CHAPTER 9U.S. Expansion- Europe expanding power by colonizing the world- Middle East, Africa, Asia are full of European controlled colonies- Africa completely colonizes except for Ethiopia and Liberia- Some Americans (Teddy Roosevelt) feel that the United States will be left out and lose political power

Why expand?1. Economic interests

a. colonies can supply raw materials, resourcesb. if you have no colonies, other powers can use this to their advantage by restricting trade

(think of China today)2. Military interests

a. colonies allow a nation to project power – military bases in faraway places and more people under control of the nation

b. Teddy Roosevelt advocated for a blue water navy to secure U.S. interests3. Cultural superiority

a. Social Darwinism – whites thought themselves superiorb. Christianity regarded as superiorc. America and Europe were much wealthier and therefore believed they were

superior and should take care of the rest of the world

- Alaska bought for $7.2 million from Russia in 1867- Many small islands in Pacific come to be controlled by America

Hawaii- Hawaii was an independent kingdom- White Americans came as Christian missionaries- Soon after, other whites came to farm- United States negotiates to gain a naval base at Pearl Harbor- Whites start to dominate economically- Native Hawaiians push back and threaten white property rights- Whites + U.S. Marines overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy and ask to be annexed to the United States- President Cleveland (1893-96) objects- President McKinley annexes Hawaii during the Spanish American War in 1898

Conflict with Spain – Spanish-American War- United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1820 which warned Europeans not to meddle in affairs in

the Western hemisphere- Since that time, most Spanish and all Portuguese colonies had won independence- By 1890, the British maintained a presence with Canada, Bermuda, Bahamas, Jamaica, Barbados and a

few smaller islands- Spain only had Cuba and Puerto Rico left in the Western hemisphere- Islands tended to be easier to control and more profitable

Cuba- Spanish are oppressive- Jose Marti is an effective communicator of grievance against Spain and wins many important

supporters (Teddy Roosevelt, Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst )- Support against Spain grows in U.S.- 1895 – Cuban revolt brutally put down by Spanish – Jose Marti killed

- Pressure for war with Spain increases- President McKinley does not want war, demands that Spain treat Cubans better- Jan. 1898 - U.S.S. Maine sent to protect U.S. citizens because of riots in Havana- Feb. 15, 1898 - While sitting in Havana harbor, the ship blew up- Cause of explosion investigated – some pressure to declare Spain responsible but McKinley resists rush

to judgment- March 1898 – Congress approves $50 million for extra naval ships and arms in preparation for war- April 20, 1898 – McKinley signs congressional resolution demanding that Spain grant Cuba

independence- April 24, 1898 – Spain declares war, U.S. follows the next day and backdates declaration to April 23.

Philippines- Spanish colony- substantial American fleet was in Hong Kong harbor having prepared for war for the last few

months pursuant to orders issued by Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Teddy Roosevelt- Dewey’s fleet leaves soon after it is ordered to deploy to Manila- May 1, 1898 – First major battle of war - American navy arrives in Manila harbor and

completely destroys the Spanish naval fleet without American loss of life.- conquest of Spanish in the Philippines complete by August

War in the Caribbean- U.S. army has 28,000 soldiers on April 25, 1898- 200,000 volunteer for the army – a cross section of all of society including the rich- Teddy Roosevelt quits his position in the McKinley administration and volunteers to organize a

volunteer cavalry – Roosevelt recruits Western cowboys and Ivy League colleagues and friends- Roosevelt’s group, the Rough Riders, train and then deploy to Tampa in June- end of June, sail for Cuba - July 1, 1898, battle of San Juan Hill – Spanish defeated – intense battle where many men died

(over 1000 American casualties– Teddy Roosevelt became a war hero – he actually led the charge up the hill while under intense gunfire

- Santiago falls on July 17- Puerto Rico captured a week later- War over and truce signed by Spain on August 12, 1898Results:- Cuba gains independence - Puerto Rico and Philippines become American colonies

China- China was not really one country – even today two major languages are spoken- The Chinese government had little power to control its territory- Japan, Russia, Britain, France, and Germany had established spheres of influence and had settlements

on China’s coast for commercial interests- United States feels left out and after capturing the Philippines, attempts to project power- With substantial success, U.S. calls for an Open Door Policy to prevent Japan, Russia, Britain, France,

and Germany from monopolizing trade within their respective areas of influence.

Latin AmericaRoosevelt Corollary - Monroe Doctrine extended beyond prevention of European intervention in Latin America to a more active stance of declaring the United States to be the region’s policeman. The U.S. would intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability and protect U.S. interestsPanama- President Roosevelt wanted to build a canal to make it easier to get to the Pacific from the East Coast- Colombia, which controlled Panama, would not sell land- Roosevelt sent U.S. navy to the area - U.S. encourages a revolution and Panama breaks away from Colombia- canal construction begins soon after and is completed in 1914Other Countries

- Dominican Republic – America takes over finances when DR fails to pay debts- Cuba (1906) – American troops put down revolt- Nicaragua (1912) – military action to protect American business interests- Mexico (1914) - military action to protect American business interests

CHAPTER 10:

President Wilson understood that Europe was on the brink of war when he received a report comparing Europe to a keg of gunpowder. “It only requires a spark to set the whole thing off.”

Causes of World War I:1. Imperialism – the major European powers – Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy - competed for colonies in Africa and Asia. Germany felt that it should have more colonies.

2. Nationalism – 2 factors: (a) interests of individual countries ranked above all other interests / competition for dominance; (b) different ethnic groups sought to form their own countries by breaking away from the country which held power over them.

3. Militarism – major European powers built up their militaries during peacetime and the feeling developed that these militaries should be used to expand a country’s power. Also, each European country tried to outdo or keep up with the other countries in terms of building military power which created a situation where all the major European countries built up their militaries beyond what was needed for defense.

4. Alliances – competing alliances among European countries meant that if one country was attacked, most of Europe would be instantly at war.- Central Powers – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria- Allies – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy

5. Miscalculation – older military leaders + new weapons technology = belief that war would be quick and fairly easy.

Event that Started WWI:

- The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a young Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, when visiting Sarajevo, the capital of the province of Bosnia-Herzogovina which had formally become part of Austria-Hungary in 1908 and had once been part of the Ottoman Empire and had a large Serbian population. The motorcade was bombed on a bridge but the bomb did not blow up the car. Gavrilo Princip was one of the who one of 7 potential assassins positioned on the motorcades route and was able to shoot the archduke because the driver made a wrong turn and had to stop and try to back up.

The Archduke and Sophie arriving in Sarajevo

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- A lot of angry talk results in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia- German army invades Belgium on August 4, 1914

- Germans were winning battles and taking territory during August 1914 – The German army had entered France and had reached the Marne River, 40 miles from Paris by September

- The First Battle of the Marne (September 1914) – The French had been reinforced by the British and the two armies faced off against the German army. The German advance was stopped and the war became a stalemate of trench warfare.

- Trenches were dug from the English Channel all the way to the mountains of Switzerland and the war was essentially a draw for three brutal years with machine gun fire, bombs, grenades, and poison gas being used. Unsanitary conditions in the pre-antibiotic age. Millions die.

- Battle of the Somme – July through November 1916 – 1.2 million die and the Allies gain only 7 miles

- The United States is neutral but two things bring us into the war(1) German submarine attacks on shipping in the Atlantic in response to Germany being blockaded by the superior British navy. Germany needed supplies and also wanted to deny Britain and France supplies. Germans sink a large passenger ship, the Lusitania, and 128 Americans die. President Wilson calls for an end to the attacks and the Germans comply for a while because they feared that the United States would enter the war on the side of the Allies. Germans later resume attacks in January 1917 because they thought they could win the war before the United States was able to get an army to Europe.

(2) Zimmerman Telegram (February 1917) German foreign minister telegrammed German ambassador to Mexico offering to help Mexico win back territory it lost in the Mexican American War.- America declares war in March 1917

http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/heritage/photos/disc3/Thumbnails/index4.asp

March 1917 – Germans sink 3 American ships and President Wilson asks Congress to declare war United States Entering WWI is Key to Allies’ Victory1. Russian defeat makes Germany stronger- Russia had been defeated in battles by Germany in the East- Czar Nicholas II inept- Russia was in crisis – hyperinflation, food shortages- Czar Nicholas steps down in March 1917, temporary government installed- Communists take power in November 1917- Communist Russia signs peace deal with Germans in March 1918 – Treaty of

Brest-Litvosk- German troops on the Eastern front go to the Western front

2. America mobilizes quickly- America not ready for war in 1917 – only 200,000 poorly equipped men - Draft instituted in May 1917- 3,000,000 drafted- 2,000,000 go to France

3. American Naval Power- Convoy System - Beginning in May 1917, American Naval ships escort allied

merchant ships = more supplies get through- mine field laid in the North Atlantic made u-boat attacks very difficult and sunk

many u-boats

4. Large numbers of American troops arrive just in time – May 1918

- Germans had been steadily advancing toward Paris in March-April 1918 with new troops and supplies from the Eastern front

- 1,000,000 American soldiers arrive in May 1918- Three battle victories against advancing Germans halt the German advance –

Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, and Belleau Wood

Second Battle of the Marne = Turning Point- Summer 1918 – American and French forces fight off German advance and cut

off German army units from supply lines- by early September 1918, Germany had lost all territory it had gained since

March 1918

Meuse-Argonne- September 26, 1918, is the beginning of a massive Allied offensive to drive

Germans out of France- Germans lose consistently from this point- with each day, more and more German military officers come to believe that

Germany will lose the war- early November 1918, mutiny in the German navy- November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm steps down- November 11, 1918, an armistice is signed ending combat

Results:- 9.7 million soldiers dead, 16 million total dead- 21 million total wounded- American totals – 116,708 soldiers dead, 205,690 wounded, 757 civilians dead- vast amounts of money spent by all participants leaves many countries in deep

debt- 1918 Flu pandemic kills 50 million worldwide including many soldiers – not

caused by the war but exacerbated by it

Life on the Home Front (section 3)- United States spends less money and loses fewer soldiers than the main

European participants but the cost in money and lives is high- $35.5 billion spent (about $600-700 billion today)- war financed through sale of war bonds- Volunteerism

- Many Americans helped the war effort through donations of food, aggressive recycling of metal and other things of value, planting of

victory gardens to make more food available to ship to soldiers, self-rationing of gas

- many volunteered as soldiers, nurses

- War causes an expansion of the federal government power- War Industries Board – created in 1917 – managed the buying and

distributing of war equipment and had the power to order that factories produce weapons and other needed goods for the military and set prices

- National War Labor Board – had the authority to settle labor conflicts- Espionage Act outlawed spying and was directed at the large population in

the United States of German ancestrySchenk v. United States (1919) – read pages 508-9 – clear and present

danger standard applied to speech and the court determined that Schenk, by distributing pamphlets against the military draft had violated the Espionage Act. Free speech can be limited more during a war.

- Sedition Act – made it illegal to criticize the war- Sedition and Espionage Acts result in more than 1500 individuals being

tried and hundreds being sentences to jail terms.

- Societal Changes- Great Migration begins – 500,000 blacks move to the North to take jobs in

factories, many of which were created by WWI needs- Mexican revolution causes many to move to the United States permanently

starting around 1910- similar working class conflicts but not as bad as those blacks

experienced- Women gain – Chapter 8 material – 18th and 19th amendments, more

acceptance of women in the workplace.

Legacy of WWI

Wilson’s 14 Points- goals for the peace after WWI - idealistic- the 14 points

1. clear treaties2. freedom of navigation of the seas3. Free trade / equality of trade conditions4. arms control (reduced military spending)5. adjustment of colonial claims to give equal weight to the opinion of those

native to colonies and the colonial master6-13. specific country boundary changes14. establishment of the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles- President Wilson greeted as a hero in Europe- other countries who had lost many more men wanted a harsh treaty

- Germany loses all colonies and ordered to pay $33 billion in reparations- Austria Hungary broken up into many smaller countries- United States does not ratify the treaty – Republicans and Democrats were

against joining a League of Nations and wanted to retreat from the world stage – a “return to normalcy” under President Harding (elected in 1920)

Labor Unrest- WW1 caused increased prices because of scarcity- Workers had not had raises during the war - Workers wanted to increase pay- Union movement gains strength- Labor has some pricing power meaning they can request and get higher wages

Red Scare- Soviet Union was forming and communism scared political leaders- Some, many labor leaders, wanted communism- Eugene V. Debs, labor leader and former presidential candidate, sentenced to 10

years in prison for sedition- Many other arrests

Racial Tensions- See above- Tension between blacks and whites for same jobs and affordable housing in

industrial cities in the North- conflicts between working class whites and blacks over competition for jobs- race riots in Chicago in 1919 – black boy swam in white area of beach – 38 dead- residential segregation in the North – redlining of neighborhoods- Great Migration increases after WWI