:

Source: World Bank Data

Region Number ofProjects

Value of Projects(US$ Million)

Latin America and the Caribbean 4 432

East Asia and Pacific 10 1284

South Asia 3 254.4

Eastern Europe, Central Asia 15 406

North Africa and Middle East 6 130

Sub-Saharan Africa 11 444

TOTAL 49 2950.4

[Source: World Bank Data]

World Bank Lending for Municipal Solid Waste Management by Region,March 2004

Sub-Saharan

Africa

1 project

Middle East and

North Africa

3 projects

East Asia &

Pacific

3 projects

Eastern Europe

and Central

Asia

2 projects

Latin America 3

projects

South Asia

3 projects

Municipal Solid Waste Management Project Pipeline(15 projects)


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The objectives of the World Bank in these projects is to demonstrate modern management of solidwaste, promote environmental sustainable management, address the pollution sources and ensure thesatisfactory service. The projects deal mostly with municipal waste in urban areas with occasionalhazardous waste component, mostly hospital and animal waste.

About the World Bank Financing:

World Bank lends to governments, not municipalities, which makes solid waste projectfinancing with the WB loan cumbersome, as solid waste is mostly a municipal activity

For each loan financed by the World Bank the Banks share is only about half of the loan. The other half is financed by the borrowing country, commercial bank, aid agency etc. In practicethe final loan sum is approximately twice the Banks share. It also doubles the business

opportunities offered by the loan

The Bank does not finance incinerators in the waste management sector. Water content ofmunicipal waste is too high in developing countries to make incineration practical or financiallyfeasible. There are also some technical, human capacity and environmental concerns. For now thepreferred mode of waste disposal is a landfill as there is ample land available and the landfillmethod is cost effective.

The World Bank does not finance recycling plants as they are regarded as private sector activity

Trends in World Bank lending in the solid waste sector

lending will increase: the World Bank approved a new infrastructure action plan in 2003which strongly supports substantial increases in infrastructure lending including solid waste

in the future the Bank will finance more stand alone waste management projects insteadof broad projects with waste management component

new environmental awareness in borrowing countries will increase the demand forWorld Bank loans. The emergence of strong environment ministries is pushing solid wastemanagement into national agendas rather than treating it as a solely municipal activity.

Asian urbanization will also drive the Banks lending program waste management lendingin the region will increase

The structure of the solid waste management project or solid waste component financed by the WorldBank is always the same. A project offers companies business opportunities in equipment procurementconstruction, consulting and engineering services.


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Structure of Standard Solid Waste Project financed by the World Bank

Project Component Activities Business Opportunities

Institutional CapacityBuilding

strengthen managerial, technical,financial skills of municipalities

consulting assignmentsIT equipment software,

communications equipmentLandfill civil works

procurement of goodslandfill operating equipment,liners, gas flaring equipment,monitoring equipment,trucks, collection vehicles,bulldozers etc.

Transfer Stations civil worksprocurement of goods

transfer equipment andrelated mobile equipment

Pilot Projects health waste disposal

hazardous waste disposalenvironmental mitigation

equipment, tools, laboratory

equipment

Technical assistance planning, supervision engineering, trainingproject supervisionassignments

Source World Bank

All the procurement in the Bank projects is carried out according to the World Banks ProcurementGuidelines. Consultants are selected through the Banks consultant selection process. Business

opportunities are all publicly advertised

3. International Finance Corporation (IFC): Investing in Private Sector Waste Management

Projects

IFC, the private sector arm of the World Bank, has been interested in financing municipal projects. Thelatest example is IFC s participation in a municipal fund in Johannesburg, South Africa. The fund willfinance priority infrastructure projects including solid waste management throughout the city. IFCsexposure is US$50 million, and the fund is expected to raise 1-2 billion dollars.

IFCs Environmental Finance Group has conducted feasibility studies of solid waste disposal optionsfor Durban South Africa and solid waste processing centers for the Greater Moscow area.These feasibility studies have not yet led to investments.

In six moths ago the IFC established a joint pilot department in cooperation with the World Bank,Municipal Finance Group. The group lends to municipalities and is ready to finance

loans

public private partnerships

management contracts


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8The IFC and especially Environmental Finance Group encourages solid waste managementinvestment proposals which bring new ideas, technologies and skills into the urban environment sector.The IFC would be a suitable partner for STREAMS program companies in any investment in thedeveloping countries, but especially in Russia, India, Indonesia and China.

4. World Bank Regional Activities in Solid Waste Management Sector

The following chapter deals with existing solid waste management projects in the regions financed bythe Bank. Latin America is not discussed as the Bank is only marginally involved in the sector.

Most of the projects offer immediate procurement opportunities.

4.1. Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region

Currently there are two active solid waste management projects in the region, one in Uzbekistan

and the other in Bosnia Herzegovina. The projects in Latvia and Lithuania are winding down.

In Russia the Bank has financed occasional oil clean up and air pollution mitigation projects.Russias large Municipal Water project does not include solid waste components. There is amunicipal development project in preparation in Kazan, but its components are still in the planningstage.

Moscow and St.Peterburg have constructed new waste processing facilities, and on a regional levelToms has long term waste management programs. However these facilities meet no more that 30per cent of their processing requirements

Although there is obvious need for large scale municipal waste projects in Russia and in the otherCIS countries there is presently no political will or environmental awareness among general publicthat supports solid waste initiatives.

Interestingly the US Commercial Service reports in their Russian market surveys that solid wastemanagement and recycling is developing into competitive private markets in Russia. Solid wastemanagement is considered as a Klondike of waste. There are more than 100.000 hectares oflandfills in Russia, 200.000 hectares polluted by various solid waste.

________________________________________________________________________Examples of solid waste projects in ECA Region

Uzbekistan T ashkent Solid Waste Management Project. Project is aimed at the restorationof Taskents basic solid waste collection. The objective is to ensure adequate collectioninfrastructure (collection bins,vehicles) and upgrade existing landfill. The project alsoinvestigates recycling options.Communal collection bins,landfill equipment, trucks andcompactors will be purchased.Project total: US$ 20 million. Contract for transfer stations was won by German company MaxAicher GMBH

.

Bosnia H erzegovina Solid Waste Management ProjectThe project is the first phase of Bosnia-Herzegovinas National Solid Waste ManagementStrategy which was funded by the EU. The strategy recommends environmental standards that

will be required for eventual EU accession. The project covers rehabilitation of existing disposalsite, collection infrastructure. Also transfer stations in Tuzla, Banja Luca and Mostar.


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9Compactors, collection bins, engineering services etc, will be purchased. Project total: US$ 20million. Consultant/ training contracts have been won by American and Bosnian ompanies

_______________________________________________________________________

4.3. Middle East and N orth Africa Region

The World Bank has two active solid waste projects in the region: one in Tehran and another Algeria,which is a natiowide program. The Bank also has pollution control projects in Algeria and Egypt,which Finland has partly co-financed as Finlands development aid to Egypt.

In addition to the projects the Bank finances Mediterranean Environmental Technical AssistanceProgram, METAP. A Finnish environmental expert is a member of METAP team in Washington.

In the World Bank terms the countries in the region are middle income countries. They are mostly oilproducing countries with rising income levels. The World Bank will be slowly phasing out the loanprograms, which will be replaced by private investments. Finland is currently reviewing itsenvironmental aid program to Egypt. In the future the program will focuse on private sector activities.

There is a pressure in the region to spend more on waste management. The region has lacked behind ininvestments in infrastructure. The approximity of Europe and the demands of the EU, even if undirect,will push for investments. Cairo and Istanbul are the regions Mega cities. Tehran is fastly moving intothat category.

____________________________________________________________________________Examples of solid waste projects in MEN A Region

Algeria Municipal Waste Management Project. It will develop solid waste managementcapabilities on a national level. Two pilot municipalities, Annaba and Tlemcen are selected forapplication of integrated waste management. Purchase of equipment for collection, transport,

transfer and treatment of solid waste will be included. Total cost: US$ 35 million

Iran Tehran Solid Waste Project. Tehran has estimated population of 10.5 million and itsgenerates about 2,5 million tons of waste per year. The project covers the Greater Tehran area.Project finances a new safe disposal site for solid waste. it improves transfer system. Technicalassistance will focus on reduction-reuse-recycling strategies. Pilot project covers health wastedisposal. Equipment will be purchased. Total cost: US$ 105.

___________________________________________________________________________

4.4. East Asia and Pacific Region

The World Banks waste management/ urban environment portfolio is the largest in China: nine urbanenvironment projects have been implemented and six projects are starting or in planning stage. Thevalue of the project portfolio is about US$3 billion.

The Bank has been most active in Shanghai. The Shanghai Municipal Government has adopted theUrban Environment Management Plan with the financing needs minimum of US$ 4.85 billion.According to the Banks report . no other large city in China or in the developing world hasadopted a strategy that so explicitly links environmental progress with the long-term economicgrowth.


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Shanghai Urban Environment Project is APL loan or Adaptable Program Loan, whichcovers in its first phase Shanghais urban core area with a population of 9.6 million. The secondAPL will cover suburban Shanghai. The third APL will be directed according to the developmentresults of APL I and APL II. The total amount of solid waste generated in Shanghai is about89.000 t/ d, of which domestic waste comprises about 12.500t/ d. About 6.00t/ d of domesticwaste goes to controlled landfills at Laogang, which is the largest landfill in Asia and at Li Ming.The remainder of the domestic waste goes to open dumps. There are 219 such dumps in Shanghai

area. There are two incinerators, one in Shangahai one in Pudong, mostly finnaced by Europeanexport credits. Shanghai has Solid Waste Disposal Master Plan which aims at comprehensivewaste management plan. Overall goal is a balanced disposal system where recycling, compostingand incineration reduces the reliance on landfills. The goal is to reduce waste at the source so thatno further increases in total waste occur beyond 2010.The APL 1 will cover domestic waste and food waste. Laogang will be enlarged, equipped withhigh tech liner. Landfill gas collection will be installed. The leachate will be collected and treated inan aeration system. Vehicles an containers will be puchached for transportation of food waste.Total cost of Urban Waste Management Component: US$78 million.

APLI covers mostly domestic and food waste (high priority because of SARS).

APL2 will tentatively cover large quantities of construction and industrial waste andhazardous waste.

a separate project is planned for management of medical waste

Finpro Beijing Trade Center has on-going solid waste management project in Shanghai

Shanghai Urban Environment Project and Waste Components

Project US$M Waste Component US$M Cities andPopulation

Shanghai UEAPL 1 03

200 Laogang landfill Phase IVmunicipal solid waste, foodwaste, recycling, wasteminimatizon

78 Shanghai9.6 milion

APL 2 05 300 Laogang landfill Phase IVfood waste collection andseparation,containerizationand transportconstruction waste,industrialwaste,hazardous waste

NA Shanghai

APL 3 07 200 will depend on APL 1 andAPL II

NA Shanghai

Source: Shanghai Urban Environment Program, Project Appraisal Document, World Bank, 2004


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11In addtion to the Shanghai Project the World Bank finances the following urban environmentprojects in China:

Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environment. The project covers Guangzhou andShenzhen cities and includes the first phase of a hazardous solid waste treatment center..The majorcomponets are: hazardous waste landfill, hazardous transferring center, physical/ chemical

treatment workshop, stabilization/ solidification workshop and wastewater treatment system.Tentative plans for future hazardous waste, reuse and recycling facilities. Total cost: US$160million of which the hazardous waste component is about 20 per cent. The Bank has a projectpipeline of US$ 1 billion for Guangdong Pearl River Delta.

Zhejiang Urban Environment Project. The project covers three municipalities of Ningbo,Shaoxing and Hanzhou. It consists of a mixture of investments and services including wastecollection and Hangzhou landfill expansion. However, the main emphasis of the project is onwastewater treatment. Total amount: US$ 133 milion.

H unan Urban Environment Project. The objective of the project is to promote sustainable

development in the city region of Changsta, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in Hunan Province. Theproject is in early preparation stage. There is no information of project components. Total cost:US$ 300 million. Sichuan Second Urban Environment and Taiyuan Urban E nvironment haveno other information available than the loan totals: US$105 million and US$ 150 millionrespectively.

Other WB Urban Environment Projects with Waste Components in China

Project US$M Waste Component US$M Cities and Population

Guandong PearlRiver DeltaUrban Env.

160(415)

landfillswaste treatmentplants

NA Guangzhou40 million

Hunan UrbanEnvironment

300 NA NA Changsha,Zhuzhou Xiangtan

Zhejiang UrbanEnvironment

140 Hangzhou LandfillExpansion

NA Zheijiang

SichuanUrban 2

105 NA NA NA

TaiyuanUrban Env.

150 NA NA NA


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Beijing has been in the news lately with its plans to invest US$ 400 million in new garbage treatmentfacilities. The plan includes 15 new garbage treatment facilities, three incineration facilities, sevencomprehensive garbage treatment plants and two garbage transfer stations. Beijing encourages foreigninvestments on municipal waste. So far there is no World Bank involvement with these plans.

4.5. South Asia Region

South Asia Region is under presented in the World Bank urban environment portfolio: the region has20 per cent of the total urban population of the developing countries but it receives only 9 per cent ofthe Banks urban enviroment investments. Currently there are few projects with waste management inthe region. One of the constrains on municipal lending has been the lack of capacity of municipalitiesto handle large complex urban enviroment projects.

The situation might be slowly changing. The World Bank has started solid waste sector review in SouthAsia. The report will be available later this year. The sector reviews usually lead to investmentprograms. In discussions with the Banks experts especially India and Indonesia emerged as a verydifficult but promising solid waste management markets comparable only to China.

So far the World Bank has not commited to finance solid waste or hazaedous waste projects in theregion.

_________________________________________________________________________Examples of Solid Waste Projects in SA Region

Indonesia: Western Java Jakarta E nvironmental Management Project. Project is APL orAdaptable Program Loan which will be carried out in three trances. Project covers Jakarta, WestJava and Banten Project. It has an solid waste component. Project emphases minimization ofwaste and composting. Equipment will be purchased. Total amount: US$ 88.

Pakistan Punjab Waste Management. In Pakistan municipalities collect only 18 percent ofwaste, 45 per cent is collected privately. Explosive urbanization trends and the inability ofmunicipal authorities to provide basic services is exacerbating environmental pollution anddegradation in urban areas. Project will establish Municipal Services Improvement Fund in allgovernmental levels. Total amount. US$ 75.

___________________________________________________________________________

5. World Bank Advantage: Why to Participate in the World Bank Financed Project

There are number of reasons why a company should consider cooperation with the World Bank asan essential factor in a companys internationalization strategy:

The projects financed by the World Bank are large,usually between US$ 20- 800. Theyare carefully planned, complex and present considerable international knowledge.


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The projects offer a variety of business opportunities. The lifespan of an average project isabout five years. The projects often evolve into decade long investment programs. The Bank isalso open to new technologies and ideas.

The projects act as a catalyst for further sector investments in the country. The Bank isfrequently the first investor in the sector

The projects provide a market entry into rapidly growing countries. The World Bank hasa project or projects in all Mega cities in the developing countries.

The World Banks presence provides a comfort factor against political risk andpayment risk in the developing markets.

6. Best Business Opportunities for Stream Companies in the World Bank Financed Waste

Projects

The World Banks activities in the developing countries offer numerous opportunities forStream companies. In the solid waste management sector the opportunities are in

China, although the World Banks portfolio in China is large, it is only a fraction of investmentactivity in the country. Investments are not only fuelled by population growth and urbanizationbut also upcoming events like Beijing Olympics and Shanghai Exhibition. The World Bankprojects provide market entry beyond Beijing and Shanghai.

India and Indonesia, new promising solid waste markets, riskier to enter than China, theWorld Bank projects would provide the market opening.

Private sector investments with the IFC in Russia, Ukraine and other non EU accessioncountries in Eastern Europe. Finnish companies have long experience working with the IFCin Russia and Eastern Europe. IFC is very willing to discuss any investment plan companiesmight have.

7. Proposed Future Action with Finpro/ Washington

Finpro Washington proposes to Stream companies the following actions to futher their interestsin solid waste management markets in the developing countries:

Visit to the World Bank H eadquarters in Washington.The purpose of a visit is to market the Stream Program and the know-how of the ProgramsCompanies at WB and IFC. The visit will include meetings with the sector experts andpresentations. The Banks Urban Solid Waste Thematic Group has tentatively expressed

interest in supporting a Brown Bag Presentation.


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Cooperation with the IFCIFC expressed interest in any possible investment plans the companies might have in Russia,China or Latin America. IFC is interested among other things in financing promisingtechnologies In addition Private Enterprise Partnership Program, PEP, in solid waste sectorcould be discussed. Finpro has the succesful PEP programs with the IFC in Russia in energy,

leasing and forestry sector

Investigate possibility of using Finnish export credits and Nordic Environmental Fundfinancing in solid waste investmentsThe export credits could be used in connectin with the World Bank loan.

Visit to ChinaThe purpose of the visit would be to market Stream companies to World Bank projects. Incooperation with Finpro Trade Centers in China visit could be extended to include additionalChinese companies.


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Annex 1. Resources.

The following experts were interviewed for the report:

Matts Andersson, Senior Urban Specialist, EAP,World Bank

Janis Berstein, Senior Urban Specialist, ECA, World Bank

Louis Boorstin, Manager, Environment and Social Development Department, IFC

H oricene Chalal, Senior Urban Specialist, MENA, World Bank

Eleio Colada, Urban Specialist, LAC, World Bank

Daniel Hoorweg, Senior Urbam Specialist, SA, World Bank

Wiebe Moes, Urban Specialist, EAP, World Bank

Semit Thakur, Senior Invetment Officer, Municipal Finance Group, IFC


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Annex 2: Composition of Urban Solid Waste in Asian Countries

Low Income Countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Lao PRD, India, Sri Lanka, China

Components Current 1995 Est. 2025

Urban Population in millions

655 1,525.70

Type of Waste:

Compostables 41.0 60

Paper 4.6 15

Plastic 3.8 6

Glass 2.1 3

Metal 1.0 4

Others 47.5 12

Middle Income Countries: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia



128 296.7

Type of Waste:


Paper 14.9 20

Plastic 10.9 9

Glass 2.4 3

Metal 3.1 5

Others 11.1 13


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Annex 2: Composition of Urban Solid Waste in Asian Countries (cont.)

High Income Countries: Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong



106.1 112.3

Type of Waste:


Paper 36.0 34

Plastic 9.4 10

Glass 6.7 7

Metal 7.7 5

Others 12.2 11

Source: What a Waste, World Bank


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Annex 3. Emergence of Mega Cities

Population of Cities with 10 million or more inhabitants

1950 1975 2000 2015

1 New York 12.3 1 Tokyo 19.8 1 Tokyo 25.2 1 Tokyo 27.22 New York 15.9 2 Sao Paulo 18.3 2 Dhaka 22.83 Shanghai 11.4 3 Mexico City 18.3 3 Mumbai 22.64 Mexico 10.7 4 New York 16.8 4 Sao Paolo 21.25 Sao Paulo 10.3 5 Mumbai 16.5 5 Delhi 20.9

6 Los Angeles 13.3 6 Mexico City 20.47 Kolkata 13.3 7 New York 17.98 Dhaka 13.2 8 Jakarta 17.3

9 Delhi 13.0 9 Kolkata 16.710 Shanghai 12.8 10 Karachi 16.211 Buenos Aires 12.1 11 Lagos 16.012 Jakarta 11.4 12 Los Angeles 14.513 Osaka 11.0 13 Shanghai 13.614 Beijing 10.8 14 Buenos Aires 13.215 Rio de Janeiro 10.8 15 Metro Manila 12.616 Karachi 10.4 16 Beijing 11.717 Manila 10.1 17 Rio de Janeiro 11.5

18 Cairo 11.519 Istanbul 11.420 Osaka 11.021 Tianjin 10.3

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