8/5/2015
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We’re Reaching Ludicrous Speed:New Immunotherapy Oncology
Medications
Adam Peele, PharmD, BCPS, BCOP
Oncology Pharmacy Manager
Cone Health
Disclosures
• Merck Pharmaceuticals• Speaker’s Bureau
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Objectives
• Discuss history of immunotherapy
• Explain pharmacology of immunotherapy medications
• Evaluate supporting literature of the medications
• Describe where these agents fit into clinical practice
History of Chemotherapy
Cancer Res 2008; 68(21): 8643‐8653
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History of Chemotherapy
Cancer Res 2008; 68(21): 8643‐8653
History of Immuno‐Oncology
• 19th century• William B. Coley
• Tumor regression following the injection of a bacterial broth into malignant lesions
• 20th century• Paul Ehrlich
• Immune system recognizes and eliminates developing tumors
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Ipilimumab Mechanism of Action
Nature 2002; 3(7): 611‐618
Blinatumomab
• FDA Labeled Indication• Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome‐negative relapses or refractory B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
• Dosing• Cycle 1
• 9 mcg/day on days 1‐7 • 28 mcg/day days 8‐28
• Subsequent cycles• 28 mcg/day days 1‐28
• Availability• 35 mcg lyophilized powder in a single use vial
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Blinatumomab
Journal of Community and Supportive Oncology 2015; 13(5): 170‐173.
Blinatumomab
Enrolled Patients
Philadelphia chromosome (‐), B‐cell precursor ALL
Who were either
Primary refractory after induction
Relapsed within 12 months of first remission
Relapsed within 12 months of receiving allogeneic HSCT
Not responded to or relapsed after first salvage or beyond
Dex 10‐24 mg/m2 daily (up to 5 days):
BM blasts > 50%
Peripheral blasts > 15,000
Elevated LDH
Cycle 1
9 µg/day x 7 days then 28 µg/day x 21 days
No treatment x 14 days
Dexamethasone 20 mg required 1 hour prior to
treatment
Cycle 2
28 µg/day x 28 days
No treatment x 14 days
Dexamethasone 20 mg required 1 hour prior to
treatment
Primary Endpoint
Complete remission (CR)
Complete remission with partial hematologic recovery of peripheral blood counts
(CRh)
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 57‐66.
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Blinatumomab
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 57‐66.
Blinatumomab
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 57‐66.
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Blinatumomab
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 57‐66.
http://s60.photobucket.com/user/Millennium_Falsehood/media/Spaceball%20One%20references/Spaceball1‐21.jpg.html
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Programmed Death Pathway
The Pharmaceutical Journal 18 Nov 2014
Programmed Death Pathway TidbitsAbbreviation Role Location Role
Programmed Death Receptor
PD‐1 Immunoinhibitoryreceptor
• T‐cells• B‐cells• Mononcytes• NK cells
Binding by ligands stimulates T‐cell suppression
Programmed Death Ligand‐1
PD‐L1 Ligand • T‐cells• B‐cells• Dendritic cells• Macrophages• Pancreatic islet
cells• Vascular
endothelial cells
Binds to PD‐1receptor
Programmed Death Ligand‐2
PD‐L2 Ligand • Macrophages• Dendritic cells
Binds to PD‐1receptor
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Role of PD Pathway in Cancer
• Malignancies overexpress PD‐L1 expression• Associated with poor prognosis
• PD‐L1 expression has been correlated with tumor growth• Renal cell carcinoma
• PD‐L1 expression correlated with development of distant metastases• Head and neck cancer
FDA Approved PD‐1 Agents
FDA Approval Date FDA Approved Usage
Dosage Form Other areas of interest
Pembrolizumab September 2014 Melanoma IV • Renal Cell• Hepatocellular• Gastric• Head and neck• TNBC• Colon
Nivolumab December 2014 Melanoma/Lung IV • Gastric• Pancreatic• Renal Cell• Solid tumors• SCLC• GBM• CRPC
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What’s the Difference?FDA Approved Indication Dosing Frequency Infusion Time Availability
Pembrolizumab • Treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor
2 mg/kg Every 3 weeks 30 minutes For injection50 mg powder for injection
Injection100 mg/ 4 mL solution
Nivolumab • Treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma and disease progression following ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor
• Metastatic squamous non‐small cell lung cancer with progression on or after platinum‐based chemotherapy
3 mg/kg Every 2 weeks 60 minutes Single use vials40 mg/4 mL100 mg/10 mL
Audience Response Question
• Nivolumab is administered as an IV infusion overA. 30 minutes every 3 weeks
B. 60 minutes every 2 weeks
C. 30 minutes every 4 weeks
D. 60 minutes every 3 weeks
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Pembrolizumab for Melanoma
• Unresectable or metastatic melanoma
• Previously treated with ipilimumab therapy
Pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks
Pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks
O
V
E
R
A
L
L
R
E
S
P
O
N
S
E
Lancet 2014; 384: 1109‐1117
Pembrolizumab for Melanoma
Lancet 2014; 384: 1109‐1117
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Pembrolizumab for Melanoma
Lancet 2014; 384: 1109‐1117
Pembrolizumab for Melanoma
Lancet 2014; 384: 1109‐1117
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Nivolumab for Melanoma
• Stage IIIc or IV metastatic melanoma
• Disease progression on previous therapy based upon BRAF mutational status
• ECOG 0 ‐ 1
Nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks
Investigator’s Choice• DTIC 1000 mg/m2
q 3 weeks• Carboplatin/Paclita
xel
O
V
E
R
A
L
L
S
U
R
V
I
V
A
L
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
R
E
S
P
O
N
S
ELancet Oncology 2015; 16: 375‐384
Nivolumab for Melanoma
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 375‐384
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Nivolumab for Melanoma
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 375‐384
Nivolumab for Melanoma
Lancet Oncology 2015; 16: 375‐384
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What do the Guidelines Recommend?
• Anti‐PD1 Agents• Consensus among NCCN Panel that both drugs have higher response rates and less toxicity than ipilimumab
• Both drugs should be included as options for first‐line treatment
NCCN Melanoma Guidelines Version 3.2015
http://forums.evga.com/Overtake‐date‐showing‐m1793394‐p4.aspx
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Nivolumab for Lung
• Stage IIIB or IV squamous‐cell NSCLC
• Disease recurrence after one prior platinum‐containing regimen
• ECOG 0 ‐ 1
Nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV over 60 minutes every 2 weeks
Docetaxel 75 mg/m2
IV over 60 minutes every 3 weeks
O
V
E
R
A
L
L
S
U
R
V
I
V
A
L
NEJM 2015; 373 (2): 123‐135
Nivolumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 373 (2): 123‐135
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Nivolumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 373 (2): 123‐135
Nivolumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 373 (2): 123‐135
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Nivolumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 373 (2): 123‐135
Nivolumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 373 (2): 123‐135
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Pembrolizumab for Lung
• Locally advanced or metastatic non‐small‐cell lung cancer
• ECOG less than 1
• Adequate organ function
Pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks
Pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes every 2 weeks
S
A
F
E
T
Y
R
E
S
P
O
N
S
E
NEJM 2015; 372 (21): 2018‐2028
Pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks
Pembrolizumab for Lung
• Biomarker selection• Used anti‐PD‐L1 antibody clone 22C3 and a prototype immunohistochemicalassay
• PD‐L1 positivity defined as staining in at least 1% of cells
• Trial expanded to include previously treated NSCLC that expressed a high level of PD‐L1
NEJM 2015; 372 (21): 2018‐2028
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Pembrolizumab for Lung
Lancet 2014; 384: 1109‐1117
Pembrolizumab for LungResponse Rates
Overall Response Rate 19.4%
Current or Former Smokers 22.5%
Never Smokers 10.3%
No disease progression 84.4%
Median DOR• Previously treated• Previously untreated
12.5 months• 10.4 months (range 1, 10.4)• 23.3 months (range 1, 23.3)
Median PFS• Previously treated• Previously untreated
3.7 months• 3 months• 6 months
Median Overall Survival• Previously treated• Previously untreated
12 months• 9.3 months• 16.2 months
NEJM 2015; 372 (21): 2018‐2028
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Pembrolizumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 372 (21): 2018‐2028
Pembrolizumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 372 (21): 2018‐2028
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Pembrolizumab for Lung
NEJM 2015; 372 (21): 2018‐2028
What do the Guidelines Recommend?
• Nivolumab• Subsequent therapy for patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma who have progressed on or after platinum‐based chemotherapy
• Category 1 recommendation
NCCN Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer Guidelines Version 6.2015
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Audience Response Question
• Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab are both FDA approved for:A. NSCLC
B. Melanoma
C. Kidney
D. SCLC
https://bhermannview.wordpress.com/2015/06/08/what‐s‐the‐matter‐colonel‐bernie‐sanders‐chicken/
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We’re Reaching Ludicrous Speed:New Immunotherapy Oncology
Medications
Adam Peele, PharmD, BCPS, BCOP
Oncology Pharmacy Manager
Cone Health