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Rwanda Country Report 2015 WAVES Country Report Rwanda June 2015 www.wavespartnership.org Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)
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Page 1: Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem … · Valuation of Ecosystem Services Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services ... RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority

RwandaCountry Report 2015

WAVESCountry Report

Rwanda June 2015

www.wavespartnership.org Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services

Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)

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Rwanda

Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)

RwandaCountry Report 2015

Natural Capital AccountingMay 2015

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WAVES – Global Partnership for Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services

Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) is a global partnership led by the World Bank

that aims to promote sustainable development by mainstreaming natural capital in development planning and

national economic accounting systems, based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA).

The WAVES global partnership (www.wavespartnership.org) brings together a broad coalition of governments,

UN agencies, nongovernment organizations and academics for this purpose. WAVES core implementing

countries include developing countries—Botswana, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Madagascar,

the Philippines and Rwanda—all working to establish natural capital accounts. WAVES also partners with UN

agencies—UNEP, UNDP, and the UN Statistical Commission—that are helping to implement natural capital

accounting. WAVES is funded by a multi-donor trust fund and is overseen by a steering committee. WAVES

donors include—Denmark, the European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway,

Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

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ContentsAcronyms----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

1.0- Overview----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2.0- Progress-Update--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

3.0- Institutional-Arrangements-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

4.0- Capacity-Building-and-Outreach-------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

5.0- Economic-and-Planning-Context-------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

6.0- NCA-in-the-Policy-Context--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

7.0- Annual-Workplan-and-Results-Framework--------------------------------------------------------12

8.0- Annexes:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Annex-1.---Rwanda-2015-Results-Based-Monitoring-Matrix-–-PDO-1---------------------------- 14

Annex-2.---Country-Results-Based-Monitoring-Matrix-–-PDO-2-----------------------------------17

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Acronyms

ANS Adjusted Net Savings

EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy

FRw Rwandan Franc

GDP Gross Domestic Product, a measure of annual economic output

MINALOC Ministry of Local Government and Districts

MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

MINICOM Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry

MINIRENA Ministry of Natural Resources

NCA Natural Capital Accounting

NISR National Institute of Statistics Rwanda

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

RBS Rwanda Bureau of Standards

RDB Rwanda Development Board

REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority

RNRA Rwanda Natural Resources Authority

RRA Rwanda Revenue Authority

RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority

NSC National Steering Committee

SEEA System of Environmental-Economic Accounting

Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

SNA System of National Accounts

STC Short Term Consultancy

TWG Technical Working Group

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

WAVES Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

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Rwanda – Country Report 2015

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1| Overview

Rwanda is engaged in developing Natural Capital Accounts, guided by a Steering Committee led by the Ministry of Natural Resources,-and-with-support-from-the-World-Bank-under-the-Global-Partnership-on-Wealth-Accounting-and-Valuation-of-Ecosystem-Services.-Rwanda’s-Natural-Capital-Accounting-work-is-being-carried-out-through-a-scoping-phase-(now-completed)-and-an-implementation-phase.-The-first-phase-assessed-the-feasibility-of-institutionalizing-natural-capital-accounting-and-identified-how-and-where-it-can-contribute-to-policy-and-resource-management-decisions.-The-implementation-phase-consists-of-work-to-build-natural-capital-accounts-for-priority-sectors-with-involvement-of-Government-officials-from-key-agencies,-wider-stakeholders,-and-technical-inputs-from-the-WAVES-Partnership.

Natural Capital Accounting can add value to Rwanda’s national development planning process by raising attention about economically important natural resource sectors, and

providing consistent, reliable data to support economic assessments and sound policy formation

that takes into account cross sectoral issues. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 aims for the country to

become a middle-income, knowledge-based economy that is competitive both regionally and

globally. Rwanda has made much progress towards attaining the Vision 2020 objectives and is

implementing this long term vision through a series of medium term plans. The current national

development plan up to 2018, the second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction

Strategy (EDPRS2: http://www.edprs.rw), focuses on four thematic strategies: Economic

Transformation, Rural Development, Productivity and Youth Employment and Accountable

Governance. In EDPRS 2, environment and climate change are seen as cross cutting issues that

require mainstreaming environmental sustainability into productive sectors and reducing

vulnerability to climate change.

The EDPRS 2 recognizes both development challenges and opportunities. In addition to high

poverty and inequality, the EDPRS sees land as a key resource for both rural livelihoods and new

production. Land is under pressure from population increase and the need to generate

significant youth employment. Labor skills, productivity, infrastructure and coordination across

sectors and levels of government are all seen as constraints to investment and growth.

Opportunities include the youthful work force, with increasing skills, and growing domestic

demand for goods and services due to increasing urbanisation. The stable political and

economic situation is another opportunity and there is a good enabling environment for private

investment. Regional integration in East Africa is seen as important to expand markets and

achieve economies of scale. Rwanda is also keen to mainstream environment issues and become

a center for green growth and investment.

Natural capital accounts for land and water can add value by providing indicators and trend analysis to help in tracking performance toward sustainability, land allocation, service delivery, and productivity targets. NCA can help to identify trade-offs or potential constraints

as Rwanda grows. NCA can also contribute to accountable governance by increasing the quality,

credibility and consistency of the statistics and analyses that support national development

plans and targets.

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2| Progress Update

Rwanda-completed-the-scoping-phase-of-the-work-in-December-2015-and-the-National-Steering-Committee-approved-the-sectoral-priorities-and-a-work-plan-for-the-implementation-phase.-During-scoping,-introductory-meetings,-informal-workshops-with-stakeholders-and-identification-of-data-availability-and-gaps-helped-to-shape-the-priorities-and-work-plan-activities.-Based-on-the-contribution-to-development-goals,-relevance-for-contributions-to-growth-and-economy-wide-planning,-institutional-responsibilities-and-commitment-plus-data-availability,-the-NSC-chose-to-focus-in-the-first-year-on-land-and-water-accounts.-The-NSC-also-determined-to-initiate-exploratory-work-on-environmental-and-economic-issues-related-mineral-extraction,-aiming-to-produce-an-early-policy-output,-while-preparing-for-eventual-preparation-of-mineral-accounts.-The-table-below-summarizes-the-assessment-of-each-sector-in-terms-of-policy-relevance,-institutional-engagement-and-technical-feasibility.

The implementation phase began in 2015 with a three part strategy: technical work on land and

water accounts, capacity building workshops and on-the-job training, and policy analysis based

on the sectoral work and identified gaps and needs. The focus on land, water and minerals

accounts resonates with the priority sectors identified in Rwanda’s Vision 2020 and the EDPRS2.

Land accounts are policy relevant because land availability and productivity are potential

constraints to agricultural growth, which is a key pillar of Rwanda’s development agenda. Land is

the basis for agriculture, which accounts for 34 percent of GDP and 90 percent of jobs; Rwanda’s

population is 80 percent rural. Beyond agriculture, Rwanda’s rapid urbanization will require

strategic choices about land allocation and availability. Land accounts would help Rwanda to

Criteria Sectors-Analyzed

Energy Water Minerals Land Forests

Relevance for

national policy and

planning

High for

electricity,

limited for

other energy

sources

High Medium High Limited

Institutional

engagement and

coordination

Demanding Manageable Manageable Manageable Demanding

Technical feasibility Potentially high

for electricity,

limited for

other energy

sources

Potentially high Limited at

present

High Limited

- --Table 1. Sector-Assessment-for-NCA-Application-in-Rwanda

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Rwanda – Country Report 2015

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account for trends in economic values of land in different uses and to assess potential trade-offs

more systematically. Land accounts can help to clarify and compare economic values generated

by land in terms of competing uses and how changes in land use may affect land value.

Water accounts are policy relevant because Rwanda’s water resources are under pressure from

population growth and rapid development. Water availability could constrain growth in some regions

or key sectors (agriculture, urban development) or deter investment in some kinds of commercial

activities. Water accounts can help to clarify and compare the economic values of water in terms of

competing uses and how they are changing over time. Water accounts could allow estimation of

water use and value for different economic activities, and relative contributions to employment and

growth. Preparation of water accounts will provide a process and platform for improving data

exchange, institutional coordination, and measures for dealing with inter-sectoral trade-offs.

Rwanda’s minerals sector is small but represents a very large share of export revenues and is

growing rapidly. There are high hopes for increasing investment and production, but the sector is

currently relying on less efficient processing technology and low skilled labor. Potential

environmental impacts and the cross-sectoral linkages to land allocation and water resources

planning need more systematic study. Although data availability would constrain preparation of

Mineral accounts in the near term, baseline analytical work, data collection systems and capacity

building can be undertaken with a view to the future. Such accounts could ultimately help

Rwanda to optimize resource rents from mining and utilize these through re-investment in

physical, human and social capital.

3| Institutional Arrangements

Rwanda has established the institutional arrangements to support the implementation process.

This section describes the main institutional elements and the next section lays out capacity

building activities that have been undertaken.

The National Steering Committee was formed in October 2013 to set priorities and to oversee

NCA preparation and implementation under the authority of the Minister of Natural Resources.

Key sectoral, financial, statistics and investment agencies are represented. The Chairman of the

NSC is the Director General of the Rwanda Natural Resources Authority. The co-Chairman is a

Director General from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. The Director General of

the Rwanda Environment Management Agency serves as the Secretary General of the Steering

Committee. The Ministry of Infrastructure, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, Rwanda

Development Board, and the Wildlife Conservation Society are all represented at high level,

including Deputy Directors General for Land, Water, Minerals and Forests from RNRA and

REMA, as well as Advisors to the Ministry of Natural Resources. The NSC members are listed in

the table on the following page.

The Steering Committee meets regularly, approved the WAVES Scoping Report, and selected

the sectors for focus during implementation and approved the first year work plan. The choice of

land and water as key sectors for NCA development reflects the NSC’s understanding of the

important role of these natural resources in the country’s economic development process. The

WAVES multi-year implementation plan is sequenced to provide inputs at timely intervals

aligned with the annual planning and budgeting process.

A Technical Working Group (TWG) was formed by the Steering Committee to advance the

country’s NCA efforts. The TWG is a key part of the institutionalization effort and will help to

ensure that NCA products are understood, that consultant inputs are assimilated, and that

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Names- Institution/Position

Dr. Emmanuel Nkurunziza Rwanda Natural Resources Agency (RNRA)

Director General and Chair of NSC

Mr. Godfrey Kabera Ministry of Economics and Finance (MINECOFIN)

Director General and Co-Chair of NSC

Dr. Rose Mukankomeje Rwanda Environmental Management Agency (REMA)

Director General and Secretary General of NSC

Eng. Coletha Ruhamya Deputy Director General / REMA

Dr. Michael Biryabarema Deputy Director General / RNRA-Mining

Ms. Adrie Mukashema Deputy Director General / RNRA-Forest

Mr. Didier Sagashya Deputy Director General / RNRA-Land

Mr. Vincent de Paul Kabalisa Deputy Director General / RNRA-Water

Mr. Emmanuel Hategekimana Ministry of Infrastructure, Director – Energy

Mr. Sebastien Manzi National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

Director-National Accounts

Mrs. Yamina Karitanyi Rwanda Development Board

Head-Tourism & Conservation

Mr. Telesphore Ngoga Rwanda Development Board

Transfrontier Conservation Analyst, Tourism & Conservation

Mr. Michael Masozera Wildlife Conservation Society

Country Director-Rwanda

Mr. Innocent Kabenga Ministry of Natural Resources

Strategic Advisor

Mr. Peter Katanisa Ministry of Natural Resources

Advisor to the Minister

Dr. Uwera Claudine National Coordinator-WAVES Programme

Environmental Economist, University of Rwanda

- --Table 2. NCA-–-National-Steering-Committee-Members

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Government staff take the lead in briefing management on priorities and milestones. The

working group mirrors the representation of the NCA Steering Committee and will meet

regularly to discuss specific technical topics; receive and review reports from World Bank/

WAVES consultants and other contributing partners; participate in capacity building workshops,

including contributions to design and approach; track progress of reports, results, outputs; assist

consultants in accessing and institutionalizing data and information; and brief senior

management on products, processes, milestones, and results.

The NCA Country Coordinator was selected and formalized in February 2015. The Country

Coordinator’s role is to champion the NCA initiative across government, work closely with

technical staff in key Government agencies, organize and facilitate meetings and training events,

and to provide technical coordination and reporting on the delivery of the Bank’s technical

assistance and other support for NCA. The National Coordinator will work with a Government

counterpart who serves as the key point of contact and the channel to the NSC.

The Coordinator will organize and participate in workshops and regular updates, and coordinate

with other technical team members and World Bank missions. The Country Coordinator will be

the primary communication link among the key Government agencies, the World Bank and the

WAVES Secretariat. The Country Coordinator will be responsible for technical contributions to

the NCA agenda, managing consultants and technical inputs, liaison and communication with

Government institutions, particularly the Steering Committee; ensuring the proper level of

organizational, administrative and logistic support; and annual budgeting and work planning.

The National Coordinator also observes Steering Committee meetings.

A Communications Specialist was recruited in March 2015. This consultant works with the

National Steering Committee, Country Coordinator, World Bank team and WAVES Secretariat to

develop and implement a communications and engagement strategy. The position will assist the

Country Coordinator with a range of communication needs, taking the lead on producing

communications outputs, helping to build the community of practice, and ensuring good

external communications in Rwanda and with the global partnership. The Communications

Specialist will also be responsible for outputs and content delivered to the IIED research

communications manager, who will provide IIED’s expert guidance and quality control to ensure

that the work meets high professional standards. The Specialist is responsible for delivering high

quality products on implementation of a communication and outreach Strategy, building a

community of practice of those interested in NCA, and strengthening external communications

to inform stakeholders relevant to decision making on natural capital.

This describes the core elements of NCA institutionalization in Rwanda to date. The WAVES technical

support will provide additional consultants and administrative support, from time to time as needed,

to ensure the success of the program. Technical experts will supplement the team on the ground at

regular intervals and assist in providing capacity and training programs, as described below.

4| Capacity Building and Outreach

During a mission in May 2014, the WAVES/NCA concept was introduced to a wide set of

stakeholders at the WCS “Inception Meeting on Natural Capital Accounting Projects.” This half

day seminar was attended by four dozen of the most relevant stakeholders in both government

and civil society circles. This workshop also provided the opportunity to discuss collaboration

opportunities with international partners working on related efforts, including WCS, SIDA, DFID,

UNDP, UNEP, UNECA, University of Rwanda and others.

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In November 2014, the WAVES technical assistance team delivered a technical workshop on

policy and institutional features of NCA implementation, highlighting the experience of

Botswana. This provided participants with a more practical understanding of the implementation

requirements and the potential benefits and policy opportunities of NCA implementation. This

training provided an overview of the institutional set up for NCA in Botswana, as an example of

the level of decision-making and the level of effort required. The training also provided an

extensive overview of Botswana’s water accounts, how they have been developed and how they

have influenced policy discussions about the value and allocation of water resources.

In February 2015, the WAVES technical assistance team organized training and international

exchange with the Netherlands in support of Rwanda’s NCA efforts. Statistics Netherlands is one of

the world’s leaders in natural capital accounting and is a key WAVES Partner. Statistics Netherlands

also plays an important leadership role within the statistical community, as a member of the

UNCEEA and chair of technical committees and working groups. Under a collaboration agreement

with WAVES, staff of Netherlands Statistics are mobilizing to provide technical assistance and

capacity building support to Rwanda, among other countries. The Netherlands team will other

capacity building through in-country missions, hands-on joint work and potential study visits.

In February 2015, Rwanda’s National Coordinator and key Government Focal point joined

delegates from nine countries in the Philippines for the first WAVES Knowledge Exchange

Workshop on Ecosystem Accounting. This event was aimed at learning, brainstorming,

collaborating and sharing best practices and experiences on ecosystem accounting. The

Philippines is pioneering the development of ecosystem accounts and has been seen as an

example by other emerging countries in mainstreaming environmental accounting in economic

planning and policy making.

In April 2015, a workshop was held on “Building a communications and engagement strategy for

NCA in Rwanda’ to bring together stakeholders to discuss opportunities and challenges in

bringing NCA to fruition with practical results relevant for policy making. The workshop was

facilitated by London-based International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), a

policy research organization working with the WAVES Global Partnership. This information and

discussion will help to inform communication strategies and activities in Rwanda.

5| Economic and Planning Context

Macroeconomic Context. The Rwandan economy is largely based on rain-fed agricultural

production of small, semi-subsistence, and increasingly fragmented farms. It has few natural

resources to exploit and a small, uncompetitive industrial sector. More than 60% of households

cultivate less than 0.7 ha of land, and more than a quarter cultivate less than 0.2 ha (World Bank,

2011b). Furthermore, the small size of the country and high population density also call for

gradual transformation from relying on traditional subsistence agriculture to modern agri-

business activities. Rwanda is landlocked, making the costs of trade higher than those of its

neighboring countries. These elements provide Rwanda with less comparative advantage in

trade and manufacturing and more regional comparative advantage in service provision,

especially given its central position in the Great Lakes area.

During the 1990s, Rwanda experienced civil wars that led to political, social and economic

instability. The war led to massive destruction of property, infrastructure and resources and

marked the turning point for the economy. After the genocide, the government focused on

rebuilding the country through resettlement and reconstruction, and from 1995 onward the

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Rwanda – Country Report 2015

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Rwandan economy has gradually improved and has now emerged as one of the fastest growing

in the world. Economic policy reforms played a central role in this process. One of the early and

most important policy measures was for example to make certain that property rights on capital

assets, and most crucially on land, were respected.

Despite impressive growth rates in the past decade, the structure of the economy has changed

very little. The shares of all sectors (agriculture, industry and services) in GDP remained largely

unchanged through most of this period, although the share of the services sector has been rising

since 2007 and is the main engine of growth in the economy (see Figure 1). The share of industry

in GDP (mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and water, and construction), however,

has long been around 15% of GDP (NISR 2014).

Planning and Challenges. Rwanda is considered a model of post-conflict reconstruction.

However, the country is still characterized by a high poverty rate (57%) and by high population

growth, which contribute to rapid depletion and degradation of natural resources (deforestation,

land degradation, water pollution, etc.). Crop production has not grown quickly enough to

reduce food insecurity and extreme poverty.

To address these challenges, Rwanda developed the Rwanda Vision 2020 document that

identifies key national objectives. The Vision 2020 aims to transform Rwanda from a low income

(US$ 220 in 2000) to a middle income (US$ 900 by 2020) country (Republic of Rwanda, 2000).

Vision 2020 provides the general development objectives and policy goals with the strategic

ambition of moving Rwanda towards agricultural development and industrialization. The main

objectives are; in the short term, the promotion of macroeconomic stability and wealth creation

to reduce aid dependency; in the medium term, the transformation from an agrarian to a

knowledge-based economy; and in the long term, the creation of a productive middle class

fostering entrepreneurship.

To realize the Vision 2020 goals, the Government has adopted a series of medium-term strategic

plans, most recently the Second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy

(EDPRS2). The focus of EDPRS2 is to bring appropriate solutions to the differential needs of

- --Figure 1. Contributions-by-each-sector-to-GDP-between-1999-and-2013

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20101999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 201320122011

50%

45%

25%

30%

20%

35%

40%

10%

15%

5%

0%

Service Industry Agriculture

Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Annual and quarterly estimates of GDP rebased on 2011.

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different parts of the country through Sector Strategic Plans and District Development Plans

(Republic of Rwanda, 2012a). EDPRS 2 also includes key stakeholders more explicitly in the

development process.

In addition to high poverty and inequality, the EDPRS recognizes land as a key resource for both

rural livelihoods and new production. Land is under pressure from population increase and the

need to generate significant youth employment. Labor skills, productivity, infrastructure and

coordination across sectors and levels of government are all seen as constraints to investment

and growth. Opportunities include the youthful work force, with increasing skills, and growing

domestic demand for goods and services due to increasing urbanization. The political and

economic situation is stable and there is a good enabling environment for private investment.

Regional integration in East Africa is seen as important to expand markets and achieve

economies of scale. Rwanda is also keen to mainstream environment issues and become a

center for green growth and investment.

The EDPRS 2 focuses on four thematic strategies—Economic Transformation, Rural

Development, Productivity and Youth Employment and Accountable Governance—and several

cross cutting initiatives that are relevant to a discussion of Natural Capital Accounting.

•-Economic Transformation aims to accelerate economic growth, particularly in more services

and industry, through investment in infrastructure for exports, increased private sector

investment, urbanization and green economy approach to sustainability. The ‘green economy’

priority aims to promote green urbanization and green innovation in industrial and private

sectors.

•-Rural Development aims to continue reducing poverty by increasing the productivity of

agriculture and enhancing social protection programs. A priority on human settlements

focuses on land use allocation for development, decentralized land management, and

improved rural access to economic opportunities and basic services. Prioritizing agricultural

productivity builds comparative advantage by focusing on irrigation and land husbandry,

advisory services and connecting farmers to agribusiness. Connecting rural communities to

economic opportunity aims to improve feeder roads, information and communications

technologies for connectivity, linking rural communities to markets and modern energy, and

improving the coverage of quality water and sanitation service

•-Productivity and Youth Employment aims to improve skills and productive employment

opportunities for rural communities, particularly youth.

•-Accountable Governance aims to improve the overall level of service delivery, and improve

citizen satisfaction by promoting participation and communication, strengthening the media

and civil society organizations, and revitalizing public service delivery through a customer-

centered service culture.

The environment and climate change are seen as cross-cutting issues that require

mainstreaming environmental sustainability into productive sectors, reducing vulnerability to

climate change and investing in disaster management preparedness, early warning systems and

awareness campaigns.

6| NCA in the Policy Context

Land accounts are policy relevant because land availability and productivity are potential constraints to agricultural growth, which is a key pillar of Rwanda’s development agenda. Land is the basis for agriculture, which accounts for 34 percent of GDP and 90 percent of jobs;

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Rwanda’s population is 80 percent rural. Small plots reduce productivity and increased

productivity is needed to achieve food security and to boost rural incomes. Beyond agricuture,

Rwanda’s rapid urbanization and plans for development of secondary cities will require

additional land, as well as policies to limit sprawl and promote zoning for green areas that

improve quality of life.

Land accounts would help Rwanda to account for trends in economic values of land in different uses and to assess potential trade-offs more systematically. Although sectoral level

planning exists, better information and coordination would help to ensure that individual sectoral

targets do not contribute to cross sectoral tensions, or competing demands for the same land.

Land value and trend information could also inform planning on potential implications for water

use or food production due to changes in land uses.

Land accounts can help to clarify and compare economic values generated by land in competing uses and how changes in land use may affect land value. Land accounts could help

in the analysis of questions related to land use change impacts on productivity of key crops,

production of fuel wood, or pressure on water resources (when linked to water accounts). Land

accounts would also help in the comparison of market values for land in different regions or uses,

which could inform the “just compensation” policy. Land accounts would contribute to

understanding of how sectors compare in terms of land use per value of output or intensity of

use, or longer term projections of productivity, resource use, or potential bottlenecks in land

availability for national development objectives.

Water accounts are policy relevant because Rwanda’s water resources are under pressure from population growth and rapid development. Urban water provision is uncertain; rural

households rely on less hygienic sources, adding to the burden of disease. Water availability

could constrain growth in some regions or key sectors (agriculture, urban development) or deter

investment in some kinds of commercial activities.

Water accounts can help to clarify and compare the economic values of water in competing uses and how they are changing over time. These accounts would enable comparison of water

costs being paid by different sectors and population groups, which can inform infrastructure

improvement needs. Water accounts would help responsible agencies to understand where

water is being used most and its productivity, as well as trends in efficiency or intensity of use.

Water accounts could allow estimation of water use and value for different economic activities,

and relative to contributions to employment and growth. Preparation of water accounts will

provide a process and platform for improving data exchange, institutional coordination, and

measures for dealing with inter-sectoral trade-offs. Water accounts could also help to improve

quality of data used for management, pricing and allocation and to address questions of cost

recovery and investment needs.

Rwanda’s minerals sector is small but represents a very large share of export revenues and is growing rapidly. There are high hopes for increasing investment and production, but the sector

is currently relying on less efficient processing technology and low skilled labor. Although the

value of output contributes to GDP and foreign exchange earnings, rent capture by the

government is limited and the level of employment and environmental effects are not yet well

understood. Potential environmental impacts and the cross-sectoral linkages to land allocation

and water resources planning need more systematic study.

Due to data and institutional constraints, developing Mineral accounts at this time would be challenging, but baseline analytical work, data collection systems and capacity building can be

undertaken with a view to the future. In the medium term, mineral accounts would help Rwanda

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by providing more accurate data for government management and oversight, for setting

appropriate mining taxes or fees, and for determing trends in production, value addition and

employment in different mineral sectors. Such accounts will also help to satisfy Rwanda’s interest

in knowing how to optimize resource rents from mining and utilize these through re-investment

in physical, human and social capital.

7| Annual Workplan and Results Framework

The attached work plan is designed to implement the decisions of Rwanda’s NCA Steering

Committee. As a first priority, work should begin on developing land accounts, with the aim to

produce a practical, policy relevant interim output within 4 months. This product will be based on

relevant data sources, but will not represent a complete land account. As a concurrent priority,

work should begin on a study of the environmental and economic costs associated with mineral

extraction, with the aim to produce a policy relevant interim output, in preparation for eventual

preparation of mineral accounts. The second priority is to phase in work on water accounts after

the work on land accounts is well under way. The sequencing of this work is illustrated on the

following page.

With inputs from technical counterparts, the work plan and sequencing of tasks and products

have been harmonized with the Government’s annual planning/budgeting cycle. This will

maximize the potential to produce influential inputs at key points during the calendar. The

discussion also noted forward plans for preparation of EDPRS3 during FY2016/17 and

opportunities for delivery of key NCA products and recommendations at that time.

The workplan is followed by a summary of Rwanda’s results in the format of the WAVES

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.

12

Rwanda – Country Report 2015

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13

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14

Rwanda – Country Report 2015

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15

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16

Rwanda – Country Report 2015

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18

Rwanda – Country Report 2015

Page 23: Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem … · Valuation of Ecosystem Services Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services ... RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority

Sustainable, equitable and productive use of water through water accounting

The Government of Botswana has developed water accounts for 2010/11 and 2011/12 that show what is happening with water stocks and flows in the country.

The main messages that emerge are:

Water use efficiency — make sure

population and economic growth

are not tightly linked to growth in

water abstraction

•The policy emphasis on water

supply — ‘keep water flowing’ —

now needs to be complemented

by demand management and

integrated water resource

management

•There is an urgent need for

wastewater strategies to improve

reuse and recycling within sectors.

Water allocation — provide water

to sectors and users that add

most value through, for example:

•Economic development

— support economic growth

and diversification

•Social protection — secure basic

water needs and keep water

bills affordable

•Environmental protection — secure

ecological water requirements.

Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services

Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) is a

global partnership led by the World Bank that aims to promote sustainable

development by ensuring that natural resources are mainstreamed in

development planning and national economic accounts.

www.wavespartnership.org


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