2. ATMOSPHERE IT IS A MANTLE OF GASES SURROUNDING THE EARTH. IT
IS HELD CLOSE TO THE EARTH BY GRAVITATIONAL FORCE DIVISIONS OF
ATMOSPHERE ARE TROPOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE MESOSPHERE IONOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE
3. IMPORTANT GASES OF ATMOSPHERE 78% 21% 0.94% 0.033%
4. LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
5. METEOROLOGY THE SCIENCE OF ATMOSPHERE WHEN IT IS RELATED TO
CROPS AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
6. WEATHER / CLIMATE WEATHER IT IS THE STATE OF ATMOSPHERE AT A
PARTICULAR TIME. IT IS THE CONDITION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF THE
ATMOSPHERE AT A GIVEN TIME. i.e , A few hours to 2 weeks CLIMATE
THE STATE OF ATMOSPHERE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
7. MICROCLIMATE/MACROCLIMATE MACROCLIMATE MICROCLIMATE Climatic
condition existing over a large area of the crop Climatic condition
around a plant Indicates the climatic conditions above the ground
surface of a cropped area It is the climatic condition existing
over a small area of the plant. It denotes the climatic conditions
from the ground surface to the top of the plant and also soil
climate upto the depth of maximum root accumulation Macro climate
is common for all crops in that area Microclimate may vary
according to the growth conditions of crop Mesoclimate: Climatic
conditions in between micro and macro climates
8. WEATHER ELEMENTS WHICH AFFECT THE GROWTH OF PLANTS
TEMPERATURE PRESSURE HUMIDITY WIND VELOCITY CLOUDINESS/SUNLIGHT
PRECIPITATION
9. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY AN AREA WHICH HOUSES
METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS
10. TEMPERATURE MEASURE OF TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT LAYERS OF
EARTHS ATMOSPHERE MOST IMPORTANT WEATHER ELEMENTS AFFECTING THE
GROWTH OF PLANTS IT AFFECTS THE ACTIVITY OF MICRO ORGANISMS PLANTS
CAN SURVIVE WIDE RANGE 1OC - 60OC CROP PLANTS CAN SURVIVE 10OC -
40OC
11. BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT THREE GROUPS OF PLANTS
TEMPERATE PLANTS GROWS WELL IN LOW RANGE OF TEMPERATURE Eg:- Apple,
Peach SUB TROPICAL PLANTS GROWS WELL IN MEDIUM RANGES OF
TEMPERATURE Eg:- Tea, Citrus TROPICAL PLANTS GROWS WELL IN HIGHER
RANGES OF TEMPERATURE Eg:- Coconut, Banana
12. ISOTHERMS
13. Soil thermometer
14. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS THE FORCE PER UNIT AREA EXERTED ON
A SURFACE BY THE WEIGHT OF AIR ABOVE THAT SURFACE PRESSURE IS
MEASURED WITH MERCURY BAROMETERS FORTINS BAROMETER PRESSURE AT
DIFFERENT STATIONS CAN BE MARKED ON MAPS LINES CONNECTING STATIONS
OF SAME PRESSURE IS KNOWN AS ISOBARS CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF
PRESSURE OF A DAY IS MADE WITH AN INSTRUMENT CALLED BAROGRAPH
15. BAROMETER Atmospheric pressure is expressed In millimeters.
Standard atmospheric pressure is 76mm of Hg at 273 K
16. WIND MOVEMENT OF AIR IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE CAUSED DUE TO
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE VERTICAL MOVEMENT OF THE AIR ALSO CAUSED DUE TO
TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN AIR DURING DAY AND NIGHT IT IS NOT WIND WIND
IS NAMED AFTER THE DIRECTION FROM WHICH IT BLOWS THE WIND BLOWING
FROM WEST TO EAST IS CALLED WESTERLY WIND WEST IS CALLED WINDWARD
SIDE EAST IS LEEWARD SIDE
17. WIND AFFECTS ON CROPS HOW WIND HELPS??? HELPS IN
POLLINATION OF CROPS KEEPS DOWN ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AIDS IN
FARM OPERATIONS LIKE WINNOWING LIFTING WATER FRO WELLS WITH WIND
MILLS HOW WIND HARMS??? PROMOTES LOSS OF SOIL MOSITURE BY
EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION INCREASES WATER REQUIREMENT OF THE
CROPS STRONG WIND PREVENTS FRUIT SETTING PROMOTES FRUIT FALL IN
ORCHARDS CAUSES LODGING CAUSES SOIL EROSION
18. MEASURING WIND WIND VELOCITY IS MEASURED BY EQUIPMENT
CALLED CUP ANEMOMETER WIND DIRECTION IS MEASURED BY USING WIND
VANE
19. ANEMOMETERS FOR MEASURING THE VELOCITY OF WIND UNIT KM/HOUR
TWO TYPES ARE THERE ROBINSONS CUP ANEMOMETER HAS A VERTICAL AXIS
AND FOUR CUPS WHICH CAPTURE THE WIND. NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS /MIN IS
REGISTERED ELECTRONICALLY ON A CYCLOMETER DINES PRESSURE TUBE
ANEMOMETER
20. ROBINSONS CUP ANEMOMETER
21. WIND VANE INSTRUMENT THAT INDICATES WIND DIRECTION WIND
WANE SHOULD BE PLACED AT GOOD HEIGHT IT SHOULD BE KEPT IN SUCH
PLACES WHERE THERE IS NO OBSTRUCTIONS FOR THE FLOW OF WIND i.e.,
away from trees, buildings etc TWO PARTS ARROW HEAD Shows direction
wind is flowing from WIDER HEAD - Shows direction wind is flowing
to
22. WIND VANE
23. WIND DIRECTIONS N S EW SW SE NE NW
24. HUMIDITY ATMOSPHERE HOLDS WATER VAPOUR THIS IS KNOWN AS
HUMIDITY 100% HUMID - WHEN MAXIMUM WATER VAPOUR IS HELD BY
ATMOSPHERE THE CAPACITY OF AIR TO HOLD MOISTURE INCREASES WITH
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE THE QUANTITY OF WATER VAPOUR HELD IN
ATMOSPHERE AT ANY GIVEN TIME IS EXPRESSED AS RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND
ABSOULUTE HUMIDITY
25. ABSOULUTE HUMIDITY IT IS THE MASS OF WATER VAPOUR PER UNIT
VOLUME OF AIR IN THE ATMOSPHERE
26. RELATIVE HUMIDITY IT IS THE RATIO OF HUMIDITY ACTUALLY
PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE MAXIMUM THAT CAN BE PRESENT AT A
PARTICULAR TEMPERATURE IT IS EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE o HUMIDITY
ACTUALLY PRESENT RH =--------------------------------------------
x100 o MAXIMUM HUMIDITY THAT CAN BE HELD
27. MEASUREMENT OF HUMIDITY MEASURED BY HYGROMETER
28. STEVENSON SCREEN IT I S A WHITE WOODEN BOX SET AT A HEIGHT
OF 4 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND HIT HOUSES FOUR THERMOMETERS NAMELY
MAXIMUM THERMOMETER MINIMUM THERMOMETER DRY BULB THERMOMETER WET
BULB THERMOMETER HUMIDITY IS MEASURED BY DRY BULB AND WET BULB
HOUSED INSIDE STEVENSON SCREEN
29. HUMIDITY AND ITS EFFECT ON CROPS HIGH HUMIDITY REDUCES
TRANSPIRATION FROM PLANTS AND EVAPORATION FROM SOIL LOW HUMIDITY
INCREASES WATER REQUIREMENT OF CROPS HIGH HUMIDTY ENHANCES CHANCES
OF FUNGAL DISEASES
30. LIGHT - SUNSHINE MEASURED BY TWO CHARACTERS INTENSITY
DURATION INTENSITY IS THE NUMBER OF LIGHT RAYS FALLING IN A UNIT
AREA THE MORE THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT THE MORE THE DRY MATTER
PRODUCTION THE LESS THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT THE LESS THE DRYMATTER
PRODUCTION INTENSITY MEASURED BY USING LUXMETER UNIT IS LUX
31. SUNSHINE DURATION OF LIGHT DAY LENGTH OR DURATION OF LIGHT
RECEIVED BY PLANTS IS IMPORTANT THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO THE
RELATIVE LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT IS KNOWN AS PHOTOPERIODISM
32. PHOTOPERIODISM SHORT DAY PLANTS PLANTS WHICH GROW NORMALLY
WHEN THE PHOTOPERIOD IS LESS THAN 12 HOURS. LONG DAY PLANTS PLANTS
WHICH DEVELOP AND REPRODUCE NORMALLY WHEN PHOTOPERIOD IS MORE THAN
12 HOURS. DAY NEUTRAL PLANTS PLANTS UNAFFECTED BY PHOTOPERIOD
33. MEASURING DURATION OF SUNLIGHT USING SUNSHINE RECORDER
34. SUNSHINE RECORDER THIS SIMPLE INSTRUMENT USED FOR MEASURING
DURATION OF BRIGHT SUNSHINE OF THE DAY THE SOLID GLASS SPHERE
FOCUSSES THE SUN RAYS TO AN INTENSE SPOT ON A CARD PLACED IN THE
SPHERICAL MOUNT BEHIND THE SPHERE THE FOCUSSED SUNLIGHT BURNS A
TRACE ON THE CARD AS THE SUN MOVES ACROSS THE SKY
35. How sunshine recorder records
36. USED IN SUNSHINE RECORDER
37. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THE LOSS OF WATER FROM THE FIELD OCCURS
IN TWO WAYS EVAPORATION THE LOSS OF WATER FROM SOIL AND WATER
SURFEACE TRANSPIRATION THE LOSS OF WATER FROM THE PLANT SURFACE
THESE TWO PROCESSES TOGETHER IS KNOWN AS EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
EVAPORATION INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENT USED
FOR MEASURING IS OPEN PAN EVAPORIMETER
38. PAN EVAPORIMETER
39. OPEN PAN EVAPORIMETER CONSISTS OF A CIRCULAR PAN OF
DIAMETER 120cm AND DEPTH 25cm. A STILL WELL IS PROVIDED TO GET AN
UNDISTURBED WATER SURFACE AROUND THE POINT OF MEASUREMENT THE PAN
IS FILLED WITH WATER AND EXPOSED TO REPRESENT AN OPEN BODY OF WATER
A WIRE MESH IS PROVIDED TO PREVENT WATER LOSS BY BIRDS AND ANIMALS
THE AMOUNT OF WATER ADDED TO FILL THE PAN IS THE EVAPORATION OF
THAT DAY
40. CLOUDS CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE AROUND DUST PARTICLES
PRESENT IN ATMOSPHERE THE DENSITY AND APPEARANCE OF CLOUDS
INFLUENCED BY NUMBER OF TINY DROPLETS DISPERSED IN ATMOSPHERE AND
THE PATTERN OF ARRANGEMENT CLOUDS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO FORM,
SHAPE AND GENERAL APPEARANCE. VARIOUS TYPES OF CLOUDS ARE SEEN AT
DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
41. VARIOUS TYPES OF CLOUDS ARE SEEN AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
42. PRECIPITATION ALL FORMS OF LIQUID OR SOLID FORMS OF WATER
FALLING FROM THE CLOUD AND REACHING EARTH SRUFACE FORMS OF
PRECIPITATION RAINFALL - Important Form Primary source of soil
moisture DRIZZLING SNOW HAIL SLEET
43. MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL RAIN GAUGE Measured in mm or cm TWO
TYPES OF RAINGAUGE STANDARD RAINGAUGE AUTOMATIC RAINGAUGE
44. RAIN AND ITS AFFECT ON CROPS CROPS DEPENDS ON RAIN FOR
MOSITURE SUPPLIES IRRIGATIONWATER TO RIVERS, TANKS AND WELLS
DEFFICIENT RAIN LIMITS CROP GROWTH HEAVY RAIN IS BAD FOR CROPS
INDUCES WATER STAGNATION CUT OFF AERATION CAUSES SOIL EROSION
45. EFFECTIVE RAINFALL THE QUANTITY OF RAIN FALL RECEIVED IN A
PARTICULAR OCCASION WHCH IS USEFUL FOR CROP PRODUCTION AT THE SITE
WHERE IT FALLS IS CALLED EFFECTIVE RAIN FALL
46. AUTOMATIC RAIN GAUGE
47. RADAR
48. RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging Is an object detection
system that uses electromagnetic waves specifically radio waves to
identify the range altitude, direction or speed of objects
Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation . It has become
he primary tool for short term weather forecasting and to watch for
severe weather such as thunderstorms ,tornadoes ,winter storms,
precipitation types
49. Weather balloon
50. Radiosonde
51. Radiosonde Small box like instrument that is carried into
the upper atmosphere by balloon . As it travels upward it transmits
meteorological measurements to ground station It measure temp,
humidity and air pressure Radiosondes are attached to a helium
filled neoprene balloons that are designed to burst when they reach
a specified altitude So need not be returned to earth to retrieve
the data It can be operated up to around 30,000 feet
52. AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION (AWS)
53. AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION (AWS) An Automatic weather
station (AWS) is an automated type of traditional weather station.
It enable measurements from remote areas or save human labour. It
may be in real -time via a local link to a computer system or via
telecommunications or satellite systems. GSM mobile phone
technology has also been known to be used. (Global System for
Mobile Communications) An alternative is the storage of the
information in local data storage such as flash memory for
54. Most automatic weather stations have 1. Thermometer for
measuring temperature 2.Anemometer for measuring wind speed 3.
Hygrometer for measuring humidity 4. Barometer for measuring
pressure 5.rain gauge for measuring rainfall 6. ceilometers for
measuring cloud height AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION (AWS)
55. MONSOON INDIA RECEIVES RAIN DUE TO MONSOON MONSOON IS A
SEASONAL WIND REGIME DUE TO THE SEASON WIND SHIFT OCCURRING IN LAND
AND SEA BASED ON THE ORIGIN OF MONSOON WINDS TWO MONSOON OCCURS IN
INDIA SOUTH WEST MONSOON NORTH EAST MONSOON
56. MONSOON IN KERALA BOTH THE MONSOONS ARE IMPORTANT FOR
KERALA SOUTH WEST MONSOON KALAVARSHAM /EDAVAPATHY MAY JUNE to
AUGUST - SEPTEMBER 60% OF THE TOTAL RAINFALL NORTH EAST MONSOON
THULAVARSHAM SEPTEMBER OCTOBER to NOVEMBER DECEMBER 30% OF THE
TOTAL RAINFALL SUMMER SHOWERS 10% OF THE TOTAL RAINFALL
57. AGRICULTURAL SEASONS IN INDIA KHARIF JULY OCTOBER CROP
GROWN : RICE, JOWER, BAJRA, MAIZE, GROUNDNUT, COTTON RABI OCTOBER
MARCH CROPS GROWN : WHEAT,BARLEY, OATS, JOWER ZAID MARCH JULY
SUMMER CROPS VEGETABLES
58. AGRICULTURAL SEASONS OF KERALA VIRIPPU APRIL MAY to SEPT
OCT(1ST SEASON) MUNDAKAN SEPT OCT to DEC JAN(2ND SEASON) PUNJA DEC
JAN to MARCH APRIL(3RD SEASON)
59. AGRICULTURAL SEASONS OF WAYANAD NANJA JUNE to DECEMBER
PUNJA DECEMBER to MAY
60. NJATTUVELA 365 DAYS OF A YEAR IS DIVIDED INTO GROUPS OF 14
DAYS CALLED NJATTUVELA EACH GROUP OF 14DAYS BEARING THE NAME OF A
STAR THERE ARE 27 NJATTUVELAS ASWATHY NJATTUVELA to REVATHY
NJATTUVELA NJATTUVELA MEANS - NJAYARINTE NILA POSITION OF SUN FIRST
NJATTUVELA - ASWATHY NJATTUVELA BEGINS ON MEDAM 1 VISHU APRIL 14 OR
15 IN THIRUVATHIRA NJATTUVELA RAIN WILL COME WITHOUT BREAK SUITABLE
FOR
61.
62. . . . , . . 1/4 3/4 .
63. " " . . . . . .
64. . , , , , . .
65. WEATHER FORECASTING DAILY WEATHER FORECAST INVOLVES WORKS
OF THOUSAND METEOROLOGISTS THOUSANDS OF MACHINES MODERN COMPUTERS
SATELLITES FORECASTERS USE THE OBSERVATIONS FROM GROUND AND SPACE,
ALONG WITH FORMULAS AND RULES BASED ON WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN THE
PAST, FOR MAKING DAILY WEATHER FORECAST
66. TYPES OF WEATHER FORECAST
67. WHY DO FORECASTS GO WRONG SOMETIMES. DIFFERENT EQUATIONS
PRODUCE DIFFERENT RESULTS SO METEROROGLISTS MUST USE DIFFERENT
METHODS ALONG WITH COMPUTER FORECASTING USING THESE METHODS
FORECASTERS COMEUP WITH THEIR BEST GUESS HOW THE WEATHER WILL BE
OVER NEXT FEW DAYS
68. CLIMATE IS WHAT WE EXPECT, WEATHER IS WHAT WE GET- MARK
TWAIN INDIAN AGRICULTURE IS A GAMBLE WITH MONSOON
GVHSS,MANANTHAVADY PREPARED ON 29/07/2015