Web Development (PHP/MySQL)

Web Development (PHP/MySQL)

Bea May M. Belarmino

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Table of Contents

Module 5: PHP Operator, Control Structure, Loops 80

Introduction 80

Learning Outcomes 80

Lesson 1: Operator 81

Lesson 2: IF statement 85

Lesson 3: IF ELSE Statement 86

Lesson 4: ELSE IF Statement 87

Lesson 5: SWITCH Statement 87

Lesson 6: WHILE LOOP Statement 89

Lesson 7: DO...WHILE LOOP statement 89

Lesson 8: FOR LOOP Statement 90

Lesson 9: FOREACH LOOP 91

Lesson 10: BREAK/CONTINUE 92

Assessment Task 95

Summary 98

Module 6: PHP Function, Arrays 99

Introduction 99


Lesson 1: Function 100

Lesson 2: Function Arguments 101

Lesson 3: Function Returns a Value 101

Lesson 4: Arrays Types of PHP Arrays 102

Assessment Task 110

Summary 112

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Module 7: PHP Forms 113

Introduction 113


Lesson 1: Get And Post Method 114

Lesson 2: Get Method 115

Lesson 3: Post Method 115

Lesson 4: Form Validation 116

Lesson 5: Form Required Fields 120

Lesson 6: Form URL/E-mail 121

Lesson 7: Form Complete 126

Assessment Task 127

Summary 136

Module 8: PHP Cookies And Session 137

Introduction 137


Lesson 1: Cookie 138

Lesson 2: Accessing Cookie Value 139

Lesson 3: Deleting A Cookie 139

Lesson 4: Sessions 139

Lesson 5: Starting A PHP Session 140

Lesson 6: Accessing Session Data 140

Lesson 7: Destroying A Session 141

Assessment Task 142

Summary 146

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MODULE 5

PHP OPERATOR, CONTROL STRUCTURE,

LOOPS

Introduction

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), Operators are used to perform

operations on variables and values. Very often when you write code, you want to perform

different actions for different conditions. You can use conditional statements in your code to

do this. You will also learn how to repeat code by using loops in PHP on this module.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Appreciate the importance of using arithmetic operation & control structure in

program.

2. Create simple program using arithmetic operations and execute it in a PHP

program.

3. Create simple program the if/else, if/else/if/else and switch statements and

execute it in a PHP program.

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Lesson 1: Operator

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), is something that you feed with one

or more values

characters or set of characters that perform a special operation within the

PHP code (w3schools.com, 2003)

A. Arithmetic Operators

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), used to perform simple

mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,

etc.

Table 5.1 Arithmetic Sample Results (w3schools.com, 2003)

Example Name Result

$a+$b Addition (+) Sum of $a and $b

$a-$b Subtraction (-) Difference of $a and $b

$a*$b Multiplication (*) Product of $a and $b

$a/$b Division (/) Quotient of $a and $b

$a%$b Modulus (%) Remainder of $a divided by $b

$a**$b Exponentiation (**) Result of raising $a to the $b’th power

(PHP5)

B. Assignment Operators

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), the PHP assignment operators

are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), the basic assignment operator

in PHP is “=“. It means that the left operand gets set to the value of the

assignment expression on the right.

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Table 5.2 Assignment Sample Results (w3schools.com, 2003)

Operator Assignment Same as Description

= a=b a = b The left operand gets the value

of the expression on the right

+= a+=b a = a + b Addition

-= a-=b a = a –b Subtraction

*= a*=b a = a * b Multiplication

/= a/=b a = a / b Division

%= a%=b a = a % b Modulus

C. Comparison Operators

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), it allows you to compare two

values.

Table 5.3 Comparison Operators Sample Results (w3schools.com, 2003)

Example Name Result

$a = = $b Equal TRUE if $a is equal to $b

$a = = = $b Identical TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the

same type. (PHP4only)

$a != $b Not equal TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

$a <> $b Not equal TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

$a != = $b Not identical TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, or they are not

of the same type. (PHP 4 only)

$a < $b Less than TRUE if $a is strictly less than $b

$a > $b Greater than TRUE if $a is strictly greater than $b

$a <= $b Greater than TRUE if $a is less than or equal to $b

$a >= $b Greater than

or equal

TRUE if $a is greater than or equal to $b

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D. Increment/Decrement Operators

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), increment operators are used

to increase the value of a variable by 1.

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), decrement operators are used

to decrease the value of a variable by 1.

Table 5.4 Increment/Decrement Operators Sample

Results (w3schools.com, 2003)

Example Name Effect

++$a Pre-increment Increment $a by one. Then returns $a.

$a++ Post-increment Returns $a, then increments $a by one

--$a Pre-decrement Decrements $a by one, then returns $a.

$a-- Post-decrement Returns $a, then decrements $a by one.

Sample script (w3schools.com, 2003):

<?php

echo “<h3>Postincrement</h3>“;

$a = 5;

echo “Should be 5: “ . $a++ . “<br/> \n”;

echo “Should be 6: “ . $a . “<br/> \n”;

echo “<h3>Preincrement</h3>“;

$a = 5;

echo “Should be 6: “ . ++$a . “<br/>\n”;

echo “Should be 6: “ . $a . “<br/>\n”;

?>

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E. Logical Operators

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), used to combine conditional

statements

Table 5.5 Logical Operators Sample Results (w3schools.com, 2003)

Example Name Result

$a and $b AND T RUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.

$a or $b OR TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE.

$a xor $b XOR TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE,

but not both.

! $a NOT TRUE if $a is not TRUE.

$a && $b AND TRUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.

$a | | $b OR TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE.

F. String Operators

two string operators

i. concatenation operator(.) -returns the concatenation of its right and

left arguments (w3schools.com, 2003).

ii. concatenation assignment operator(.=) -appends the argument on the

right side to the argument on the left side (w3schools.com, 2003).

Sample script (w3schools.com, 2003):

<?php$a = “Hello “;

$b = $a . “World!”; // now $b contains “Hello World!”

$a = “Hello “;$a .= “World!”; // now $a contains “Hello World!”

?>

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G. PHP Array Operators

Based on the w3schools.com website (2003), PHP array operators are used

to compare arrays.

Table 5.6 Logical Operators Sample Results (w3schools.com, 2003)

Example Name Result

$a + $b Union (+) Union of $a and $b

$a = = $b Equality (==) Returns true of $a and $b have

the same value

$a === $b Identity (=== Returns true if $a and $b have

the same value, same order, and

of the same type

$a != $b Inequality (!=) Returns true if $a is not equal to

$b

$a <> $b Inequality (<>) Returns true if $a is not equal to

$b

$a !== $b Not-Identity (!==) Returns true if $a is not identical

to $b

Lesson 2: IF statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2006), if statement is one of the most

important features of many languages.

It allows conditional execution of code fragments (w3schools.com, 2006).

Use PHP if statement when you want your program to execute a block of code only if

a specified condition is true (w3schools.com, 2006).

Syntax (w3schools.com, 2006) :

If (condition) {

//statement to be executed if condition is true;

}

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Example (w3schools.com, 2006) :

<?php

$t = date(“H”);

if ($t < “12”) {

echo “Good morning!”;}

?>

Lesson 3: IF ELSE Statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2006), this control structure executes some

code if conditions is met and do something else if the condition is not met.

Else, extends an if statement to execute a statement in case the condition in the if

statement evaluates to false (w3schools.com, 2006).

Syntax (w3schools.com, 2006):

If (condition) {


} else {

//statement to be executed if condition is false;

}

Example (w3schools.com, 2006):

<?php

$t = date(“H”);

if ($t < “12”) {

echo “Good morning!”;

} else {

echo “Good afternoon!”;}

?>

The else statement is only executed if the condition in the if statement is evaluated to

false, and if there were any else if expressions –only if they evaluated to false as well

(w3schools.com, 2006).

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Lesson 4: ELSE IF Statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2006), a combination of IF and ELSE

It extends an IF statement to execute a different statement in case the original if

expression evaluates to FALSE (w3schools.com, 2006).


If (condition) {


} else if(condition) {


} else {

//statement to be executed if condition is false;

}


<?php

$t = date(“H”);

if ($t < “12”) {

echo “Good morning!”;}

else if($t < “18”) {

echo “Good afternoon!”;

} else {

echo “Have a good evening!”;

}

?>

Lesson 5: SWITCH Statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2006), similar to a series of if statements on

the same expression.

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switch (n) {

case 1:

//Statement to be executed if n=case 1;

break;

case 2:

//Statement to be executed if n=case 2;

break;

case 3:Statement to be executed if n=case 3;

break;

Default:

//Statement to be executed if n is not equal to all cases;

}


<?php

$fruit = “mango”;

switch ($fruit) {

case “apple”:

echo “My favorite fruit is apple!”;

break;

case “banana”:

echo “ My favorite fruit is banana!”;

break;

case “mango”:

echo “ My favorite fruit is mango!”;

break;

default:

echo “My favorite fruit is not in the list!”;

}

?>

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Lesson 6: WHILE LOOP Statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2013), while loops are the simplest type of

loop in PHP. They behave like their C counterparts.

The basic form of a while statement is (w3schools.com, 2013):

while (condition is true) {

//Statement to be executed here...;

}


<?php

$a = 1;

while ($a <=5) {

echo “The number is: $a <br>“;

$a++;

}

?>

Lesson 7: DO...WHILE LOOP statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2013), do...while loops are very similar to

while loops, except the truth expression is checked at the end of each iteration

instead of in the beginning

do...while statement will always execute the blocked of code once, it will then

checked the condition, and repeat the loop while the condition is true



do {

//Statement to be executed;

} while (condition is true);

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<?php

$a = 1;

do {


$a++;

}while ($a <=5);

?>

Lesson 8: FOR LOOP Statement

Based on the w3schools.com website (2009), executes block of codes in a specified

number of times.

Basically used when you know the number of times the code loop should run



for (initialization; condition; increment)

{

//statement to be executed

}

Initialization: It is mostly used to set counter (w3schools.com, 2009).

Condition: It is evaluated for each loop iteration (w3schools.com, 2009).

Increment: Mostly used to increment a counter (w3schools.com, 2009).


<?php

for ($a = 1; $a <= 5; $a++) {


}

?>

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Result (w3schools.com, 2009):

The number is: 1

The number is: 2

The number is: 3

The number is: 4

The number is: 5

Lesson 9: FOREACH LOOP

Based on the w3schools.com website (2019), for each loop works only on arrays,

and is used to loop through each key/value pair in an array.


foreach ($array as $value) {

code to be executed;

}

For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value

and the array pointer is moved by one, until it reaches the last array element



<?php

$colors = array(“red”, “green”, “blue”, “yellow”);

foreach ($colors as $value) {

echo “$value <br>“;

}

?>


red green blue yellow

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Lesson 10: BREAK/CONTINUE

A. PHP Break

a. Based on the w3schools.com website (2020), you have already seen the

break statement used in an earlier chapter of this tutorial. It was used to

“jump out” of a switch statement.

b. The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop (w3schools.com,

2020).

c. This example jumps out of the loop when x is equal to 4 (w3schools.com,

2020):

<?php

for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {

if ($x == 4) {

break;

}

echo “The number is: $x <br>“;

}

?>

B. PHP Continue

a. Based on the w3schools.com website (2020), the continue statement breaks

one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues with

the next iteration in the loop.

b. This example skips the value of 4 (w3schools.com, 2020):

<?php

for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {

if ($x == 4) {

continue;

}


}

?>

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C. Break and Continue in While Loop

a. Break

You can also use break and continue in while loops (w3schools.com,

2020):

<?php

$x = 0;

while($x < 10) {

if ($x == 4) {

break;

}


$x++;

}

?>

b. Continue

<?php

$x = 0;

while($x < 10) {

if ($x == 4) {

$x++;

continue;

}


$x++;

}

?>

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The number is: 0 The number is: 1 The number is: 2 The number is: 3 The number is: 5 The number is: 6 The number is: 7 The number is: 8 The number is: 9

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Assessment Task

Objectives:

At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to:

use arithmetic operations in writing and executing a PHP program, and

use the if/else, if/else/if/else and switch statements in writing and executing a

PHP program.

Materials:

Computer with the following installed software:

WAMP SERVER 2.5

o Apache

o PHP

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox

IDE

o Sublime

o Notepad ++

o Atom

o Visual Studio

Phone with the following installed application:

KSWEB (PRO v3.81)

o Apache (v2.4.28)

o PHP (v7.2.0)

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox

AWD – IDE For Web Dev

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Procedures:

Exercise 1 Using PHP Operators

1. Open your Editor. And key in the codes below:

The above code will perform a simple addition of two variable $x and $y. the sum is

displayed using the echo statement. The result should be 16.

Note: Name your PHP file: operator1[LastName].php

Practical Exercise1 Operators

1. Create a PHP script that will perform the following:

a. Convert Fahrenheit into Celsius and display it as “<Fahrenheit value> degree

Fahrenheit is <Fahrenheit value after conversion> degrees Celsius.”

Tip: Use this formula to convert Fahrenheit into Celsius

°F =

°C + 32

b. Convert Celsius into Fahrenheit and display its output as “<Celsius value>

degree Celsius is <Celsius value after conversion> degree Fahrenheit.”

Tip: Use this formula to convert Fahrenheit into Degrees

°C =

(°F−32)

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Sample test run:

Fahrenheit: 86

Celsius: 54

Output:

Note: Name your PHP file: operator2[LastName].php

Practical Exercise 2 Control Structures

1. The code below shows a simple use of if/else statement in PHP. Type and test for

your reference.

2. The code above will result “Have a good day!” if the current time is below 18.

Otherwise it will display “Have a good night!”

Note: Name your PHP file: function[LastName].php

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Summary

Different types of operators are discussed on this module to be able to perform operations

on variables and values, consisting of logical, operational, arithmetic, assignment,

comparison and array operator. Conditional statements are also discussed on this module in

order to perform different actions for different conditions, consisting of if/else, if/else if and

switch. Different type of Loops are also discussed like for, while, do while, and foreach, so

that we know how to repeat code by using loops in PHP on this module.

References

PHP Operators. (2003, September 24). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_operators.asp

PHP if...else...elseif Statements. (2006, April 25). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_if_else.asp

PHP switch Statement. (2006, May 29). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_switch.asp

PHP Loops. (2009, May 14). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/ php_looping.asp

PHP while Loop. (2013, April 12). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_while.asp

PHP do while Loop. (2019, October 30). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_do_while.asp

PHP for loops. (2009, May 14). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_for.asp

PHP for loops. (2019, October 30). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_foreach.asp

PHP Break and Continue. (2020, June 18). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_break.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_operators.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_if_else.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_switch.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_while.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_do_while.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_for.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_foreach.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_break.asp

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MODULE 6

PHP FUNCTION, ARRAYS

Introduction

In this module, I’ll show you many more things that you can do with function and

arrays. Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003), the real power of PHP comes from its

functions. PHP has more than 1000 built-in functions, and in addition you can create your

own custom functions.

Arrays are an example of what has made PHP so popular. Not only do they remove

the tedium of writing code to deal with complicated data structures, they also provide

numerous ways to access data while remaining amazingly fast (Nixon, 2014, pg. 131)

Learning Outcomes


1. Appreciate the importance of function and array.

2. Create functions in scripting PHP

3. Create PHP scripts with arrays

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Lesson 1: Function

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003), self-contained blocked of codes that

perform a specified “function” or task.

executed by a call to the function (w3schools.com, 2003).

can be called anywhere within a page (w3schools.com, 2003).

often accepts one or more parameters (“also referred to as arguments”) which you

can pass to it (w3schools.com, 2003).


function functionName()

{

//Statement to be executed;

}

The declaration of a user defined function starts with the word “function” followed by

a short but descriptive name for that function


<?php

function myTeacherName()

{

echo “Bea May M. Belarmino”;

}

myTeacherName();

?>


Bea May M. Belarmino

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Lesson 2: Function Arguments

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003), function arguments are just like

variables.

specified right after the function name inside the parentheses (w3schools.com,

2003).


<?php

function MyFamName($fname) {

echo “$fname Belarmino.<br>“;

}

MyFamName(“Bea”);

MyFamName(“Yra”);

MyFamName(“Edeliza”);

MyFamName(“Bedo”);

?>


Bea Belarmino.

Yra Belarmino.

Edeliza Belarmino.

Bedo Belarmino.

Lesson 3: Function Returns a Value

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003), function returns a value using the return

statement.

102


<?php

function sum($a, $b) {

$ab = $a + $b;

return $ab;

}

echo “5 + 10 = “ . sum(5, 10) . “<br>“;

echo “7 + 13 = “ . sum(7, 13) . “<br>“;

echo “2 + 4 = “ . sum(2, 4);

?>


5 + 10 = 15

7 + 13 = 20

2 + 4 = 6

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2006), Having 3 car names (Honda, Mazda,

and Mitsubishi), how will you store these car names in a variable?

Answer:

o $car1 = “Honda”;

o $car2 = “Mazda”;

o $car3 = “Mitsubishi”;

However, what if you want to loop through the cars and look for a specific one? And

what if you had hundreds or thousands of cars? What will you do?

Answer:

o Create an array and store them to a single variable

Lesson 4: Arrays Types of PHP Arrays

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2006), PHP array is a special variable which

allows you to store multiple values in a single variable.

103


$cars = array(“Honda”, “Mazda”, “Mitsubishi”);

The values of an array can be accessed by referring to its index number



<?php

$cars = array(“Honda”, “Mazda”, “Mitsubishi”);

echo “I have “ . $cars[0] . “, “ . $cars[1] “,” . “, and “ . $cars[2] . “.”;

?>


I have Honda, Mazda, Mitsubishi

Types of PHP Arrays

o Indexed array

o Associative array

o Multidimensional array

A. Indexed Arrays

Indexed arrays or numeric arrays use number as key (w3schools.com, 2006).

The key is the unique identifier, or id of each item within an array


index number starts at zero (w3schools.com, 2019).

Two ways to create an array:

o Automatic key assignment

$sangre = array(“Amihan”, “Pirena”, “Danaya”, “Alena”);

o Manual key assignment

$sangre [0] = “Amihan”;

$sangre [1] = “Pirena”;

$sangre [2] = “Danaya”;

$sangre [3] = “Alena”;

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Array COUNT() Function

o The count() function is used to return the length (the number of

elements) of an array (w3schools.com, 2019).

o Example (w3schools.com, 2019):


$arrlength=count($sangre);

echo $arrlength;

o Result (w3schools.com, 2019):

4

Array: Displaying Specific Content



echo $sangre[1];


Pirena

Looping Through Indexed Array

o Loop construct is used to loop through and print all the values of a

numeric array Associative array (w3schools.com, 2019).

o For loop structure is best to use in numeric array (w3schools.com,

2019).

<?php


$arrlength = count($sangre);

for ($i= 0; $i< $arrlength; $i++)

{

echo $sangre[$i];

echo “<br>“;}

?>

105


Amihan

Pirena

Danaya

Alena

B. Associative array

arrays that use named keys as you assigned to them (w3schools.com, 2019).

Associative arrays are similar to numeric arrays but instead of using a

number for the key (w3schools.com, 2019).

it use a value. Then assign another value to the key (w3schools.com, 2019).

Two options to create an associative array

o First:

$sangre = array (“Amihan”=>“Hangin”, “Pirena”=>“Apoy”,

“Danaya”=>“Lupa”, “Alena”=>“Tubig”);

o Second:

$sangre [‘Amihan’] = “Hangin”;

$sangre [‘Pirena’] = “Apoy”;

$sangre [‘Danaya’] = “Lupa”;

$sangre [‘Alena’] = “Tubig”;

Displaying The Content of An Associative Array

o Displaying the content of an associative array is compared with

numeric or indexed array, by referring to its key (w3schools.com,

2019).


<?php

$sangre = array (“Amihan”=>“Hangin”, “Pirena”=>“Apoy”,

“Danaya”=>“Lupa”, “Alena”=>“Tubig”);

echo “Amihan:” . $sangre [“Amihan”];

?>

106


Amihan:Hangin

Looping Through An Associative Array

o Loop construct is used to loop through and print all the values of an

associative array (w3schools.com, 2019).

o For each loop structure is best to use in associative array



<?php


$arrlength= count($sangre);

foreach($sangre as $x => $x_value) {

echo “ID = “ . $x . “, Sangre = “ . $x_value;

echo “<br>“;}

?>


ID = 0, Sangre = Amihan

ID = 1, Sangre = Pirena

ID = 2, Sangre = Danaya

ID = 3, Sangre = Alena

C. Multidimensional array

an array that contains another array as a value, which in turn can hold

another array as well (w3schools.com, 2019).

This can be done as many times as can be wish –could have an array inside

to create two-or three-dimensional arrays (w3schools.com, 2019).

107

Assuming you have a table like this:

Table 6.1 Multidimensional Table Sample (w3schools.com, 2019)

Name Quantity Sold

Mango 100 96

Apple 60 59

Banana 110 100


<?php

$fruit = array

(

array("Mango",100,96),

array("Apple",60,59),

array("Banana",110,100)

);

?>

echo $fruit[0][0].": QTY: ".$fruit[0][1].", sold: ".$fruit[0][2].".<br>";

echo $fruit[1][0].": QTY: ".$fruit[1][1].", sold: ".$fruit[1][2].".<br>";

echo $fruit[2][0].": QTY: ".$fruit[2][1].",sold:".$fruit[2][2].".<br>";

The two-dimensional array name $fruit array which has two indices: row and

column -contains three arrays. To get access to each specific element of the

$fruit array, one must point to the two indices (w3schools.com, 2019).


Mango: QTY: 100, sold: 96.

Apple: QTY: 60, sold: 59.

Banana: QTY: 110,sold: 100.

108

Using for loop statement to get the element of the $ array

<?php

$sangre = array (

array("Pirena","Hangin",1),

array("Amihan","Apoy",2),

array("Alena","Tubig",3),

array("Danaya","Lupa",4)

);

for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {

echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";

echo "<ul>";

for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {

echo "<li>".$sangre[$row][$col]."</li>";

}

echo "na anak";

echo "</ul>";

}

?>


Row number 0

Pirena

Hangin

1

na anak

Row number 1

Amihan

Apoy

2

na anak

109

Row number 2

Alena

Tubig

3

na anak

Row number 3

Danaya

Lupa

4

na anak

110

Assessment Task

Objectives:


use functions in scripting PHP, and

write PHP scripts with arrays

Materials:


WAMP SERVER 2.5

o Apache

o PHP

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox

IDE

o Sublime

o Notepad ++

o Atom

o Visual Studio


KSWEB (PRO v3.81)

o Apache (v2.4.28)

o PHP (v7.2.0)

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox


111

Procedures:

Exercise 1

1. Create a PHP script that will determine the Chinese Zodiac sign of a particular year.

Below are the 12 Chinese Zodiac signs. Input can be from year 0000 to year 2020.

Note: Use function statement

1. Monkey

2. Rooster

3. Dog

4. Boar

5. Rat

6. Ox

7. Tiger

8. Rabbit

9. Dragon

10. Snake

11. Horse

12. Lamb

Sample input 1: 1986

Output: Tiger

Sample input 2: 2017

Output: Rooster

Note: Name your PHP file: function[LastName].php

2. Create a PHP script using array that will output the following:

array name at index [0] is: apoy

array name at index [1] is: hangin

array name at index [2] is: tubig

array name at index [3] is: lupa

Note: Name your file: array[LastName].php

112

Summary

The real power of PHP comes from its function that’s why; this was also discussed on this

module. Different array types have been also discussed on this module, consisting of

indexed array, associative array, and multi-dimensional array.

References

Nixon, R. (2014, May 19). PHP Array. Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS &

HTML5 (pg.131), United States of America

PHP Functions. (2003, December 16). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php/php_functions.asp

PHP Arrays. (2006, May 1). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays.asp

PHP Indexed Arrays. (2019, October 19). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_indexed.asp

PHP Associative Arrays. (2019, October 19). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_associative.asp

PHP Multidimensional Arrays. (2013, February 5). w3schools.com.

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_multidimensional.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php/php_functions.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_indexed.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_associative.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_arrays_multidimensional.asp

113

MODULE 7

PHP FORMS

Introduction

With your solid foundation in both PHP and JavaScript, it’s time to bring these

technologies together to create web forms that are as user-friendly as possible. We’ll be

using PHP to create the forms and JavaScript to perform client-side validation to ensure that

the data is as complete and correct as it can be before it is submitted. Final validation of the

input will then be made by PHP, which will, if necessary, present the form again to the user

for further modification.

In the process, this module will cover validation in PHP.

Learning Outcomes


1. Understand get, post & validation

2. Appreciate the importance of web forms security.

3. Create web forms using HTML, CSS, and PHP scripts.

114

Lesson 1: Get and Post Method

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2013), a form data can be submitted using

POST and GET method (w3schools, 2013).

Both are used for same purpose but stand apart for some specifications (w3schools,

2013).

GET and POST create an array which holds key/value pairs, where keys are the

name of the form controls and values are the input data by the use (w3schools,

2013).

Both GET and POST method are treated as $_GET and $_POST in PHP

(w3schools, 2013).

These methods are super globals, which means that they are always accessible, and

they can be accessed using any function, class or file (w3schools, 2013).

The $_GET method is an associative array of variables passed to the current script

via the URL parameters (w3schools, 2013).

The $_POST method is an array of variables passed to the current script via the

HTTP POST method (w3schools, 2013).

In this method the information is transferred in a hidden manner (w3schools, 2003).

A form that submits information is appended to the URL in the form of Query String

which consists of name = value pairs in URL known as URL Encoding (w3schools,

2013).

This string contains user values/data, which are joined using equal (=) signs,

separated by ampersand (&), and spaces are removed and replaced with plus (+)

sign (w3schools, 2013).

Sample URL Syntax:

Name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3

Sample URL Output:

http:/.www.example.com/[email protected]&contact=09176543210

115

Lesson 2: Get Method

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2013), The code below is a client-side HTML

form using method = “get ”for user to fill the information (w3schools, 2003).


<form action="#" method="get">

<input type="text" name="name" placeholder="Your Name"></input><br/>

<input type="text" name="email" placeholder="Your Email"></input><br/>

<input type="text" name="contact" placeholder="Your Mobile"></input><br/>

<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"></input>

</form>

The code below is the server-side PHP script where, $_GET associative array is

used to receive sent information from server end (w3schools, 2013).

<?php

if( $_GET["name"] || $_GET["email"] || $_GET["contact"])

{

echo "Welcome: ". $_GET['name']. "<br/>";

echo "Your Email is: ". $_GET["email"]. "<br/>";

echo "Your Mobile No. is: ". $_GET["contact"];

}

?>

Lesson 3: Post Method

Sample Syntax (w3schools.com, 2013):

<form action="#" method="post">....</form>

116

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2013), below is a server-side PHP script

where $_POST associative array is used to receive sent information at server end

<?phpif( $_POST["name"] || $_POST["email"] || $_POST["contact"])

{

echo "Welcome: ". $_POST['name']. "<br/>";

echo "Your Email is: ". $_POST["email"]. "<br/>";

echo "Your Mobile No. is: ". $_POST["contact"];

}

?>

Lesson 4: Form Validation

Figure 7.1 PHP Form Validation Example

Source: w3schools.com tutorial (2013)

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2013), The form they provided shown in Figure

7.1 consists of the following elements:

o Name (required field -must contain letters and whitespaces)

o E-mail (required field -must contain valid email address)

o Website (optional field -if present, must contain valid website URL)

117

o Comments (optional field -a multi-line text field)

o Gender (required field -must select a radio button)

A. Form Elements

a. Text Field Elements

The Name, E-mail, Website are input elements (w3schools.com, 2013).

Input elements, in particular, used text and submit values for its types

attribute in order to create text fields and buttons

The HTML code for Text Field (w3schools.com, 2013)

Name: <input type="text" name="name">

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email">

Website: <input type="text" name="website">

b. Radio button Elements

Radio button shows several options to the users from which the user may

select one (w3schools, 2013).

HTML code for Radio Button (w3schools, 2013):

Gender:

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male

c. Text Area Elements

The text area is typically a large text field with multiple rows (w3schools,

2013).

The text area element has three attributes –name, rows, and cols attribute

HTML code for Text Area (w3schools, 2013):

Comment: <textareaname="comment" rows="8" cols="80">Type your

comments here...</textarea>

d. Select Elements

list element offers options from which the user might choose. A list can be

created using the select element, within which is nested option elements

for each option to appear (w3schools, 2013).

118

The select element has a name attribute giving the name for the browser

to use when identifying the selection when the form is submitted

(w3schools, 2013).

The option element has a value attribute for specifying what value to send

when that option is selected, and it has a select attribute which allows the

HTML to specify which option is initially selected (w3schools, 2003).

HTML code for Select (w3schools, 2013):

Country: <select name="country">

<option value="php" selected="selected">Afghanistan</option>

<option value="albania">Albania</option>

<option value="algeria">Algeria</option>

</select>

e. Form Element

The HTML code of the form element (w3schools, 2013):

<form method="post" action="<?phpecho

htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);?>">

when the form is submitted, the form data is sent with method=”post”

(w3schools, 2013).

So, the $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] sends the submitted forms data to the

page itself, instead of jumping to a different page (w3schools, 2013).

The $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]is a super global variable that returns the

filename of the currently executing script (w3schools, 2013).

Htmlspecialchars()function converts special characters to HTML entities

Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability

typically found in Web application (w3schools, 2013).

Example: test_form.php

<form method="post" action="<?phpecho $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"];?>">

if a user enters the normal URL in the address bar like

"http://www.example.com/test_form.php", the above code will be

translated to (w3schools, 2013):

119

<form method="post" action="test_form.php">

consider that if a user enters the following URL in the address bar

(w3schools, 2013):

http://www.example.com/test_form.php/%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert('hac

ked')%3C/script%3E

will be translated (w3schools, 2013):

<form method="post"

action="test_form.php/"><script>alert('hacked')</script>

o Be aware that any JavaScript code can be added inside the

<script>tag (w3schools, 2013).

o A hacker can redirect the user to a file on another server, and that

file can hold malicious code that can alter the global variables or

submit the form to another address to save the user’s data

(w3schools, 2013).

B. How To Avoid $_SERVER[“PHP_SELF”] Exploit?

The $_SERVER[“PHP_SELF”] exploit can be avoided using the

htmlspecialchars() function (w3schools, 2013).

If the user tries to exploit the PHP_SELF variable, it will result (w3schools,

2013):

<form method="post"

action="test_form.php/"><script>alert('hacked')</script>">

C. Validate Form Data With PHP

The very first thing to do to validate form data with PHP is to pass all

variables through PHP’s htmlspecialchars() function (w3schools, 2003).

For example (w3schools, 2013):

<script>location.href('http://www.hacked.com')</script>

With htmlspecialchars() function it would not be executed, because it would

be saved as HTML escaped code like this (w3schools, 2013):

<script>location.href('http://www.hacked.com')</script>

120

test_input()

<?php

$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);

$email = test_input($_POST["email"]);

$website = test_input($_POST["website"]);

$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);

$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);

}

function test_input($data) {

$data = trim($data);

$data = stripslashes($data);

$data = htmlspecialchars($data);

return $data;

}

?>

Lesson 5: Form Required Fields

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2013), in the previous slide, all input fields

were optional, meaning no required fields to be filled in by the user.

121

Here is a simple PHP script that checks the name for empty input and throws an

error message if the input is empty (w3schools, 2013):

if (empty($_POST["name"]))

{

$nameErr= "Please enter your name";

}

else

{


}

To display the error message in the HTML form (this will be generated if the user

tries to submit the form without filling in the required fields) use the code below

(w3schools, 2013):


<span class="error">* <?phpecho $nameErr;?></span>

Lesson 6: Form URL/E-mail

A. PHP - Validate Name

The code below shows a simple way to check if the name field only contains letters,

dashes, apostrophes and whitespaces. If the value of the name field is not valid, then

store an error message (w3schools, 2013):


if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z-' ]*$/",$name)) {

$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";

}

B. PHP - Validate E-mail

The easiest and safest way to check whether an email address is well-formed is to

use PHP's filter_var() function. In the code below, if the e-mail address is not well-

formed, then store an error message (w3schools, 2013):

122


if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {

$emailErr = "Invalid email format";

}

C. PHP - Validate URL

The code below shows a way to check if a URL address syntax is valid (this regular

expression also allows dashes in the URL). If the URL address syntax is not valid,

then store an error message (w3schools, 2013):


if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-

9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website))

{

$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";

}

Complete set of code are given below (w3schools, 2013):

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<style>

.error {color: #FF0000;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<?php

// define variables and set to empty values

$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";

$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";

123

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

if (empty($_POST["name"])) {

$nameErr = "Name is required";

} else {


// check if name only contains letters and whitespace

if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z-' ]*$/",$name)) {

$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";

}

}

if (empty($_POST["email"])) {

$emailErr = "Email is required";

} else {


// check if e-mail address is well-formed

if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {

$emailErr = "Invalid email format";

}

}

if (empty($_POST["website"])) {

$website = "";

} else {


// check if URL address syntax is valid

if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-

9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {

$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";

}

}

124

if (empty($_POST["comment"])) {

$comment = "";

} else {

$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);

}

if (empty($_POST["gender"])) {

$genderErr = "Gender is required";

} else {

$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);

}

}

function test_input($data) {

$data = trim($data);

$data = stripslashes($data);

$data = htmlspecialchars($data);

return $data;

}

?>

<h2>PHP Form Validation Example</h2>

<p><span class="error">* required field</span></p>

<form method="post" action="<?php echo

htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);?>">


<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>

<br><br>

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email">

<span class="error">* <?php echo $emailErr;?></span>

<br>

<br>

125

Website: <input type="text" name="website">

<span class="error"><?php echo $websiteErr;?></span>

<br><br>

Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"></textarea>

<br><br>

Gender:

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other">Other

<span class="error">* <?php echo $genderErr;?></span>

<br><br>

<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

<?php

echo "<h2>Your Input:</h2>";

echo $name;

echo "<br>";

echo $email;

echo "<br>";

echo $website;

echo "<br>";

echo $comment;

echo "<br>";

echo $gender;

?>

</body>

</html>

126

Lesson 7: Form Complete

To show the values in the input fields after the user hits the submit button, we add a

little PHP script inside the value attribute of the following input fields: name, email,

and website. In the comment textarea field, we put the script between the <textarea>

and </textarea> tags. The little script outputs the value of the $name, $email,

$website, and $comment variables (w3schools, 2013).

Then, we also need to show which radio button that was checked. For this, we must

manipulate the checked attribute (not the value attribute for radio buttons)

(w3schools, 2013):

Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="<?php echo $name;?>">

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email" value="<?php echo $email;?>">

Website: <input type="text" name="website" value="<?php echo $website;?>">

Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"><?php echo

$comment;?></textarea>

Gender:

<input type="radio" name="gender"

<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="female") echo "checked";?>

value="female">Female


<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="male") echo "checked";?>

value="male">Male


<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="other") echo "checked";?>

value="other">Other

127

Assessment Task

Objectives:


create web forms using HTML, CSS, and PHP scripts.

Materials:

Materials:


WAMP SERVER 2.5

o Apache

o PHP

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox

IDE

o Sublime

o Notepad ++

o Atom

o Visual Studio


KSWEB (PRO v3.81)

o Apache (v2.4.28)

o PHP (v7.2.0)

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox


128

Procedures:

Exercise 1 - Creating a Form

In this exercise, a PHP script will be created for a simple web form that will accept data from

user inputs. The form will include common fields like name, address, and phone

number. And form elements such as radio button, checkbox, textarea, and option button.

Few HTML and CSS will also be applied for the design.

1. Open the Editor and type the following codes:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Cake Form</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

2. Save the file as cakeform[LastName].php under the WAMP -> www folder in

local drive.

3. To test the script, open any of the installed browser and type

localhost/cakeform[Surname].php in the address bar .If error occurs, check if

the WampServer is in active mode. Otherwise, start the WampServer and wait

until the icon in the app tray becomes green. Test the script again.

4. Open the cakeform[Your Surname].php in Notepad and key in the following

codes inside the <body>tag:

<body>

<h1>Make Your Own Cake! </h1>

<h4>Select Size for the Cake: </h4>

<input type="radio" name="SelectedCake" value = "Round6"> Round cake 6" -serves 8

people <br/>

<input type="radio" name="SelectedCake" value = "Round8"> Round cake 8" -serves 12

people <br/>

</body>

129

5. Save and test your script.

6. Add these to the options above:

Round cake 10" -serves 16 people

Round cake 12" -serves 30 people

7. The page should look like in the figure below, after the script is finished

8. Next, add a dropdown element for the cake’s flavor. Type the following codes

below:

<h4>Select a Cake Flavor: </h4>

<select name="Cake Flavor">

<option value="Flavor" selected="selected">Select Flavor</option>

<option value="Carrot">Carrot</option>

<option value="Chocolate">Chocolate</option>

<option value="Banana">Banana</option>

</select>

9. Continue the coding by adding the following cake’s flavor in the dropdown

element:

Red Velvet

Strawberry

Vanilla

Combo

130

10. When the script is finished, it should look like this:

11. Add a checkbox element which will hold the fillings for the cake. Use the codes

below.

<h4>Select Fillings:</h4>

<label><input type="checkbox" value="Cream" name='Filling[]' />Cream</label><br>

<label><input type="checkbox" value="Fudge" name='Filling[]' />Fudge</label><br>

<label><input type="checkbox" value="Ganache" name='Filling[]' />Ganache</label><br>

<label><input type="checkbox" value="Hazelnut" name='Filling[]' />Hazelnut</label><br>

<label><input type="checkbox" value="Mousse" name='Filling[]' />Mousse</label><br>

<label><input type="checkbox" value="Pudding" name='Filling[]' />Pudding</label><br>


131

13. Try to fix your script to achieve the result on the next page. The form should look

like this:

14. Save your file.

15. Add the following contact details to complete the form.

Name

Address

Phone numbe

16. Use this code:


17. Then add a submit button to the form. Use the following code:

<input type='submit' name='submitted' id='submit' value='Submit' />

132

18. Try to fix your script to achieve the result below:

Exercise 2 Applying CSS

The <div>...</div> element gives structure and context to any block-level content in the

document.

1. Open your cakeform.php.

2. Below the <title>...</title> tag, place the code below:

<link href="cakeform.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

This code links to cakeform.css file.

3. Insert the <div id=”wrap”> after the <body> tag and </div> before the </body> tag

at the end of the script. See figure below:

133

4. After the <div id=”wrap”>, insert <div> and its closing pair before the </div>

element at the bottom part of the script. See figure below:

5. Next, put another division to wrap the order of each container. Type the <div

class= ”cont_order”> and its closing pair </div> after the <div>. See figure below

for your reference.

6. Save your file and try to test your script. Observe that there is always a closing

tag pair for every tag.

7. Now, separate each form element with the <div class='field_container'> and its

closing pair </div>.Refer to the figure below for your reference.

8. On your own, apply <div class= 'field_container'> to Select a Cake a Cake Flavor

and Select Fillings.

134

9. Update the Contact Details area using the codes below:


11. To make the form more structural and organized, let’s put a <fieldset> element to

our container. <fieldset> element is a structural container for form elements (as

distinguished from the functional containment of the form element).To do this,

type <fieldset> below the <div class="cont_order">and its closing tag </fieldset>

after the closing tag of <div class="cont_order">

12. Also change the <h1> Make Your Own Cake! </h1> to <legend> Make Your

Own Cake!</legend>.The<legend> element acts as a label for a fieldset element.

13. Do this also in the contact details part.

135

14. Save and test your code. The web form should look like the screenshot on the

next page after the script is finished.

136

Summary

Final validation of the input was made by PHP, which will, is very necessary, in presenting

the form to the end user for further modification. That is why form validation, form required

fields was also discussed on this course.

References

Nixon, R. (2014, May 19). JavaScript and PHP Validation and Error Handling.

Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS & HTML5 (pg. 381), United States of

America

PHP Form Handling. (2003, September 25). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_forms.asp

PHP Form Validation. (2013, September 12). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_validation.asp

PHP Forms Required Fields. (2013, September 12). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_required.asp

PHP Forms Validate E-mail and URL. (2013, September 14). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_url_email.asp

PHP Complete Form Example. (2013, September 14). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_complete.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_forms.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_validation.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_required.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_url_email.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_complete.asp

137

MODULE 8

PHP COOKIES AND SESSION

Introduction

A cookie is an item of data that a web server saves to your computer’s hard disk via

a web browser. It can contain almost any alphanumeric information (as long as it’s under4

KB) and can be retrieved from your computer and returned to the server. Common uses

include session tracking, maintaining data across multiple visits, holding shopping cart

contents, storing login details, and more (Nixon, 2014, pg. 301)

Because your program can’t tell what variables were set in other programs—

or even what values the same program set the previous time it ran—you’ll sometimes want

to track what your users are doing from one web page to another. You can do this by setting

hidden fields in a form and checking the value of the fields after the form is submitted, but

PHP provides a much more powerful and simpler solution in the form of sessions. (Nixon,

2014, pg. 312)

Learning Outcomes


1. Understand the cookies and sessions

2. Appreciate the importance of cookies and sessions

3. Apply the cookies and sessions in creating web form.

138

Lesson 1: Cookie

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003), small text file which store a small

amount of data that the server embeds on the user’s local machine

often used to identify a user (w3schools.com, 2003).

setcookie() function is used to create a cookie (w3schools.com, 2003).


<?php

setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, secure, httponly);

?>

The table below shows the cookie parameter (w3schools.com, 2003):

Table 8.1 Cookie Parameter (w3schools.com, 2003)

Parameter Description

Name The name of the cookie

Value The value of the cookie

Expire The expiration date. The default value is zero

Path The path on the server for which the cookie will be

available

Domain The domain for which the cookie is available to

Secure This field if present, indicates that the cookie should be

sent only if a secure HTTPS connection exist

HTTPONLY This signifies that when true the cookie will be made

accessible through the HTTP protocol


<?php setcookie("username", "John doe", time()+30*24*60*60); ?>

Or

<?php

$cookie_name= "username";

$cookie_value= "John Doe";

setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time()+(86400 * 30), "/");

?>

139

Lesson 2: Accessing Cookie Value

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003), The $_COOKIE super global variable


<?php

echo $_COOKIE ["username"];

?>

The PHP isset() function (w3schools.com, 2003):

<?php

if (isset($_COOKIE["username"])){

echo "Hi " . $_COOKIE["username"];

} else {

echo "Welcome guest!";}

?>

Lesson 3: Deleting A Cookie

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2003),

<?php

setcookie("username", "", time()-3600);

?>

Lesson 4: Sessions

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2006), a way to store certain data to be used

across multiple pages.

Stored on the server on a temporary basis (w3schools.com, 2003).

Unlike a PHP cookie the information is not stored on the user’s local machine


A session creates a file in a temporary directory on the server where registered

session variables and their values are stored (w3schools.com, 2003).

140

Lesson 5: Starting A PHP Session

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2006), the session_start() function:

<?php

session_start();?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

</body>

</html>


<?phpsession_start();?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<?php

$_SESSION["firstname"] = "Kylie Nicole";

$_SESSION["middlename"] = "Padilla";

$_SESSION["lastname"] = "Abrenica";

echo "Session variables are set.";

?>

</body>

</html>

Lesson 6: Accessing Session Data

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2006), call the session_start() function and

then pass the corresponding key to the $_SESSION associative array.

141


<?php

session_start();

?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<?php

echo 'Hi, ' . $_SESSION["firstname"] . '' . $_SESSION["lastname"];

?>

</body>

</html>

Lesson 7: Destroying A Session

Based on the w3schools.com tutorial (2006), remove all certain global session data,

simply unset or destroy the corresponding key of the $_SESSION using

session_unset() function and session_destroy().

<?php

session_start();

?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<?php

session_unset();

session_destroy();

?>

</body>

</html>

142

Assessment Task

Objectives:


apply form validation.

Materials:


WAMP SERVER 2.5

o Apache

o PHP

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox

IDE

o Sublime

o Notepad ++

o Atom

o Visual Studio


KSWEB (PRO v3.81)

o Apache (v2.4.28)

o PHP (v7.2.0)

Browser

o Google Chrome

o Mozilla Firefox


Procedures:

Exercise 1 Applying Form Validation

Take a look at your previous form shown in next page. The purpose of the form is to capture

the details which the user supplied to the form using the different form elements

(radio button, check box, text area, etc.). These inputs will be validated to ensure the

validity of the inputted details by the user, for example, the user has entered their contact

information and the name was left blank.

143

1. Now, open your cakeform[Surname].php file using any text editor.

144

2. Type the following codes above <!DOCTYPE html> tag.

In PHP all variables to be used must be defined first with the $ sign and initialized

them with empty values. The name of the variable should be identical to

its function or purpose. E.g. $select_cake_error will be called if no cake were

selected.

3. Type the following codes below the defined variables, before the PHP closing tag

(?>). This will be executed when the form is submitted.

4. Navigate to <div class='field_container'> below type the following code:

5. Below the submit button type the following code:

145

6. Navigate to <div class="cont_details"> and update your code after <input> tag with

the following format:

This code checks for the inputted name of the user, if the name field is empty the

form will prompt “Name is empty. Please enter your name.”

7. Now, validate if the user select a size for the cake. Enter the following code above

the <!DOCTYPE html> tag, after the first validation code.

8. Go to <div class='field_container'> which specifies the size of the cake and update

your code with the code below:

146

9. When you submit the form using the Submit button, the output should look like the

figure below.

147

Summary

A cookie is an item of data that a web server saves to your computer’s hard disk via

a web browser. It can contain almost any alphanumeric information (as long as it’s under4

KB) and can be retrieved from your computer and returned to the server (Nixon, 2014, pg.

301).

Because your program can’t tell what variables were set in other programs—

or even what values the same program set the previous time it ran—you’ll sometimes want

to track what your users are doing from one web page to another. You can do this by setting

hidden fields in a form and checking the value of the fields after the form is submitted, but

PHP provides a much more powerful and simpler solution in the form of sessions. (Nixon,

2014, pg. 312)

References

Nixon, R. (2014, May 19). Using Cookies in PHP. Learning PHP, MySQL,

JavaScript, CSS & HTML5 (pg. 301), United States of America

Nixon, R. (2014, May 19). Using Sessions. Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS

& HTML5 (pg. 312), United States of America

PHP Cookies. (2003, February 25). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_cookies.asp

PHP Sessions. (2006, July 13). w3schools.com

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_sessions.asp

*END OF MODULE FOR MIDTERM PERIOD

THERE WILL BE MIDTERM EXAMINATION ON NOVEMBER 19 TO 21, 2020,

PLESE SEE YOUR SPECIFIC SCHEDULE FOR THIS COURSE. THANK YOU

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_cookies.asp

https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_sessions.asp

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