Weather - A Golden Science Guide - Paul E. Lehr

8/3/2019 Weather - A Golden Science Guide - Paul E. Lehr

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GOLDEN NATURE GUIDES

Bds Flowes

Tees

Isecs Sas

Rples ad Ampbas

Mammals

Sases sesWeaer

cks ad MrlPgrapy (A GOLDEN HANDBOOK)

Zlgy Fssls

Gambds

Sa Sll f WrldIN PRPRTION:

s d ursN-w Pls

EGAL GUES F AMECA

e SuwestTe Sueat

he Pafi hwestEvlads aonal Pa

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WEATHRA MALUA

MAH MAPMA

byPAUL E. LHR

eterlgst, Scent Seres Dson

f U.S Ar Weather SeeR. WIL BUNTT

Pofesso of Sene EdtonUnivesi of inos

HERBRT S. ZIM

ustrated by HAY McNAUGT

GOD N TURE GUID

GOLDEN PRESS NEW YORK


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FRWRD

f all aspts of th natural orld, athr is outstand-

in in its bauty, its majsty, its trrors, and its ontinualdirt t on us al l ause athr inos, for thmost ar, massie movmnts of inisibl e a ir a nd i s on-crnd ith th tmraur and prssur hans ofthis almost intanibl substan, most of us ha only al iitd undrstandin of hat athr is al l about. This

bk i l hlp you to undrstand t and also to undrstand, in som dr, ho athr hans ar rditd.

In th diult attmt to portray th athr simply,au ratly, and raph ia l ly ave ha i nalu ab l assistan from ol laus, rts, and many oranizationshm ratful ly thank. Th S. athr ura ( in ludin th ibrary) hlpd us l ibral ly it informatioand photos Hlpful matrial as supplid also y theSmithsonian nstitution, th Amerian Mtoroloia Soity and its srtary Knnth F. Spnl, t NatinalSaft uni l , Dr. David M. Lu lam of th Fran kl in n st itut, t . John H. oon (SAF), and Lt Jhn F. Mann, Jr.

( SAF). rni u rntt a nd Ad l F . hr r ad an d c ritizd th manusript at aris sas. Dr. Vinnt JShafr of t h Munital p Foundation amin d both ttand i lustrat ions and ord mu hlpful advi.

193Library of Congress Catalog Cad Number: 2

P. .L .B

H.S.Z.

opyr

ight 1957 by Golden Press, Inc. Al Rhs Reseed Including the Rihof Re

produ

ction

in Whole or in Prt in ny Form

Designed and ruce byArtist an Wries Pre, Inc Printed n th USA by Wetern ing aLithgrphing Company. Pubished by Golden Pe, nc ew Yrk 22 N YPublshed Simutaneuy inCanada by The Muon Bok ompany, Ltd. rn


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CONTENTS

WHAT MAKES THE WEATHER? he eets of

ea pressu re w ind and moi stu re ouds

RAIN, SNOW, DEW, AND FROT heir natu re, types, a d orins Raima

THE ATMOSPHER-RESES OCEAN OF AIR Its strure a d weather f ion

TH EARH'S MOIONS AND WEAHERSeaso hes ad the erths otion as

1-33

3-7

hey at winds . . . . . . . -

HIGH AND LOWS Pressure es their windsand assoiated weater . 667

AI MASSES Major ar asses of the wordheir dentiaton, and heir oe as a soure

o ou r weate . . . . . . . . . 676FRONTS AND FRONTA EATHER Ho

fronts form move nd ha n e he dsof weher ssoiated with ea type . 77

STORMS The oriin deveopment and eetsof thunderstorms ornadoes and urrianes 6111

WATHER OREASTING Weater istrments and ho tey are used in foreastin 11-

WEAHER MAPS How daa re potted adhated How to red aps ad maeyo r ow foreas . . . . 13-16

WEATER AN CIMATE Avee wther

odit ions worh owig and us i day bydy . 1-

BOOKS O MOR INFORMATION Boosad maazines to read . . . . 17

INDEX 11


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4

EVERYBODY TALKS ABOUT TH WEAT H E R Chales

Duley Warner sai, "Everyboy ta lksaboutthe weahe,

but nobody dos anyth in about it ." Evryon, a tims,feels as Warner i. Te spoiled fa mi l picn ic, theitr crops, al l rmin us o dpnnt ar onth athr. Tat is hy athr is our most common

top ic of conrsation, a factor in muc h of ou aricu ltural ,inusrial , and ciic plannin, an a constant concrn oferyon.

arn as ron Somthin is bin on. Toath scinc of athrmtoroloyis us to makour lis saf and br om ps of orcass a

9 pr cnt accurat Storms ar tack an arninsar in. Clous ar bin s to caus ainfal lhr i t is n A ntork of ath stations n ab lsplans to safl continu proram of rsarchrals mor an mor about th ahr Tis introduc-tion to ar l l lp you unrsan it.


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h k h Wh?

eather is the conditon o the amosere in tems oheat ressue wind and moisture. ese are te elemen so which th e weather s made. here the atmoshee thi nsto nothngness there s no eather here s no weaher

on the moon for t has no atmosphere. But near the surfae of the earth the atmosphere is dense and heavyere in the lower atmosphere you oninual ly see theeverhanging dramat often violent weaher sho.

But it takes more than ai r to make weather I the earthsatmosphere were never heated mied or moved aboutthere would be no weateror more properly there

would be n o cha nges in the weather There would be n owi nds no an ges in a ir pressure no sorms rai n or snow

eat s the soon that mies the atmosphere to makeeaher l l weather anges are brought about by teperature changes n deret arts of the atmosphere

5


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6

HE SU, sore of ost of the earth's heat is a ball

of gloig gases 93 l io les aay. hs ggatato frae bobars the earth th 6 tr l l o ho rsepoer every seon. Yet this vast eegy is bt a hal ofoe b l l ioth of the s's toal otpt. ost of ths solareergy is lost spae; traes reah oher planets. hes's eergy is traste as aves that ar s lar torao aves. Soe of these are vs l e l ig ht avs ; others

ar ivs ble. Soe althogh ot heat aves hage toha hen absorbe by ob ets sh a s sol or or boiesAbot 43 per et of the raato reahg or paethts he earth's srfae a s hage to heat he restsays the atosphere or is reete io spae.


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WHT HPPES TO THE SUS H is shown e iagra above. Tis is for aee weatherthat is

5 er ent oie i te ky. tyial lo reetsak ito sae 75 er et of the snlight strikin in oerast ay ony abot 5 er ent o the snseegy is e gro. Energy tat oes reah thegro is aborbe an refete in varying degrees.w ree abot 75 er ent aborbs only er

e; is aly aos for the o of olar reionsDak oe abob abot 95 er ent of olar energyan age it o eat. ierene i absotion anreeio ao i ar for regiona ierences ineerare a l iae

ABSOP IO O SULIGH BY D IFFEET SURFACES

ds orss 5% powd d 5 o 5%


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8

,

oar ray gotroug ga

ea ray

A g reenoue ra o a rraiation e ortoar ray an ge to ongeat ray

Eart atmopere i iega et olar raytroug but keep moteat ray rom eaping

H S A GEOShe glass o a greenhose ets theshort sola rays pass throg ese

are absord by objecs inside andare reradiated as long heat raysBt these ong hea rays ca nnot gettrogh the g lass he hea ays arecontinal ly reabsorbed and eraate inie hs helps keep the

greenhose warm on cold daysSome heat s los by condctiontrogh te glass

Like a greenhose the earthsatmosphee adm its mos o the so aradiation hen ths is asoredby the earths sae it is reradi

ated as heat waves most o whichare trapped by water apor in theatmosphere h s the e arth s keptwrm


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TH TMOSPHER S THRMOS controls the earth's heatas autoatca l ly as n any heatn

syste It rotects te earth frotoo uch sola r radato du rn theday and screens out danerousrays. I t ats as an nsu lat n blan-ket whh keeps ost of the heatro esan at nt thout ts

thck atosere te earth wouldeerene teeatures l ke theoon's. Te oo's surface te-erature reahes te o l n ntof wate (2 2 Fahenet) durnte twoweek lua r day It dros to238 F be low ero dur ng the loglunar nht.

he earth cools faster on brhtc lear n hts than on c loudy nghtsbecause an oercast sky reects alare a ou nt o heat back o earthwhe re t s one aan reabsorbed

-

Ear a ckapere

g 40

Mon a a eryhin apere

1

eraure and reard ni hea lo. n a cear nih ore hea escae.


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0

Convecon cu rrenin eaed waer

A AD AI MOVMShe ai r s heate mai nl y by contact

with the warm earth hen air iswarme i epans an becomeslighte layer of air warme

by conat th the earth r se s an s rpae by ol ar hich os n an ner it Ths ol ar n trn isarm a rss an it too is rplc by coler airSh a c ircat ng movment of warm an co is i scal e onvcton Yo can see convection crrents fyo rop smal l bts of paer nto a glass contaner inhich wate s beng heate

Th t the qtor revs mh more hat ththe r t th poes p 5) . So arm ir at the eqatorrss an is repa by coler ar ong in from north

a soth The warm l ght ar rses a moves polewarhgh bove the earth s t oos t sinks rlacing theool srfae ar whh has move towar the eqatorf th erth i ot rotat the ar ol crlate so Bse e h o rote he raon rn ( 53.

Air ovn over anonroain ear


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,

-

,

'

'

Derences n ain cause oca wind s.

COECIO caue local a breee. eretland a ater urface aborb ert amo unt of heat.Dark ploe o l aborb much more tha gray el.ouan a borb heat fater ur g ayl g ht ha nearbyva ll ey a loe t fater at ght. a arm fater tha oe ater urg he ay a cool fater at ght Thear above uch urfae arme or coole accorg lya local reult .

Mounain reee in dayi Mounan reeze a ni

Se a reezes n d ae


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2

WE R I N H E AOSPHERE Water is a lays peset i the air. It evaorates ro the earth o hih 70per et is overe ith ater. I the air ater existsi three states: soli l iqui a ivisib le vapor.

The aout o ater vaor i the air s al le theh u ity" The relative hui ity" is the aout of vaporthe air is holi g exresse as a eretage of the aoutthe air oul hol at that part iu lar teperature Warai r an hol ore ater than ol. When ai r it h a g ive

aout o ater vapor ools its relative huiity goesu; hen the air s are its relative huiity rops

s the table belo shos air at 6F is saturate"he it hols 304 gras of ater vapor per ubi eter( I other ors it has a relative huiity of 00 perent; it has reahe ts e oit.) But air at 6 is saturate hen it hols oly 73 gras er bi eter.Thats a ieree of 3. gras er ub meter. Soevery ubi eter of 6 saturate air that is oole to6 i l l lose 3. gras o ater vapor as lou rolets hih i o itios are right i l l fa l l as rai or so

LATIV UIIT

% 4% 1 % 5% 57% 00%

% 42% 54% 79% 1 00%

% 5% 69% 00%

52% 77% 1 00%

67% 1 00%

0%

85 1 1365 1 3 1 30A

grms wter por per b meer


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"

.

+

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HEAT AND ATMOSPHERIC WATER t

Heat evaprates ml l ns f tns f water

1

into the air da ly. Lakes, streams, and1

t

j

oceans send u a steady stream f watert

'

vapr A amaz ng amunt f water tran -+ spres frm the leaves f green plants l

s n gle ap le tree may ve 1 800 gal lns j f water nt the ar in a sx-mnth gr

J ng seasni

J As mst warm a ir r ses, t slwly cls. t l

'Fnal ly t cl mch that ts reatve

humty reaches 100 per cent. Cu 1 frm a nd, un er certan cn t ns, ra n r

f ;sn cmes dwn. Ths eternal rcess f

evapratn, cndenstn, and precpita-r

J.

i o i s c al e the water cycle

)

+

+ .


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HOW COUDS E ORED Whn a r cld w auran pn h war var n cndns frm clud Whn war var a a ak pu

cld y h ar arund , a mal l c lud frm. urwarm m rah frm a mnaur clud whn hsh cd wnr ar h cd yu naly vy ayfrm n vral way u al frm y h am gnralrccl ng f ar lw i auran pn.

Earh rada ha rapdy on

car ngh. Ar n conac whcd arh ay coo ow au raon po n and r ow cou dor og {a coud on h ground

war

Wa ar on ld y ahavr a o cold ar whchpuh undr l a wdCoud o a war ar cooow auraon pon

War ar ay ov ovr a coduac and cood ow auraon pon Coud ay or

a war a or oan air ovr a coor and urac.

coda r

Ar ay had y conacwh h arh' war urac. xpnd co ghr andr. Expanon owr praur Th or r hor coola a ra o aou5 F or ach 1 , o rTh adaac coong ccur

whnvr a r ri. Mo co ud ocau o adaac coong.


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Air moving up a slope losesea adiabacal ly as i t r ses .

Warm air oen puses over amass o cold ar (above Cloudsmay orm as i cools ada bacal ybecause o its rise

Sometimes ain or snow ro clouds ay al l throuwarm a r cool t and c ause lowerclouds o orm Tese lower cloudswi l general ly be n layersotenin severa leves .

i rises enoug to coo below itssauraon poin clouds wil l orm.


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6

um uus s tts s

CLOD LASSIICAIO louds r cssid ccordn to how thy ar ormd Thr ar two basictyps ) louds ormd y s in air currnts. Thsar p ld p nd uy Thy ar cal ld cumulus, whichmans p ld u or accumulatd (2) louds ormd whn layr o air is coold blow th saturation ont without vric movmnt. Ths ar in shts or olklayrs Thy ar cal ld strats, manin shtl ik orlayrd.

Cus ar urhr class y al tu nt our al s: hh clous, mddle cou, low clouds, and towrin

couds. Th bs o th lattr may b as low as th typica l low clouds but th os may at or abov ,000 t

CLOUD NMES Th nams o clouds ar dcrptivo thr typ and form. Th word nmus, manin rancoud is addd to he nams of couds whch typical lyprduc ra n o r snow. h prx raco," ma nn ra

mnt, s dd to nas of wndblown clouds hat arrokn into pcs. lo, ann hh, s usd to inca m ayr hih clo us o hr straus or cu mu lusyps h pcurs and caons on th nxt fur paswill hlp you to idnfy ajor cloud typs nd to undrsand tr thr rlatonshp to th wathr.


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HIGH CODS ar cmpsd alms nrly f iny icecrysals Thr ass avra au 20,00 f aov he

arh Thre yps xs:

Cirrus couds, hn, wispy, andfahry, ar cmpsd eniryf ic crysas irrus couds usual y form a 25, f an d av,whr h mpraur s always

far w frzn Ths cludsar frqunly lwn a nfahry srands cald marsa ls

Cirrocumuus cuds, nra ly

frmin a 20,000 25,0 f,are arly sn Ths hi n, pachycluds ofn frm wavlik parns Ths ar h ru mackrlsky, n cnfusd wh a lcumuls rl s Thy ar fn r p

pl an a ways hn o shwshadws

Cirrostratus cluds frm a hsam al ds as crrcumulushs ar hn shs ha lkl k n vls r rn wnd lwnpachs f az Bcas hyar mad f c crysa s cr rsraus clds frm la hals rlumnus cic ls arun sun andmn


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LOW CLODS hav ass that ran in hiht frm narth arths su rfac t 6,5 ft. Thr a r hre m ain kids:

Straus is a lw, qut unfrmsht, l ik f, with th asav th run Dul l ray stratus clus ftn mak a havy,ladn sky Only n drzzl canfal l frm tru straus c luds,

caus thr is l tt l r n vr calmvmnt n thm

Nimostratus ar th tru rain

cl uds. Dark r than rd na ry stratus, thy hav a wt lk, ndstraks f rain fn xtnd tth rund Thy ftn ar accmpand y lw scud clus(fractstratus) whn th wind isstrn

Statms r rrglrmasss f c luds sprad u t n arll n r puy layr Gray wh

darkr shain, stratcumulus dnt pruce ran ut stschan int nmstratus, whch

:

il

d. Th rl ls r masss thn fus'

tthr an th lwr surfaccms nstinct with rain


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'

,.

Cumuonimus a th am iarthundhad Ba may amt

tuch th und vn updaft may cary th tps t75000 Wnd alf ftn m l dth ps nt a fat anv l l k m In vln f thclud pdu tna d (p 0.

Cumuus a puy, cauw-l k Shap ntan ly chanOv land, cumulu uual ly rmy day n n wa a, anddappa at nh . hy mana wah unl thy p upnt cumulnmu

Cumuus an Cumuonimusa th clud vtca dvpnt unl k th layd clud n vu agClud f h umulu yp ult

f n v cal cun hy f at alm anyald, wh a a hh a 400 ft

Q

cumuusd

atostraus

tumuu altocumulus

sraus - cirus

cumuon imbusL

crostratus

nimostratus

c i rrocumulus

20


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Rai, w, Dew,a d F

PECPON such as rain, sno, s lt, and hai l canoccur only if thr ar c louds in h sky. Bu not al l k indsof clus can produc prcipaon Tpraur, h

prsnc of iny forn paricls, or f ic cryals, al lh l p r n hhr prcpan w l l ccur n whfor l l ak Fr xapl, now wl l no fr unlsa r is supraura (coold lo is sauraon pin rdw pin ihou is war vapr cnnsi n an s consiraly l h frzn pin f ar.

2


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WHA MAKES AN? ain fal ls rm cuds rth sam rasn anythin fal ls t arth Th arths

ravity pulls t But vry clud is mad atr drpts r ic crystas Why dsnt rain r sn al cntant l rm al l c luds? Th drplts r ic crystals includs ar xcdinly smal l . Th ct f ravity nth m is m n ut. A r currnts mv and l ift drplts s tha tth nt dnard mvmnt is z, vn thuh thdplts ar in cnstant mtin.

Drplts and ic crystals hav smhat l k dustin th air mad vsl n a shaft f sunlht. But dustpaticls ar much larr than atr drplts, and thynal y fal l Th clud drplt f avra sz is nly/250 inch in diamtr. t s s smal that it uld take6 h urs t al ha lf a mil in prfctly si l l ai r, and it ds

nt fal l ut f mvn air at al l . Only hn th drpltrs t a damtr 25 inch r larr can i t a l rm th clud. Th avra randrp cntains a mil l its as much atr as a t ny clud drplt. Th rth a cu pt t a g nugh t a ut s thcaus f ran and thr frs f prcipittn. This impr

tant rth prcss s cal d calscnc."

ou ropes erge 0 mes) mes rirop erge 0 imes)


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oalscnc occurs chy in toays ( rplts in cluds ar of

drnt szs B drops mov morsloly n turbulnt ar and in pahsdirnt from th pahs f smal ldroplts Br, havr drops arnot hppd around s rapdly. Sodrps col l id, bcom br, andnally drp as ran. This s prbab ly th main caus of ranfal l fromnmbostratus and othr lo clouds

(2) Th most mprant typ ofcoalscnc occurs hn t ny ccrystas and ar droplts ccur hr (as nar th m dd f cumu

lonmbs cluds). Sm atr drplts vaprat and thn cndnson th crystals. Th crysals roni l thy drop as sno r c pl tsAs hs drop throuh arm a r, hy 2chan nto randrps.

3) ih nn sha n a hudrstorm form ox ds f nrn hatar xtrmly hyrscpc (arabsorbn) Ths xds ar adddto th amosphr an m nof h kinds f nu l fr fuur cndnsain and vnual calsn

and rainfal l . Bu h o psssmnnd av ar h man andprhaps th only causs of calscnc and hnc prcpaton. arch may sh hr posbl s

23


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SNOW Vry sal l paric ls in h ar ay ac as n uc lun whch ar var wil l crysal l fr sn

Air mus suprsaurad wh war vapr and lwh frin pn. Mcrscpc s f s l , c lay, sand , an dash a r cm n nuc l i C lud praurs us n rally fr + 1 0 4F fr snw ns fr.Var chans snw vn hu nuc li a hih al iuds in sursaurad air a 8F


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SO LLS or ranuarsnow) are whie, and o arious

shaes. houh much ie soha i , e es a re oo sma l a nd soo ounce. A snle pl enra y orms rom many supercoodcoud drops which freeze oehr ino crystal n orm. Snow pellets-magnied 3 times

C ISMS orm hexaona aes, coumns, andneedes ha somemes ir ie d am on ds as hey a reown aou. Bcause o hir sma s ize hey a erysowy. c need es oen me haos ar ound sun or moon n ery cod c i maes iceneede

os orm o n he round .

ce neeles-magned 0 times

Halo caused by ce nedles

ICE PEETS slt cnsst of transarnt or translucntas of c. S t ccurs whn ran drppn frm upprwarm ar, fa ls thruh a ayrof rzn a r. a n drps rst -cme frzn ran surcoland whn strn th rund nths condt n frm az (p 27)

But furthr coon prucs cllts or tru slt whchouncs on htt n th run.

freezng ae pel

Ice peleagne 3 ties 25


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6

HAIL frms a frzn randrps,frmd hh n th cluds, mvthru aras f suprcldwatr drplt n thundrclud.

Ha lstns wr ln thuht tdvlp thr nnl k structury n altrnatly frcd upward y vrtcal wnd n ththundrhad t a frzn lvl,thn drppd dwn t whr

mr watr was pckd p. uchupanddwn trps d ccur, utth rwth f halstns rsultsmstly rm c pllts' pckn upwtr n th rcl dland upr r ns f th c lu.h layrs rsult frm drncs

twn th frzn rat andth rat at whch watr accumulats n th pl lts.

oss seio o hlso


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ICE SOS ar characrzd y laz. Glaz s asdsruc v as s aufu l . I ccurs whn ran r drzzlha has n suprcld (cld lw 2F u ny frzn) al ls n c ld su rfacs and mmd aly frzsGlaz c frmd frm hs frzn ra n can s na p ranchs,wrs, and pls and caus hazardus drvn cndns

2


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28

DEW dos no fal l s war vaor ha condnss on sol d s urfacs that hav coold b lowh con dsaon on of h a r n co nac with

hm. Ths col n by radaton occus usual ly on clarni hts. Th e swat tha forms on t h ousd of a l ass ofcold lmonad on a ho day is also dw

ROS s formd lk dw bu a pas bg a ap ags d sa s sas dsg a dps sFs sas gg ds dp a pa

s as pa s s and ysa s.


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Danage paten the Uned Sates and Canada

WHA HAPPENS O AI N AND SNOW a hrs sd h g d p ds aks o s bsd a a apas h ar

aga a ppa a d g a g s s sas a d s saas g s g a s as ad s g ad a h p as W spp a s agr ha a n a a d sas a d s dg s I aas had bakd g d a s h

a s s a s p s hs spag so . F as h ods a su . aa as dgd g as spgs sap s dg a h pds a aras a ada spp Lag dgd s xsb h a ra

29


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Wate s stoed as snow and iceas well as n lakes.

Ten nches of snow melts nto onenc of wate.

WAE SOAGE aks ad d busy sr agra da of wa s bus s h s rsr-r ar srd h ar c cas, gacrs, ad w uas ad h d rh p a dug r r ss h ua d har suy fr r ga ad fr us hs sw

s h h sg haw a d s h r s f sg sa, h g w b r sudd, su g ds

GON WAE so hds a ns au ar rard ar y gras. Bu s f ss hrugh s ad us rcku ahs rus ay rck fs a asssubraa rsr, g a h cacks ad s rck ad s h udrgrud a, k sufaca, ws dwh ad sps u sas c su srgs Eua y hs war, , aas rrachs h s

mpv


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NKING s an annhop, a 1 hny fa, and a

modn sn fa y pm b has d on ay o an-o o mak an P ag, an dans, and sasha al l bn sd o nd an.By ondn, an has fol lodhs os ofn nog o kpal h blf n h ny fh mhods Q a boom n an -makng dlopd n h 19h n-y ms ban, annonssho, and ploss s o,podng ga qan s of

sok Th mhods ohlssand so any o h opaos.On of h smoh of hs on-dn n sd S. ahBa l maologal daa. Hn appad n a dogh aa

n l as al a n a anas b a f days aay. Tn old p on hs a a o han, and ol l hs f.

Modn anakng hnqsa basd on knon as o a lsn and g n n ly nn a n

fal l and snofal l (s pp. 2 l n n pn pon sdn g" of a al n lno ponal an ld S lodd ysals a o ommonlysd.

Hopi I nd ans dance or ra in

1 thcent ur rainaers.

Siver iodi de genraor


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32

Dr ic droppd rom pan orms par crd srip i sraus cuds

MODEN AINMAKING gr ou of suds of oa rraf o on ngs and oh surfas. r. ncnJ . Safr as amg o prvn h formaon ofsuprd ouds (hh aus o frm airraft. dsrd that t ts dr c (r arn d-od) produd faas umrs of i nui hn

sdd" ino louds odr han 32Fpi of d r ih s of a gr of r ausd h formaon of mra a r ion rsas. Eah gr at pns ofsuprd oud drpts d frd s (s p 23 qu of sdg surood uds has si usd to ss groud gs ad udr ran con-di s o idu sn or ranfa rm r umuus uds r. rv g Lagmur ad Dr. Brard Vgupord furhr studs sdg uds th arad s r odid. h atr t as oas. Sih s vr od has a m uar srutur nar id ah ha of , dus as n u h smma r as rsta s oud.


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COUD SEEDING xpmntscntnud h mnatu cuds

pducd und abat cndtns Vaus subsancs spad nt a cd chamb n ant t pduc c csa s cascc c ad s v ddbh kd . F n gundd (h a pau f108F causd cud dpts t

:

.

-

. .

csta ang ts path. Ths Seedng a cuuus codcstas g apd at th x wth dr ce.

ps f th at dps aund thm, and sn b-cam ag ug t fa . S v dd n th thhand acd dc a a nu cus f c matn. Ths

sas as g u h Cuds a sdd h h d c s v

d d On pund f d c spad b a pan ma staa sh n a cumuus uds. S v dd s ssxpnsv us bcaus can s up fm thgund t cuds fm spca gn -as Bu ud sdg s succssfu unss cd s ana gh aua pcp- a n Sdg can ndu aund h g nd ns. ancaus a a a udcu undstud aua cn

ds I can n pdu a f uuus ds Ns pssb cud sdng s s s a -du an a v a dspad aa

C l cc C

anade snow coud in

a cod chaer.


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4

The Atmospre

Eah's amsph ld b m appa a avlm ls spa ha s h ah's sa. h

s's as sa n h amsph ld mak hlghd sd h ah a bh f s albhd h lds alg h l gh Dsld xd h s l gh fa ad h ah'sv. O h dak sd l ghs ga s mgh shas dml sg sps hg h amsph v l .


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A ul undestandin o te weate euesknowlede o te atmospee e live at te bot

tom of a itual ocean of ai Extendin upwadpeaps 1 miles, this massive, estless ocean isa dieent, and a moe tempestuous, tan tewatey oceans tat cove teeouts of the lobeA naow band of compacted a yin ust abovete eat is te eion of continuous wins He,

the is in and fa l l i n ai cuents sometimes developinto violen t stoms O nly ecently ave te most advanced a caft ventued aove this ti n laye, some5 to 11 miles tick

he ocean o ai dies n one majo way oman ocean o wate ate is nealy incompessibeA cubic foot of wate on an ocean bottom ws

muc te same as a cubic foot nea te suaceut te ai o the atmospeic ocean is ihy compessible: a cubic oot o ai at te suace weisbi l l ions o t imes as mu c as a cubi c foot at te outeede o te atmospee e atmosphee tins soapily as one leaves the eath that, only iles

up, ove alf te atmoshee weight woul l iebelow you t is chie in this mile blanket oeavy a tat weathe canes ae bon he atospee 5 mil es out is so thn that tee ae onlyabout 22 mi l l ion molecu les of a i pe cub ic inc,compaed to bi l l ions uon bi l l ons at te eaths suface St l l fathe out, the evethinnin atmosphee

blen ds with h stay gases an d us t of oute space


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ds ov

5

50

xgn %

rgon 3%caron doxid 3% oh g %

I CONSISTS I NY O GSES d ssa Ox

g a g gs d aksp s g ss a 2 p f a I g ks p 7 p . rad f gss a a gss ta p ab ddag ad kpx dg s xd d ( xg.Bsds s s p 4 p a ap as dus ad gsss s sk s sf sa sp ds, bnxd d gss

I p q, a p s ad gss d s s t a d gs db fd st a'ss B s a s xs gass sa s pps s a's su p ab 45 s. F- d grgss Pbb gs gss u ad dg a fd gs b 500 s I d as d g as

ad d g gr s q s dgss. O b absp ps ag pa 's bas ds sg ad ab dxd.


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PHEE Fi st and most im potant

o te amospees ou layes iste topospee, wic l ies closesto eat ext above is te stato-spee ee te topospeeends and te statospee beinsis a bounday cal led te top-pause is aveaes 5 milesabove te eat nea te poles,an d 1 1 mi l es above at te eua-to e statospee oes up toabout 50 miles Above tis is teionospee, extendin ou toabout 50mi les Hee ae ion ized,

o electied, paticles tat eectlon adio waves back to eatFinal ly, above te ionospee iste exospee, about wic l itt leis known


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E ROPOSPHEREWEATHER BREEDER n tslaye ae nealy al of te cods Hee is wee weateoccus Ai, eated by contact wit te eat, ises and isepaced by co de ai ese vetica l cuen ts ceate oi-zontal winds at o nea te suface of te eat ate,vapoated fom te and and seas, ises wit te ascend-ing wam ai As te ai ises, te sounding pessuelessens, so it steadi ly expan ds Expans ion is a cool in g poc-ess (see below) f te ai ises ig enog, it cools unti

condensation fo ms co uds

Expansion of any as is a cooli ng pocess om pessioneates eat e cylinde and ose of a tie pump getot as ai is pumped and compessed e sudden expan-sion of gas using out of an aeosol bomb cools te tip

Most ai condit iones wok on te same pinciple, as

sown bow A gas is compessed in te pat outsid touse e eat of compession is given o to te outsideai, an d te gas condenses to a l iq uid e l iq uid is focedtoug a t in nozzle and expands sudden in te coi lsisi th os is xpasion an vapoation backto a as) coos te coi ls and aso te ai wic is blown

ove te coils into te oomH O W A N A C O N D I T I O N W O K S

house waNDOORS DOORS

xusa

udoa


41/164

000 4F

000 4F

5000 2F

4000 5F

3 . F

2000 9

Adiaaic praur cangs as a r ravs vr a oun ain

e opospee as a kind of auomac ai cond iion ee pimay ea pump is, of couse, e sun eas eeas suface wic, in un, eas e ai in conac ii e ai expands, becomes lie, and ses u ehie i ises he moe i expands, because pessueaound i is seaily lessenin And e mo i expands,he moe i cools is is an auomaic coolin pocesswic occus wiou any loss of ea due o ousidecauses e isin ai cools auomaical ly a abou 5Ff eac 1 00 f i ises i s is w a aens wen aiises up e side of a mounain Wen i oes down eoe side, i beins com pessin I wa ms up in doin s o

a e same ae (5\F pe 100 f) i cooled in is inis auomac empeaue c an e in is in o fal l i n aiis cal led adiabaic" wamin o cool i n Ai need no bepused up by a mo unain fo his adiabaic can ge o akeplace Ai is ing ove eae plains wil l also col a hesame ae of abou 5F pe 1 000 f ise

39


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0

uss thsuh ha

CONDENSAION compcats adabatc coo ing andwaming, and maks th mpaus on th wndwad

sd o mountain anes owe than thos on the wadside Mainy bcaus o condnsation, the ae aivycoo vaeys wes o Sa vadas and hot desesto he eas

osab hat s to chang d wat towa vapo Ha nc ass h spd of wa mocu s,

so ha many mo scap as wate vapo hangig apan o wat a th bo in point to vapo uies sxtims th ha ndd to as th sam amount o watom zng o bo ng hn wat vapo condnssback into iuid wat h sam age amou of heat isgvn o hs ha can incas th tmpau o theai consideaby h a s sng two opposg nu

ences opeat as its moistu condnss ad abatc coo in gtns to ow its tmpau; an ha of condnsatiotnds to ase it h nt ct is an avage coong o2 F pe ,000 o se whn condnsation occus

ak an examp Ai a 60F movs up th wssde of a mountain t coos adabaca y 55F o ach


43/164


44/164

p j p

O P O P A S E A N D STEA tppaust

zn tat maks t nd ttpsp and t binninf t nay watlss stat-spwas nc tut t bcninuus m pls t quatW nw knw tat t tppausas baks vin it an vap

pn af k stuct sbaks a mptant n cnnctin wit t jt stams A jtsteam is a tubua ibbn i spd winds, nal y om twst and sm 0000 t 4000

t up Jt steams m at tovlaps, paticu a y t actctoppaus and t xtatpicaltopopaus a at l ast pa-ta y t sut f t stng tm-patu contast t


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A t stam was discovd by Amican 9 pilotsyin to Ja pan om t aianas in old a I I . Ty

consistently potd wstely winds wit spds a xcs o tos xpctd A t stam is usually about300 w an 4 s At t co t avas00 s p ou n wnt an 50 s p ou ins; t spd ay to 50 m p ouo mo Foming a wavy pat at t top of t topop t jt stam assts fyng aipanes tavn ast; pans gon wt ty to avoi ts stonadwinds stnt of t t wnds dcas outwad fom t co an fom plac to pac n testam numb of jt stams and t pa vasfom ay to day and aon to saon A typical tstam a aas of axum wnds aong it tat tnd

to tav atwad wo pacs w t wn maximums occu wit gat fquncy a acos Japan andov t w Engand stat In wint ov t otAmican Continnt t a t mao t stam:on ov notn Canada on ov t nit Stats,and on ov t subtopics

u jet trem

2 t

43


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44

HE SAOSPHEE is the amost weatheess pat ote atmopee It extends fom the topopause upwadaout 0 e e n ae uggets t natue fo t uua ha ve tt veta a ovement; it a unifom ae,

o statum empeatue dops muh moe sow withheight than in the toposphee In fat, the tempeatueegn to e agan nea the op of t ae ng nthe statosphee is enea ooth an te visii t sa was exe en t he a is thin and oe ve tte esistane to a pane; hene a galon of fue aies a panemuh fathe though the tatohee A egon of no

weathe, the statophee is pefeed b jet piots foee the an at top spee wth te fea of tbulene Ofen too fa aove u to e een e jet athei pat ao the sk a moue fom the engnes foms onensaton tateak of ne e ta n anothewe weatees atmosphee


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HE IONOSPHER l ies above the statospee, extendin outwad some 650 miles Hee the ai is extemely thin

he scatteed ai paticles ae ionized; that is, electieby the emoval of an electo, o neative chae ofelecticity he elentless bombadmen of cosmic aysfom oute space causes this ionization ee t not fothis ionized ai we could not eceive adio boadcastsbeyond the hoizon, fo adio waves o in a staiht line

ayes of ionized ai eect the adio waves back toeath he seveal miol ike adiowaveeectin layesae the KennellyHeaviside o E aye, 50 to 80 miles up;the F Laye, 150 to 00 miles u; and a vaiable numbeof othe layes that esult fom splitt in of the E and Fayes

he ai paticles in the ionosphee ae hot Estimates

put them at some ,00F to ,500F duin the day and300 F at niht hese exteme tempeatues a e pobablycaused by cosmicay bombadment ut when spacetavel becomes a eality, we need not fea bein boiledalve he ai aticles ae so fa apat and so tiny thatwe wil l pobably not notice them at al l Much moe dan

gous w l l th cosmic ays

Radio wave reected the ionosphere can e eceied eondhe horion.

45


48/164

HE EXOSPHERE s t nal and gst la of tatos ott vn tan t statos's a

at i s t ions of gas n t xos a ossib as ot as 4500 h a bobadd so l bos as tat t xst on n atoi fo instad ofo u s At n gt sdd fo t su n's d t as ttatu of t ats do s na l to abso ut zoabout 460

Cu rai n a urora

HIGH ATIE PENOENAAuoas sut fo t atonof stas of soa ats ont ionos 50 to 600 su Wat ans s k vntsin a non tb aus t at sa agnt ionzaton s stongst

na t os and t aoas as an at g attuds

- f - pa Cus aonsist of at dots s aos aa as as of asto os 4 to 9 s gh sk

is ots a at t atitudsw t a sn


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Notiunt Cous, the highet c loud known, are

robably formed from meteor dut Apearing in thewetern ky hortly after unet at a height of ome 50mile, they have a gold edge near the horizon and arebluih white above oth noct lucent and motherofearlc loud travel at terric peed94 mile per hour waonce oberved

tors are viitor from outer ace hey it ouratmohere a t tremendou peederha 90,000 m il eer hour Frict ion with the air of the uer atmohereheat them to incandecence, and mot of them vaorizeinto gae or diintegrate into harmle dut before theycome to within 0 mile of the earth urface hu our

atoere protect u Ml l on f meteor, mot of themal ler than grain of and, it our atmophere everyday Very few ever reach the ground


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48

Th Eart's Mtins

nd Wt at a t pa t tat it ax a 24 t a bb ( k tat a

tp tak 2000 ya t pt It vad t at 8 p d akg t 35 day t pd t t t ayt at 2 p d tad t ta VgaF a y t gaaxy t t b ta tatg pa pat t at a pd 70 pd

O t t t at t at Bt tt pd Eat' aa t p ad th g a ad t typa at Eath'da tat t y t g t ad day t pdt a d t at ad a a t typa patt a


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CS OF SESOS easons esult om te act

that th axis on which te eath spins is slanted 2 Y tothe pane o its obit en the oth Pole is t ipped towad the sun, the nothen hemisphee has summe hesuns ays beat mo diectly down on the nothen em-ispee and the days ae one

he sun is atest not at the summe sostice, about

Ju ne 22 en te sun is diect ly ove te opic o ance,and day li t hous ae lo nest in te noten emispeeand nits ae te sotest o any time in te yea eoth Pole is in te middle o its annual peiod o s ixmonths o sun iht, and the outh Pole in the middle oits six monts o elative dakness

At the winte solstice (about Dec

22 th oth Pol is tipped fathestaway om te sun, whic is now di-ectly ove te opic o apicone souten emisphee as sum-me; te noten emispee aswinte ondit ions ae just te e-

vs of thos at th su m sosticeh Antactic is now the l an d o teidniht sun" and the Actic is suness

At the all and spin euinoxes(about ept 2 and Mach 21, espectively) the eats tilt is side-

wise with espct to te sun ita s ual ly on nothen and south-n hmisphees Day and niht aeof ual duation evywhe on theath h uinoxs mak the b-inn ins o spin nd l l


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SUMMER IWARMER than wnte fo two easons: the

day a r longer (more t ime for tesun to hatte eah)and the sun's rays, str iking our part of the eart moe

diectly, a re theefoe moe concentated.Days an nights at te euato ae always 12 ous

lon e ate not you go insumme, te longe te ays ante sorte te n ts i s is so becuse te sun in summe sines

acoss te pole e n eare one g etsto te ole, te longe te ay becomes, unti l it nal ly bcomes 4ous on o an obseve in tean o te minigt sun" te unappeas to move along te oizon instea o is n an sett ing

ut as wnter comes, te sunsems to move sout he ate

4 not you o, te sote te wte ays an te longe te nigts

umme un apparn ovmnrlative to the arth in wnter an in summe i

shown blow On Dec 2, at the lat tue o ashngton,D, the sun a t noon is on ly about 7 above the souten hoizon e ay is shot bcause the suns path omeasten to westen orizon is shot ut on J un e 22, at tesame lat itue, the sun ises arth in te not an atnoon eaches about 74 altitue ts pat is longe anso ayl ght lasts about 15 hous

s

u a Deemb 22

'

u a Jue 22


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o see te eect o te diectness of te suns ays, sea aslit 1 ft above a lae seet of pape ak teout l ine of te c ic le of l it it makes ow o ld te asl it at an anle to te papebut st i l a foot awayMak te outl ine of te el l,pse of l it it makes e sameam ou nt of l i t it te pape bot t imes ut te st t imeit was conc entated, te second time mo espead out n te ays wee diect teconcentation fo a un it aea was eatest

summer

e summe sun fol lows a pat moe

nealy oveead so is ays ae moe concentated e winte sunl i t its te eatat a eate sla nt e same amoun of su nl it now speads out ove a lae aeaIn addit ion, winte sunl it must passtou moe atmospee because it as

a mo sante pat Moe ene is diffusd by te atmospee an less eaceste eat to wam it

wter su

su


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2

soar radaonndr a cod

eperar avrag

SESOL LG Auus is otte a ue eve

tou te sun is moe nealy oveead ad e day islones o June 22. tems of sola adiaion eacite eat, May, June, and July sou ld be ou wamesons ut une, uly, a Auus acualy ae y?

Duing the yea te at, as a whole, loses peciselyte same amoun of eat i eceives fom te sun ut as

te sun moves not i s n, ou at of te ea a sea faste tan ea is los On ue 22 i is eceivimaximum sola adiaio e eat ai coniues to exceed eat loss unti l maximum wamt is eaced, usual lyin lae Ju ly Heat gai coninues to exeed e at loss, at adiminisin ae, uni l about Auus . n ou pa ofte ea stas o lose ea faste ta n it eeivs it, and

be i ns o co ol dow e ocss is l i ke sa tin a e ia sove: e oain e as te oom slowly, but eoom wil l stay wam fo a wile afe e e as dieddown e same eat la accous fo t fac tat tewams ime of day is usual ly abou mot oo,we e sus ays ae most iese


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90 0 p 5

40 00

50 404 00 520 940 95

00

pproxi spds oh rhs roion vrious tuds

E'S OIO W S te eat weenot otatin, eated ai would ise ove te euato andmove not and sout i abov te eats suace t

woud ool and s ink down at te poles he s inkin aiwould oe ai at te eats s uace towad the e uatoSo suace winds on a smoot nonotatin eat wou ld a l move diectly towad te euato wit eual speed (seep 10)

e eats otation canes tis e eat at teuato is about 500 mis aound he eath makson ompete otation evey 4 ous Hene evey pointon the e uato moves eastwad at a l ittl e moe tan 1 000mp ut vey pace noh o south o t euato movesmoe slowy to te est, simpy because te ditanceaound te et becomes less as you o not o souto the euato At latit ude 45 exact ha lway between

the euato and te poes, t eat spins eastwad ataut 700 mp h At th poes thee is n o movmnt at al sin ths ae th nds o the ats axis

hes dieences in the eats sped o otation atvaious latituds ave a makd eect on ou winds, aswe sha l l now see

53


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Dawins 1 , 2, sow te wndsft as you woul s t fom

spa ov t quato e daw-ins sow mans ( manayl ns main t at nto stons, l an oan) e notwn stats sout alon MeanA It moves n a stait linedt ly towad t quato Aste wn m ovs f om lat tu 45 to 30, at's astad otatonmovs Man A to you t,and Midan movs to a positon dtly und you y ttm te wn as aed te

quato, Mean as movdast and as bn pla byMidan As sn fom spa,te wnd st l l movs dtly soutut to a man on t at, twnd as takn a uvd pat an dis no a ntast

inds mov n notwa, also,uv to ti it is siftlps explain te eneal u-laton of a ov te at

n te souten mispe tiset s exatly vsd an

wns sft to t lft o seew, pat t xpimt p 54 is tm, v, tunt od lois, as if youw looin own on te atfom abov te Sout Pole

Path ve r rtatin g ea th

Nr th w in d at C h icag

shits t its right becming NE


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6

GENEAL AI MOEMENS IN E NORRNEMISPEE bgn wth a movng noth hgh abovth quato an sow shftn towa th ast bcausof th ath's otaton th tm ths upp a hasgon about onth of th wa om th quato toth oth Po t s movn astwa A mo a omth quato acs noth an ast nto ths on aboutattu 30 it p s u p fomn an a a of hgh pssuSom a s foc own to th sufac of th th h

a poton ows southwa tunng wst as t gos hspoton foms th soca ta wns" that bowath sta fom th nothast ut som of th scnng a movs nothwa an s ct to th at hsa foms th pva ng wst s wh ch bow ov thm attus (30 to 60)


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ot a of th hh ai snks to th sufa at attu30 So of it ontinus noth, hgh abov th ath

t oos by aaton as it goes, an na y ontats an bos so havy that t si nks own na th oth Po h pssu bui s up n that gon , an th o , havyai ovs southwa on th sufa, shftng towa thwst as t gos At about attu 60, t uns into thpva ng wst s tav n g nothast h n of o ision is a th poa font" h wa a fo the

south pus hs up in a wg ov th o, southovng,poa a h s ng wa a s ap y oo, an unstt wath onitions sut hs poa font is thesoue of uh of th hangn wath in th ntStats h ai ass baks though n o wavs thatay ove as fa south as F oa an Mexio

poaeaserie

57


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ns are we named, or thesesteady nrtheas winds marked a popuarrue or sai ing vesses Even now, aicat

traveing west in this zone have a tai windmuch o the time Skies e cear nea tiude 3 but cudiness and heavy, requent,shwery rainal occur neaer the equatorwhere the air rises at the dodrum zone

e Horse Laitues are another regiono cam As the ai sinks, and thus wams

adiabatica ly, skies tend t be coudlessWinds re weak an unepenable Thetem horse atitues appaenty oiginated because si ing ships carying hosesrom Spain to the New Wo oten becamebecalme and rn ou o oo an waeror the animas The sea was sometimes itteed with bodies o staved hoses whichhad been thown oveboad

e vlng seles The majorair ow over the U nited States is m s ightysouth o west to sighty noh o wes Weeit not or the repeated invasions o co airrom the po ar nt, and compications causedby air being orced over mountains, weathe

in he Unie Saes woul be ahe sablebecause o these winsair weathe andcear skies aternaing wih seay rains asthe air moved noth an s owy cooed Butthe poar ont and oher actors causerapid and oen violen weahe changes

ola asterlies Bounde on the

south by the par ront, the zone o thepoar easter ies is ne co air movingsouthwes uni i t runs into he pevai ingweseries he ron itse moves as hese twair masses push back and oh At he ont,wam, mois ai om the souh is l e ovethe heavier cod air. Bad weather resuts


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0

Higs d L

IGS ND OWS neua heatin o the eathbetween the euato an the poles causes nothsouthwins Rotation o the eath tuns these east o westwa,ependin on the emisphee h is shiin o eat

masses o movin ai ceates te ovea l patten o aiciculaton ut it oes somethin else t ceates whil inmsses o ai cal le hihpessue cel ls, o anlowpessue cel ls, o o he hihs (anticycones) eneal l bg fai weathe he lows ccloes bin un-settle weathe In the eion o the pevail in westel ies( l atitue 0 to 0 ) hih ce l l s ol ow a enea path omwest to east (move by the peva i l in westel ies) analtenate with low cel ls which they eneate and ivea o he table be low summa izes the im otant acts:

t:

iculion:

nds:

IGHS

Genera y a

Cockwise in northernhemsphereCounterockwise nouhern hemisphere

gh

mptu Warm co d or re atvey ong perod withu change

LOWS

Genera y oudy wthran r nw

Counerckw northern hemisphereCockwse n southernhemsphere

Strong

ropica ows very warmOthe ows cod, or warmhangng t cod


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IG g g g g g

g

g g g g g g ; g g g g g G z A g g -p m R

H I G H


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62

SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPCAL EECS ONIGS f the eath we comp lete ly coveed with wate(s above), the would be pmanent lowpessuebands at th equato and at about latiude 60 becauseof the is in ai at thes places The woud be pema

nnt h ih pessue belts of sinkin ai at he hose latitudesand the poles ut sola aiation hats ocans and landmasses dieent ly This and seasonal heat chanes maket actual condit ions quit complex As examples, theclst gin in wint is nt v t Not Pole butov Sibia, about atitue 70 N h ava tmpeatu of San Fancisco in July is low than at Faibanks,Alaska I sume the lan is elativly wam and theoceans cool

Bcause of thse factos, highpessu zones om in aspotty fashin instad of in wie blts In the nothenhisphe, thy fom alost entily ov the coocanspatilal in s wn the land is wam

e aps shw tis e two pemannt" hghs thatcv te eastn pats of bth Paci c an At lant ic aethe Pacifc an Azoes anticyclones ut keep in mindtha t ndiv idual h igs move with the eneal c icu lation othe eathnotheast between latitude 30 a nd 60 ansouthwes between lattude 60 and he po le


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Nor posion o highs ( ndows ( in t he n orthern heisphe re

63


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o

Air ows rom high pressure toow, ie water ownhi

The earths rotation mes northernhemisphere air spira c ocwise

64

N MOMNT T N IG gh r r B

h t x

d n r N h " ( ng q r h t rr " ( rg g n g nrg 03 O ng rh f g v n n

gr g r g n g r g f ng N g r r g


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side view) H IGH

-

I ECITI I HIGH b b h ur Id f ud, h hw

ur Wh b gh, hu hg d d wd r f Wh h fr , wd rv w

e g wi f A b000 f bv h gud, wd f b ld d wd b h d urf r gvd r b h, d r d b fr w gudB w d h gd wd b f fr h dd, r u u udr r fr g wh wd bw b v f b 0

r r g wdvd gr v 4 gh f h d- h gd d v b w f

inds aot ow aout 5 the right o thoe on grou nd

65


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66

OW TO LOCAE HIGH AND LOWS h n-rl l brn fr whr lw pr whr So fl knw whhr h h r lw n r wh n b don wh f r r b h pl n f

p r Snd wh r bk o h wnd Trnb 45 r r h nw r bk i o h wnd bwin wl l bv h rnd Th hhprrnr o r r h h lwprr nr r lf r hd f h nhn hphr fr r wn w hol fr ll

br d b nq l hn ( l n d n d brfr xpl n h hrn hphr h drnr vrd: h hh prr n r lf h l nr r h

Sn bh hh nd lw v r l n n -wr dn n h n f prvl n wr hh or low r w w l l v ovr Bhr whr nrn nr h nd lw rn nr fd r v h nrh r oh f O ov rd h f b r nd frn (pp 6894)d rnd rd whr p (pp 30 46), n h nrl r r d l


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+

.

LOW A OED by a hor-ona wave ke aon beween wo

h ihs of deren eeraures (1 ) The wave es arer and na ybreaks ke an oean wave Thewhr n air reaes a owressuree l hi s o aed roess whhfors aor ows s dsussed whfrons ( 94)

LOW

cod ai f J ,

A loa low ay or when arunder a are u bu s oudis rady rs 2 hs owressure area s f ed by surrounnair ov n an d ws n onerokwse beause of e erhs

roaion Suh ynes re bu20 es in daeer

A hea ow deveos over desersand oher inensey heaed aesThe ho ar eads rses andows ouward hher u hus ess

ar les i e are essedros and surroud ar rsesin wh a swr n oon (3) Suha ow ass os of he suer inshwesern Aroa ad su-easern Ca rna Dus ev s aresa l sae hea ows

2

Soees ows or he ee 4wrd s gewhere he ay se weer surba es (4 Freqe e oeas of he Roes n Coloradand n he Teas Panhande

J l

J

/

warm air


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68

Air mass poperies a any eve such as A or B) are sm iar

i sses

r r n conn u n hhrsurc " bu h r crrs drn h n r vs body of ir (ofn covrn hundrds ofhounds of quar ) n wh c h h condon of -rur nd our r uc l on n hron drcon n r s (ncycon or hh

ks on he rur nd our chrcrsc ofh u rfc ovr wh ch fr For x n ar sforn ovr norhrn Cnd nd h rcc n wnr vry cod nd dry bcu of h ow rur ndhu dy hr

nd by ar of r con-rs Nor rcn connn o

Cod dry r conu y for hr nd ovesouhwrd h ouhrn r f h connn nrrowTh o ho roc r whch for ovr hocn cn y ov norh Whn ho o cod dry whr fron ( 7794)uu y dvos


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IR M TT CT OR WTH v t

f g b v v, b g n

f f : g g O P t f

v f P f v P; f v P F v v g v g vg P

b b g P;

i th of i me ve the Uite Stte


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7

Suns eneg goes ew inches et neeed o met ice esnto so , but ee into ocen th sesons ove the ocens

CONNNAL AND AR A ASSS der eeraure and hud, o conneal a r br r er ee r a e a earee lr r ( 7 e e o re r ere o e eere O o h o ol ea ab-o r l b o h o8 or o l oa r ee r e h eendeeer

e reul l oce a e oer o ar o l e ne or o o er reo o onal

e Frere n 8 eeeen aeae nr a r rure oer oen e ra! e l l er ae ee e o he cean l e r ac oe Ah reqe o l a n 3 oae at 3F a requre o ea a ou o aterro 3 o 76F u oe r o n r ol lo e e e e ao e r er reee hea e a e e o cr r o ee ea or o a e oer e a d


73/164

Airmss

cd

warm

f

f

wr

Stbe thermodynmic yr ir mass

l cod+ 1

t 1

Unstbe thermodynmic yco d a ir mss

SABL O WAR AD COLD A ASSEdrn ha ahr a a brng Vr al arrrn ar rad b nan, r b hang rl ng f ar b na h h rfa Sabl arr h vr al rrn and qk rrn nral Unabl ar a l l h vr al rn gr

An ar a vng vr a rfa ldr han ilf hrdnaal l ar Sh an ar a ablAn ar a ving vr a rfa arr han ilf hrdnaal l d and gnra l l nabl

A hrdna a l ar ar a i l d by na h h ld r ah bl Th ld, hav, lr

nd h d, t n ba B hn a hdnaa l l ld a r a ardb na h h arh , h a, l gh ar hrghh ld a r abv S a hdnaa l l d a r a rbln, h ld

Stbiit Turbuence Surce Couds Precipttonvisibi it (i an) (i a n)

unstabe turbu ent good cumu us thundergust ors showers

stbe sted poor strtus drizzewinds ors


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75/164

A I R M A S S E S

mon on the Pacc Coast in wnter . Thecool on conact wth the land; ran anfog resut .

Maritme Polar air r s ing over the mountans prouces clouds an heav preciptation on wndwar sopes. It ma stagnatebetween coastal mountans an the Rockes

n the Great Basin regon If t goes eastover the Rockies, t wrms as t escensthe east s lopes, an brngs clear skes, lowhumity, an md weather

Maritime Tropical (mT) a r s hot anhumd at i ts source. Beng hotter than the

lan surface of the nte States, t sstabe (mTw). Stratus or stratocumuusco us often fo rm , most u rn g nght coolng. These ten to saear b noon because of warmn g. L tt e or no precpitatonoccurs uness mT ar runs into a cold armass. Then warm, light mT ar rises overthe cold ar an precitaton resuts. Thishaens often (p. 86), accountn for morerain n the Unte States than an othercause But mT ar seom moves over thenorth o r northeast art of the nite Statesin wnter. When t oes, the col an sur-face ma cause extensve fog. t can alsocause ense ocean fogs as t crosses the ne ivn the Guf Stream from the cowaters of the North Atant c .

Mart me Tropcal ar rre enters thente States va the Pacc Coast t oesso onl when extreme ow ressure exstso Calfornia. Then the warm, most mT armoves n an d ses ra ove r he heaver,coler ar it encounters, or over the SierraNevaa and other western ranges. I n ethercase, espte its stabl t, the mT ar prouces heavy rainfall n southern Calforna

mP airWest Coast fog.

mPcear east of Rockies

Typical paths of mT a r .

mT air

ld a i r

mT over col a rran

mT a rran on mou nta ns


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Summe cP a uual lbg fa weathe

umme mP a bg fog

to th Calfoa coat.

old uwel l ig

fo a coat.

SUMMR AIR MAS

otietal Polar (P) air i mmerdie fom cP a wite he oue

egio ae wame ad the geeal ci-clato of the tohe i weae becaue hee le temeatue deeebetwee ola ad tocal ego Amve lowl ove the Uited State Faweathe evail a few cm c loud aeoded b locl heatig Rai ocuove the Geat ae ad the eatemoutai

Pai oat mP air in mmer po-duce ea ad coatal fo i Cal ifoa.Mot maim a pae ove a cold oceauface o the coat Cooled udeeaththe mP a oduce de ea og, whichol l i lad ad ma hag o fo wee

Fathe i lad, mP ai wmed uiclb otat wth the lad o it elativhumdt d. Although the ai utabl t humidt low that e ema clea fom aea jut ide the coatle to the Sea o whoe wet loehowe ma al l

The old oea rfae that caue WetCoat fog a eu t of the "uwel l igf uuface wate. Fctio of the e-v l g othwet wd ove the Paciuh coatal ufce wate t ght:that towd the outhwet h eultthe clde ubufae wate ie o wel lu h colde wae ool the a aoveit, oducig fg ad tatu which mathe move i ove he coatl egio, o-ducg cool weathe ad tfg wthg


77/164

tntic ost m ir umme fomove cod Noth Atatc wate I t coldetha th cP o mT a whch geea yweep th eate tate mP a occao-ay ow i ove lad he it doe, tbg coo weathe which ometme myeach a fa outh a Foda If mP maecotact wth mT a fom the outh, fotalweathe (typca y low tatu coud addzzle occu a the m a fted adcoled

Maritime ropial (m) air fomed vethe Pacc of l tt e mpotace umme t doe cme ilad ad may go a faoth a Alaa But t i eay alwaymw, t table ad geeal y bg tt le dtubace

Atlatic m ai, o the othe had, moe mpotat i umme th witeCetal ad Ete tae ae aected, a ometme th Southwet Atlatc m amove amot cot uo uly ove the Cetaad Eate tae umme, bgg humdty ad oppeve hea

m air fomed in the Carbbean eteely ht ad humd umme t utae a t come ove the hotteouthe coatal tae ld col apdl at ght, the ai tal t eae ad

ttocum ulu c lou d fom, with b ae ethe goud hee c loud uul l c lea bym dmog the ld gi wa hea the a i Fu the heat g, lat e theday, ceae t l t ga d howe ad thudetom may eult fompdly ig moit tht cool to elowt atuato pot

Typca path of Atatccoat mP a

Atlatic m ai bg hea

ad humidity to the Eat.

Cabbea m a bghowe to the South


78/164

warmed by cen;water ade

Polar a i r masses my undergo grea chnges .

PR IR g d r d l ldr n lnd

r lr r d d g d r fr d d d g g r g r W d

g g r ld dr d n dr

TPIC IR g l r r lnd vr h h l f B lrd b ld d n r r n ng Frhrcl ng b Ern m r lk ncr b l yfrhr r l l r fr l g r dy d d E g n nd

Tropica air masses usual change s l ight

coed f

cooed by grouncooed b f ngo v e r m o n ta i n


79/164

Frnts and rntal

arT n l l n x nl n n nn W l n - n bn n n n n n bn- n n b n nl n n ng b n; n b ng g n In nl n- l Fn l bn b

l

77


80/164

78

J

Lkn dn n a fn (t l ined ea enlaed bel).

ONT ACT A he f h age e are lok-ing dn a frn A ar hgh i he rgh a coldhgh a he ef Arr h e nd dren bar ne h reure in i br A he b a bkve of he ae frn ne AB ha he ae on in

eah dagra S fa, rue f l l frn, are aaren: 1 ) Frn fr a arg n f hgh eure e ( Frnfr ny beeen e f dieen eeraure (3)War ar a a e ua rd ver d a r (4 A frn foun d a ng a rure rugh (fe exn reure dr e nt arhe, r aer ae (5) Wnd nar grud aa hf ke (n

he nrhern hehre) a he frn ae (6) A rna ay e uard ver d ar eher ahe d f r he rear ren f dvane

coh i g h

hrimniona nargmen ar o n aov

ah

{ l-esse

0


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Poar ron dark bue ine, hown a e in heoreica poiion oebrea hrough righ rrow how wind ow

PR N QTRI RT A lude6 nd ns re dl fr rnen frn Prv l n gerl s fr us rd rr run n lrr l s b lu e rr fr e nre Te lr r s trl s rl vly r Bu n f e

r frn s n s rur bu l ds u nre l nd lr r breks rugh fr ses f P r P r v vr Nr Areer, esil ly n he nr nd esern ses, isinuened by veens f this lr frn

Te sl ld qul frn ( nrrl nvrgn n s n u rn fr rus

n n u r bu B n sur n ve nr A rl n f r vy yn dv un n r r urr n

The b ack l ine shows the os i t on o he ntertrocal convergence zonein February ( lef) and Setember (rght


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8

I ITR r d d g W

r ; r r Fd rrg d n nd d r r n r rg d (

R rdn n r

IE

Dar ue e are oe of frot formato


83/164

IN SMMR ajor frons n h norrn hhfor an d ov l k ho of wnr B fon do no ovso far soh Thy a ch wak than wnr fron

bcas of h warn nd anon of h ar by thwa connns Hld back by va ng wl s r fons do no ofn b l g dwn ovr h sohrnn d a ar toca l ar n w far norhbahng o o th nd as n h scky wahrWhn a n do oh l f nd o b orl d an h fon s on d nor agan by ar-

rocal ar

SUMMER

A his ime he znes f frmin e fhe nh

8 1


84/164

8

h eedmeno na vew o a ad movng od ont_

cu

I

a a

Acua oe of co d font (b ue wedge). eft end of ba c n e is

COLDFRONTSwedeher wy underwarm a r s heyadvance.The yicl thckwedge of coldfrndevelosas fr ict n wth the ground olds bck t bottom of teadvan n ss of old ir So he ld r lof ends o l e no runded row as advns gan st wr rThe lon wede dr bove sos e ul s l

In he norhern heshre jr old rns usul lylie n a norhes o souhwes dren nd ove owrd

the east or souhes The reson s aren fr e s n 8081 r l l l lr r s lrd b luAs te neral oven s eas he old r sss dvane n ha dreon Noe l frons (eserlyedes of cold r sses are al os a lways ornd no rhes to souhwes

Co ld frons usual ly dvan seeds f bou 0 h

fser n wner hn n s ue r beuse n w ner he ris ol d r and eers rer rssureAlhou h th e sln edge of old fron ay eend

over seera hundred les horontl ly he seeness he a dvncn ede ens h fronl weahr s l edo an ereely na rro band ( luds n he d rawn aboveare rely eered hronl ly) Te se sln

ed lso rdus bru l n r r s torms ta co ld front are ner l ly brie thoughviolent .


85/164

Slowmovg cod fot ft g tab ai

atotatu

wam ai

abov gou dfot i o u fac ( ight) 00 awa.

W g ld n d g d ng nu ud l l d y g ud d l l lug d n d f e

d k e n lud ul d u ud e lyg ld uu d l dud l l Bu f n l l l l beug d n d T l d du f u ud l

lu e

Sowmovi g cold fot ft g u tab ai

umuoimbu

od a


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84

SQL LNS ay recede fasovin cold fronsThey are an unbroken l ine of black, oin ous ouds, ow-erin 40,00 or ore ino he sky, incudin hunder

sors of aos inredible violence and occasional or-noes Suh squa ns a ely ubuen, soe-is oe so hn l hurriane hy n ear al igh a rane aa ae o b ee rada-q n F g q o e a l l of ro g, n fg Wn h hn sue h h h f h ql l e,a donru ng a ar he oud c lo he groun in h v l bns orn ri s f l lh n he a dg of h e q l F h oae coon, an y e gg or-rns hn nues s o er hs gh

Sq u l i s h n s ov r ov

ng n he s in h frn's , vh fg f s h h e ho gh h se o B 5 h f h on e sog n o u ar wh al eoe vi dung h sq l ne


87/164

WATHR SQCS n asng d rn ae sa e

sae F ne s a ar-g nds e suh she and e aeaa a s ds dakeng ern e e esTe are eg al

As e aaes e d r ad nsds egn er veread Ra sas dn en nesesn nen The d a n easean d he aer a s urer

W e aa aage e ve rv he d a d es g g g q a e ans n an d ae s es radg Pasag e a s n a rd

g s g r s d a a vad s e T a rs; Wg d

ag a r g 6 g as ag 8688

Rising Barometer

fRis l

ng

Barometer


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8

wam a

J b stus

od

Wa m font. W m a de ove o d ufae

WARM RO TS ae the in whih wa ai r advane

eain de ai n th Nthn Hehee warfnt n the eat d f wee e and a rea f wed b d fnt a the evai n weter iesve the w eatwad (

e advn f fnt nt i a atat 5 etat at af te eed fd fnt The vetia e bten wa and d air

in a ar frnt h tee than in a d fntTe wa a v d the wtht theta dft le Th i be nd fit nda the btt ed f te eteatin d a nt atn wed

Want wete extnd ve an aa hnded f

i e in advane f the fnt e at nd eve Tia eq en a e nted n advae fthe frt and ften 8 h in dvane f t arrivaTh d and eitatn ta f wa frnt dev aln the ntat ne f the wa and d aiabve the nd a hwn abve


89/164

War frn Cud f he a ye f a abe wa a bu a e f ld a

be wrm f ovr o r r frot

v ro r o b of r o r r t t b r r f 88 for q obrv frot gro oo o ro r b ort or rror rr o orr Pr o v bg g o f b r

gr v rt v r rr o t or g r

be wrm r ro or volt rrb g b r t g r rr r o b o

ror o ro r o ror o rg b v oor o r ror rr

uulnbu frmng a unable war a r e u e f d a

a l um a n d

d


90/164

ii b

"" ,

- _

WM-T WR QC l l ve e fe

f te a eg rra eer te fr v(Cl e e ak e e n g e e

ag e g f gf l (kelk h vr e e t f 87 t a l

fe ke

f v r e e eg

l l R g e e l e f

l e

u fq B f g gl g f g c f


91/164

TTIORY ROT r b r

g ROT x b r Or g i r b W b g g


92/164

ISO O OOW onts tend to move

acoss the nited States in a enea ly east o southeast diectionam onts a e usua l l y ol lowedcosely by cold onts o undestand why, obseve the wa extatopical " lowpessue cel ls develop o wavel ke outbeaks

alon ontal l ines he pictuesshow the development of a typcal low as it miht be seen omaboe lack l ines ae isobasPuple aeas mak peciitation

1) A ontal ine exsts at a

owpessue tou h between co ldan d wam ai ma sses (2) o ld aibeins to push unde the wamai at some point, om in a wavelike patten at te font 3 hecol d ont continues to pus h backthe wam ai and o unde it am ai, pushed om one side,bues out at its ont into a lowpessue aea, which inceases insize as cold ai moves awa fomit So the wam ont advances,addin to the deveopin wave

4) he cold ont plunes aheadabout twce as ast as the wamont he low pessue aea expands as wam ai is oced ovethe low, and the wave oms adistinct cest 5) he cold on


93/164

nal ly overae e war fron,l f n e war ar leely

o te roud {6) Onl low-reure el l of ounerlkweswirl in ar rean near te sur-fae Te swrl n lwreureel l n al l y d aar a a r reure equal e T new fron l n e eabl ed a bundare

of e ld and war ar aeTe develoent and da-

earane of a lowreure el ldoe n a lae n a tanar n Weerl wnd vete air ae fro sowe

norea o, a a lw develan d a d a r a bend aru nd e on ue o e warar a, a war fron ve ar e o nr, fl l owedlly b a old frn wer n ar reure and a ra dl yrn baroeer reede e war ron w ory r eneral l bad weaer T fol lowed by tegr rere e war ar a, ad a or erid

ar weaer a r B e dva n n o frn n ar ben T war frn lel fl lowed bold fron, ove endely over e Uned ae

Path f al vand

eastwrd.

9


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9

w

d n pphng w n p cun

OCCL ON he nextolast position sownfo te ow on p 91 maks the evlopmnt of what ica l le a n occl ue font hs occus whn a col fontclosely fo lowin a wam font, na ly ovtakes tewam font an l ifts th wam ai mass o the ounEithe the wam font p 9, top) o th col fon t osalof he to awins on thes two pas show two

staes in an occusion as sen in a sie viewStuy tese an the iaam of the occlud fot as

seen fom aove lowe position, nxt pae) n it thepuple l ine maks the occlusion he yl low l ine ABshows the situation whn the cold font has ot uitecauht up wi the wam font onit ions on the ound

in th is aea ae sown in te icue diectly aove amfont wate is uickly fol lowe y colfont conitions he edishown ine D) is lyin acoss the occ l usioniself the picue at the top of p 9 shows conitions onte oun his is a lowssue aea suounin aiows in euaizin the pessue


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rm ir

Occlus ion occur {bove) s he cold fron overke he r fronn d l ifs bo i nd he i r mss o he r un d

Belo : d irm of he occ lus ion s seen rm boe


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0 2

OW RONTS AR SOWN ON WATHR MAS ar an ar brg b rn B hk-ng n nar ar as, an jd hnd f ar a ara n a nd hn l l ar-r K n nd a ar n n d Sa vgnra fr nra Cd frns n arag a , ar rn 5 C dn ar ndad n b l n r l n k n h n ard h frn adanng) War rn ar n b rd l in r n

h rndd b n h d h in f adan)Sanar rn ar n arnng lr r ak and n n Oldrn ar sn r in r alrnang ak and, n n


97/164

.

X \It '

i

-

RONTS AND RONTA WEATHE R h rinen ln eae a Abve a ave ( ) bh aar and a cld frn Aea f ead recan earked n l d reen ineen reciian nace d reen e he bol fr er and hun-derr R alo e ai a c aicain in red andblue

5


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6

St sSor are he o raa o agero an ar al l aher henoena In a on o roalor re hr e lk rerr rnao a rra

TURTORM rere eral ee

a r he or a a rel f rng l g oee ng he lo o heg ht exe of 75 h l g a e o hag o ar he groun r-e (oo i h e an E; e aon of a r; r t rr re ee la oea (o n F l r da a h Soea ae)


99/164

The a below shows tat thundestors are ost freuen n Florda, the Southeast, the southern okes, andadaent Grea P la ns They our ey n suer.

hunderstors seldo our on the West oast, wherewaterland ontrasts n teerature ae lowest uuluslouds reresent udrafts uulonbus (thunderstorlouds hae both udrafts and downdafts. Huranes( 1 041 1 1 ) are, n ear ly staes l ke ant tu nderstorswth olen t ud afts an d downdrafts

J G TH ITC O TH TORM fo g at b 8600 b n 5 Jg bg g r u afe g g C g 1 1 03

r u Anote n f thun b b 3 n n a g nn ts b a ar s dn and out g

The ber rerset the averag mbr of h d r s t o r m per ar.

HUNDERSTORM DISTRIBUTION

97


100/164

1 = ra n * = s o w40,000 -6f

.- , 60-

- -5

- - 30

.

-

_ " 1 8

- , - . 32

- - 6 . -

62Ji- _ 8

- = ice cysta ls

40000 f. 6F --- . -36

-- - -- -1 5 -

H U N D R S T O R M E V L O P -

MN takes lace n thee eco-nzae stes.

The cumulus stag s th rststage th ach of the may ce sof a thuderstorm udroes Acumuus c oud devops o thunderhead when ar currents it extend to aout 25000 ft.

The mature stage egs wheascend a r reaches such a hegh tthat pecptaton occurs (p 23)In the ear er stae, ar n the c loud

had ee wamer than th surroundn air . But now fa ra and ce crystas coo the ar anddowndrafs are created Note howth dotted les of qua temperature dp wth th dowdrft.

The fnal stage occurs whndowndraf aras h crasedunt th ent re c oud s nothn g utsnkg a eg adaatcal y

warmed. As no a r s asce d g a dcoo g, rcptton comes ght, then cases Steady uppr a rw ds b ow th c oud of c crysta sat the top of thu nderheads nto thetypcal anvl top.


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LGNING i aued by the attration of unlike eletral harewithn a thunderloud or etween

t and the earth The earth orma-ly ha a neatve hare (a ur luof eletrn a o ared to atmohere) Frion of raidly movie artle and ran n a thunder-lud we o" eletron andbu d u tron eletrial chare

Neatie ha re (hown here by in u in) onentratebetween the 3F and 0F level The lwer art of theloud ha ot ve ( +) one ur rounded by neativeone When eletral reure beoe hh enouhhare between art of lud or beween loud andearth are releaed by l ihtnn Firt troke are wthn

the loud 5 er ent of a l l d hare a re there or be-tween lud htnin to the roud tart wth a ela-t vely thin l eader" troke frm the lo ud fol l owed i m e-dately by a heavy return troke fro the round

A n le l htnn dhare tr ke bak and forth a nyt e in le than 1 / 1 0 eond

1 I

(

.

ot leader tart ro the loudoe fr the round A l htnndhare i inredbly owerfulu to 30 mil l on volt at 00,000a erebut i of very h ort dura-t n hee l ht n annot beharneed or ued But the total n-

ery f a aor thundertor farexeed a of an a bob

Mot eade tat f ocoud oe fo g ou d

The udden treendou heafro l ihtnin aue he omre-io or ho wave that we al lhunder


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Dager r

Car bd h ed ccua

rp ae ae ger are ae

rdd

a ded

IGHTIG TY g g

Dg l p B r g r xg gg l

g N x TV r g rr r gg g

r r g f gg g x g r q h l

l h gg O g gg r g

g V gr Wr r g ge ge


103/164

ewer n 5

0

30 o 0 ay 20 o 30- 0 o 20

5 o 0

C 5 o 0Nu mer o ornao ay per yearover equal area by ae

ONAOS ar b far h o violn of orT ar hr lool of ar of h vo ln ha hon hir ah a aar l ik ahks and vnra lroad rain a b l fd fro hir rak Forna-l, ornados (ial ld lons n h Md) ar ofall diar Thr ah of drion rarl nds

il o hr d of h dn, n, fnl-had lod hih ark h vorAn avra of 1 4 ornado h h U nid Sa ah

ar, and h ra aoriy of h rk in h lori Val l Th rl fro alo xlov inab l n h ar, and aoan hav hndr-or and nal l hav rainond ion ial of

ron ld fron an d al l l n ( 84) I n a d of ornado, 72 r fond o rd old fron aan avra dian of 1 5 i ls Whn h ror ondi- ion or, ornado arnn ar broada for arao l ikl o b ad So ornados an bod and rakd b radar

10 1


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Mammatcu mu us c luds fr Funnel fm as rnad dees

OPT O A TOAO fur Drv fr frr f r ( b f n w r vr f 30 Trn rg v fr0 f 0 br s b vb Er w rr vr u hu r brs r fr nrrsr r r n r rr rs r- y n vr

Funnel starts its destruce cuse Funne sucs u dust and debr is


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orndo cn drive trw into tree Pressre cses brn to expode

Anr d fr 1 d rft nr of f nn l T rf k nl nd n ar n rr ndrsf f rl fr dn ng f xlly unbl r Torn l fdfrg nd fr nd n rd r ld ras R ly n l f x rnand drd bn l l rn f blOr lk n t rnd fnnl l fr n r rng

Torndo "rin frogs terspot torndo over ocen.


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1 4

Te eye o u rrcane Gria een ro an a rp lan e

H RRICNES ( OR "TYPHOON ) are roalone ke al l yone hey are w In oe wahey are l ke he eraroal" one ha e aoreure e ag rn ( Bu urr a(wh wnd f 7 h or re) are n aand bfrn and e der fr rna l eraroa " low noran wa Far ore nene han eraroalow hu rrane oen have wnd o ver h Theare abu onehrd a arge averagn le ndaeer_ They ove w rave ng n an ar a unor eeraure raher han beween ar ae ofdren raure Hurrae are aang -

era he enra obar rn g a lo er r eHurrane deve on ver on oean area veredby ereely war ar ae The brak u oonafer vng over l an d An ereng derene beweenhurrane and eraroal lone he a eefound n he ener of he hurriane ( 18)


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Hurricane generally orm n e area own in rk blue an ravel

n e recion o e re arrow

SOCS AND PAS O CANS The ouh-weern par of he Norh ha more hurrane(here known a yphoon han any oher plae onearh Thee are born beween he Marhal l I land andhe h l ppine, and move n a lokwe fahion, rwewrd ward he China oa, hen norhward andnorhea over he hi l ppne oward orea and apan

Rankn eond are he urr iane (ylone of heSouh I ndan Oean Soe (Wl lyWl l e deve lop norhof Aurala and urve down over he norhwe coaMre frequen and inene a re hoe ha weep weward,

e bruhin Madar nd Suhe AraThrd n frequeny are he hurriane ha move overhe e Indie Thee or, o of whh ornaenear he bu l in we a of Afra, aue rea d amae hppin and o he many land in her pah Theeare he orm ha h he ouh and e oa of heUned Sae or rke Mexo or Cenra Aer a

Of eh reon o ourrene, onl wo, he eI nd e and he Mexian e Coa, ve re o h urrianea ae he nied Sae The laer eldom rke hennen a far norh a Cal orna The map how heeh oure (dark blue and pah (red arrow of hurrane of he world

5


108/164

6

I O UIC r in ris rg e r

r q r ri rg CZ B r-i r r qr i ! rq ee r g 535 e qr CZ v r qr r r ri r r g r e Ad g rr

Ae ii r r r r rr

g i v r r

I ir C A O eqr r r vr n q O r r f

r g r gCr 7 g Frr i CZ W rr

TO WE INDIN URRCNE BY MONTOVER 40YER PERIOD

y e Ag

0 3

6

O N

35 6

De

0


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A hurricane i orn in a h moiai ma over he ocean The cy

c n ic mo ion i ofen ared a -in rade wind whir l aroundeach ohr Thi can occur onlywhen he ITCZ i diaced fromhe equar ha he win effec f earh aion can ake

ace The roain lw uhe aioward i cener, frcin h moiai here o if ifin cauemoiure o cndene Hea hrow a he miure cndene (1 3) furhe r warm rain ai r,whch ece even iher and

ri more wf y more andmre mi roical ea air weein eace he riin air, moreand mre condenain akeace S ai inide he m riefae and faer

Hurricane are vin be-caue f he rmendu n ery re-ad by h cninuu cndn-ain r he m i l ike heinid f a ian hunderrm Un- ike a hunderrm ver and, ahurr icane ha an inexhau ib e

urce of miure The ea iven b cndnain cau he airin he hurricane rie fae andfaer Surrundin air we inra un i h hurr icane i aian wh f vi n win

Opp ig wid me i wi l .

He of cndein lift m.

Re ccelee l ie b ln.

C u mn i fed fom d.


110/164

108

ecion rou g a urrcane sowng eye an erca win .

Y OF A CAN a he cene of heoma one of nea calm o l h beee, wh clea ol h ly clou ded k e ohead aeae abou 0 m lein dameer Thouand, noan of he hurcane an-aoy, have one ou no he a of he eye, unawareha hey woul d oon be h aan by he ful l m h of heohe de of he hucane

The eye may b caued by cenfua l foce acin onwnd a he m of he ey The cenifual foe acnon a oan body doub when he adu of oaioni cu n ha lf A a a l n owad h cener of a hu rcane, i cenrfual foce ncae realy The cloudywa ll of he eye whee he cenrfual force ay

ba ance h e peue forcn ai nwad o h lowprure cn Frion wh he ocean ufac low downhe wh n ar and drae h nfual force Sohe ey a a h ufe Aof, whre nd dare ra, h nfua o hhr ad he eyelae and funnelhaped


111/164

75 5

I

Aore

Tropi o an e

a pe Verelan

30

Pa o a ypical u rricane rom bi r ecay. 5

THE IE HITORY O A HRRICANE cn be tracedf brh rcl l thruh ur nd todec n extrcl cclne n he eerl e The bve h r n et f the C e VerdeI lnd trcl l h d le thn 3 hNex e n d trcl Be" ( hurr e r e ven

e e cthe eerd lnd f he We Inde When next e-ted t ture hucne h nd over 7 h,r ht ver Gudeloue I cnt nue estard t 10 to1 h n uh f uer Rc nd t Then tben t curve nh l l 1 1 h n verCub nd he Bha but h d ver 1 h

Be hen cu rve h e nrhe v at 30 h un l h cld h f Beud Hurrcane Be nduce ve n he frnt d bece n exrrocall edn r ver he Nrh Se HurrcneBe h cal I culd hve cnt nued et toh he Gul f Cot F l d, r he At lnt c eabrd

1


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Wind bow boa ahore. Wave undermine bui ld ng .

DSTCENSS O HCANS due to wndu h, or wave and t de, and ah oodaued by torrental ran n r ver t l l hey overowa e r ove n and

On e averae he Unted Sae h by hurr aneab we a year Abu one every three year an un ua y evere hurr ane r ke, leavn a wah of derun 0 to 1 le wde and oee h u nd red of le ln

Te v lent wnd upr ree, ner fra e bu ld n ,nk or daae h, and n bnan wh the hh

e erde beae and wa away h re nta l lat onTe r de wh e Septeber 8, 1 hurr ane

a Galven, Texa, eely oded he ty Mrean 6 died and rery daae wa well over

Fl aue e ef dertn and greae

n ber f dea fr e 5 hu rrane ta h theeaern eaboard and New Enland


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OUR HURRICANE WARNING SYSTEM a etab ed n 1 38 by nt at n f te US eater Bureau Ar Fre and te Navy P revu y urr an e ad trut tt e r n arnn N rennaane arraftfu y eqed t rada e and eater intru

ent are ent t renner ueted area Wen aurrane ted ane n te urrane neevery 6 ur t eaure te ntenty f te nd andexaty ate te enter Bu etn every 6 r freate rbabe a f te urr ane and ve arnnPe e ve t e t bard u te r e r t afer a nera ane ure av e r a nd a rraft a re n t afe t aay fr te F y n n te eye f a urr ane tu e-treey r nt daneru a ne it t nD te and ade ne te be nn n e rra n tree rennaane arrat aveeen t n te rd beteen 1 38 nd 1 57

Te msesmgp rtey ne inruett k u dturbane aued by tr at ea Titrent ve eartquae rrder detet urriner r at te n be aed an d rkd by rnnaissanc lans

1 1 1


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1 1 2

ee Fecsg

Aurate weaher forecastn deends o n the forecastersknown as uh as ossbe about the total state o theatosphere The US Weather Bureau operates a farun network of statons whre suh nforaton s ol-etd and speed y sent to reonal foreastn entersObsrvations are taken hourly day and niht a soe4 staton s a lon the U S arways More op lete obser

vatons are ade every hours at any of the statonsUer ar eleents are sad by radosonde tweda l at soe stations P lot bal loons easurn theu ppr ai r wnds are sent u four t is a day at soe 1 2statons The Coast Guard Air Force Navy and Cv l

The Un te Sae covere b y a ene networ of aon h a reporhe weaher for avaon nee New York Cy an Lo Angele areeach u rroun e by a ozen aon cloe a an


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Aeronatics Autory cooperate in observin and forecastin te weater ver 9000 coopeative parime

weater statns aso repot o te US eater Breaueather aetn the nted States a week o more

fom now is bein born today n air asses over otercontries and te oeans A worldwide network ofweater statons (nder te World Meteoroloica l Oran aton an agency of the U nited Nations eca nges datawit te US eather Bra Meran s ps rado informaton fou to eit times a day while at sea and airl iners report weater conditions enontered in igt Bease o al l hs the US eater Brea s able toah eve etter tan 85 pe r cent accracy in its 24o r to36or forecasts

e aion on map are oe a repor upperar aa Tey aleplore wn alo y ening up pi lo al loon Toe mae by riangle repor, in aition, aa otane y raoone.

3


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Clder Snow? ur recaFor Jeerson Couty: older an creas1g lodiesstonght desdsattered

li

ht

ranor sow rres nd

older. Lo to-- gt arod 40

Hgh Wednesday the s. IoWednesday ght low 30s

FVY FTem pratres a\rage to

7 degrees belo ormal. Normaa 5 ort to 3 oth;orl mmm 3 north to 0soth. Colder togt, dsdayd hrsday foloed by armg trnd oer eeked. Preptato total .50 t hes; ranoth ad ra or so orth dnsday d gn nr ee ed

a 4our an gnera vay oreca.

ERVC OF E .. WEAER BEA i nc ude24hour detai ld forecasts, eeral day foecasts, 0day neral outlook, 12hour aviaion forcasts wih a

accuacy of er cent), ots of weathr condit ionsat ove 00 a irots, and secial bu l letins, wather maps,and eors of tmpeature and prcip itation. They issuewarings n storms, fost, tc. for famin and industry. ur a n a rass go a o tlt.Nsaprs a V broaasrs us t Wathr Bu

au's weather maps to repar their simpid masBer akng o po rea rpr an oreca rc by ypewrer n weaer breng ro.

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Weather - A Golden Science Guide - Paul E. Lehr

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