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US History DictionaryBased on the

SC StateStandards

15th Amendment Amendment to the United States Constitution stating: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."16th Amendment This amendment, passed in 1913, made the tax on personal income permanent.17th Amendment This amendment provided for the direct election of U.S. senators.1861 The first shots of the American Civil War were fired in this year.1877 This is the year in which the Reconstruction Era came to an official end in the Southern United States.18th Amendment This amendment prohibited the sale and use of alcoholic beverages.21st Amendment This amendment passed in 1933 repealed the prohibition of alcohol, the 18th amendment.24th Amendment This amendment, ratified in 1964, forbids the national and state governments from charging a poll tax in order to vote in any election.38th Parallel This line of latitude separates communist North Korea and the U.S.- backed Republic of Korea.442nd Regimental Combat Team This is the name for the combat group made up entirely of Japanese American soldiers who fought in Europe during World War II.A. Philip Randolph He was the founder of the first black labor union and a prominent Civil Rights leaderAARP This is the non-profit special interest group whose mission is to protect the rights, benefits, and services designed for people above the age of 50 years.Abolition This term describes the movement to end the slave trade and emancipate American slaves during the 1800s.Abraham Lincoln He was an Illinois Congressman and the 16th President of the United States during the Civil War.Absolute Chronology This is the term which describes the custom of using specific dates to mark historic events.ACLU This is a non-profit special interest group whose mission is to defend the rights and liberties of individuals" in the United States.Affirmative Action These are policies designed to promote equal education or employment access for minority groups that have previously been discriminated against.Afghanistan This land-locked country is located between Iran and Pakistan and was ruled for more than two decades by the Taliban.Agricultural Adjustment Act This law was enacted in 1933 and sought to raise crop prices by encouraging farmers to lower production; farmers were paid by the government to leave a certain amount of land unplanted.Al Capone This Chicago-based gangster ran a crime syndicate based on smuggling and bootlegging of liquor during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.Al Qaeda This is a terrorist group responsible for the September 11 attacks on the U.S. They were founded by Osama bin Laden.Alfred Mahan Admiral of the U.S. Navy who encouraged the United States to build up its military strengthAlger Hiss This is an American State Department official accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union in 1948 by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC).

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Alice Paul She was an American suffragist leader who, along with Lucy Burns, led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.Alien And Sedition Acts Passed in 1798, these laws were supposed to "protect" the U.S. from foreign people looking to spread the chaos of the French Revolution and from subversive or terroristic acts.Allen Dulles As director of the CIA during the Kennedy administration, this man was criticized for the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion.Alliance For Progress This Cold-War program of the Kennedy administration was designed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America.Allied Powers These were the nations united against the Axis during World War II.Alsace-Lorraine This is an area of present-day eastern France annexed by the Germans in WWII; it had been occupied by the French following the Treaty of Versailles.Amendment Process This is a method by which the Constitution may be changed or added to.American Expeditionary Force This was the official name for the American military force sent to aid the British and French in 1917.American Federation Of Labor This was one of the first groups of labor unions in the United States that later merged with the CIO.American Indian Movement This was an uprising of Native Americans in the United States that included the seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and a standoff at Wounded Knee.American Revolution This was the first successful colonial independence movement against a European power, 1775-1783.American Temperance Society This group was formed in 1826, advocating not only temperance but abolition and women's suffrage, as well.Americans With Disabilities Act This law was passed in 1990 to prevent social and economic discrimination against people with physical or mental limitation(s) that might impair a major life function.An Atlas This a collection of maps.Anaconda Plan This was the Union strategy to instigate a complete naval blockade of the Confederacy in order to prevent the export of their major cash crop- cotton- or the import of weapons from Europe.Andersonville This was the largest Confederate military prison during the American Civil War in Macon county, Georgia. It is estimated that nearly 13,000 of the 45,000 Union prisoners died there due to a variety of causes.Andrew Jackson He led American forces against the British in the War of 1812, was the seventh President of the United States, and evicted the Cherokee from the Southeast during the "Trail of Tears" era.Andrew Johnson This politician from Tennessee became President following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, later becoming the first President to be impeached (he was found not guilty).Antebellum Period used to describe Pre-Civil War in the United States.Anti-Federalist This series of articles was written in 1787 urging Americans to oppose the ratification of the proposed United States Constitution.Antitrust These are laws and regulations designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices.Apache This is the name given to an ethnic group of Native Americans found in the southwestern portion of the United States, and represented by famous leaders such as Geronimo and Cochise.Apollo Theater This theater is located in Harlem in New York City and was famous for hosting mostly African-American music acts for most of the 20th Century.Appeasement This is a policy of accepting imposed conditions by one country to avoid combat with another.Appomattox Court House This is the city in Virginia where General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Confederate forces to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.Arab-Israeli War This is the name of conflict between Israel and other countries, including Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq. Israel's pre-emptive air-strikes against these countries led to their victory.Army McCarthy Hearings This is the name given to the Senate hearings that investigated Senator Joseph McCarthy's conflicting accusations about a communist present in part of the U.S. military.

Article III This portion of the U.S. Constitution deals exclusively with the establishment and powers of the Judicial

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Branch of government.

Articles Of Confederation The first government of the United States was based on this, which was created in 1777.ASEAN This is a political and economic organization of 10 countries in Southeast Asia to improve economic growth.Assembly Line This is a manufacturing process that uses interchangeable parts added in sequence to create a finished product.Assimilation This is the gradual process by which an ethnic, racial, or religious group merges into the dominant surrounding population.Atlanta Compromise This was the classic statement on race relations by Booker T. Washington, made in a speech at the Atlanta Exposition (1895). He asserted that vocational education, which gave blacks a chance for economic security, was more valuable than social equality or political office.Atlantic Charter This was the document developed by Churchill and Roosevelt in 1941 that helped establish the vision for post-World War II.Atomic Bomb This was the nuclear weapon used by the U.S. to force Japan to surrender during WWII.Auschwitz This is the name given to the Nazi death camp in southwestern Poland that became arguably the most notorious of all of the camps, killing approximately 1 million people from May 1940 to January 1945.Axis Of Evil This term was used by President George W. Bush to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.Axis This was the alliance of nations that opposed the Allies in World War II.Ayn Rand She was the author of such books as "The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged."Babe Ruth Know as the "Sultan of Swat" this baseball great played for the New York Yankees, was the "Home Run King" until 1974, and is often credited with saving the game of baseball after the disgrace of the 1919 World Series.Baby Boomers These are people who were born during a population "explosion" after World War II.Banana Republic This is a pejorative term used to describe any Central or South American country that is politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, self-elected, wealthy, and corrupt clique.Bank Holiday This is a term used for emergency bank closures mandated by Congress to relieve financial crises.Bank Run This term refers to events that occurred during the Great Depression where panicked customers withdrew their deposits in fear that the banks were going to close and their investments would be lost.Bataan Death March This Japanese war crime resulted in the deaths of over 11,000 American prisoners as part of the Battle of the Philippines in 1942.Battle Of Antietam This was an important Civil War battle fought on September 17, 1862, in Maryland, significant for being both a strategic victory for the Union and for being the first major battle that took place on Northern soil.Battle Of Atlanta This was an important battle fought on July 22, 1864 in Georgia during the Civil War. It was a Union victory led by General Sherman and was subsequently burned to the ground and then he led his March to the Sea.Battle Of Gettysburg This was one of the bloodiest battles during the American Civil War. Set in Pennsylvania, it is also credited as a major turning point for the Union in the war against the Confederacy.Battle Of Midway This was a WWII naval battle in the Pacific Theater in June of 1942. It was a clear defensive victory for the US against the attacking Japanese and permanently weakened the Japanese Navy.Battle Of Monitor And Merrimack The most important naval battle of the Civil War, it was fought in March 1862 and was the first meeting of two ironclad warships.Battle Of The Bulge This is the name given to the World War II battle between US and German forces in Belgium in late 1944 and early 1945. It was the last attempt by Hitler to break through Allied lines.Battle Of Vicksburg This was a significant battle during the Civil War in Mississippi where Union General Grant got Confederate forces to surrender. This led to Union control of the Mississippi River.Bay Of Pigs This was the unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro by Cuban exiles. It was funded by the US in 1961.Beatles In 1962 they became popular, but ever since John, Paul, George, and Ringo have arguably become the most important band in Rock and Roll history.Beatniks This is the name given to a literary and cultural movement of the 1950s that became popularized by writer Jack

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Kerouac.Benjamin Franklin This was a printer, scientist and inventor who helped write both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.Benjamin Mays This African-American minister and scholar was the president of Morehouse College from 1940-1967 and mentored Martin Luther King, Jr. He wrote many books and has a high school named in his honor.Berlin Airlift This was a delivery of supplies in a German city to circumvent the Soviet blockade.Berlin Wall This was the most prominent part of the GDR border system and a symbol of the cold war that separated the East and West, communist and non-communist, parts of this German city.Betty Friedan She was an American feminist, activist and writer, best known her book "The Feminine Mystique" (1963).Bicameral This is the practice of having two chambers in a legislature or a parliament.Big Stick Diplomacy This was Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy in Latin America.Bill Clinton He won the first of two Presidential elections in 1992, defeating George H.W. Bush.Bill Gates A businessman and philanthropist, he took a little computer program in the 1970s and 1980s and turned it into the cornerstone of the Microsoft Corporation.Bill Of Rights This is the first ten amendments to the constitution, generally directed at protecting the individual from abuse of power by the national government.Bimetallism This monetary standard is based on the inclusion of two precious metals- usually gold and silver- and was a major issue in the Populist Movement in the United States in the late-19th Century.Birmingham Wartime demand for steel helped rejuvenate the economy of this Alabama city and its factories operated at full capacity for the duration of the war.Black Codes Special laws passed by southern state governments immediately after the Civil War. They were designed to control former slaves, and to subvert the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.Black Panthers This was a political party founded in Oakland by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale on October 15, 1966, advocating a policy of protecting black neighborhoods from police brutality and supporting social welfare programs in major cities around the country.Black Power This is the political slogan associated with the increased sense of racial pride of African Americans in the 1960s and 1970s.Black Tuesday This is the name given to the day in October of 1929 when the Stock Market crashed.Bleeding Kansas Term coined by the New York Tribune to describe the violence between pro and anti slavery factions between 1854 and 1858. The violence was an attempt to influence whether Kansas would become a free or slave state.Blitzkrieg This was a rapid new attack method used by Nazi Germany in WWII.Block Grant This type of federal grant distributes money to states for use on general issues with only slight guidelines to their use.Blockade Of Charleston This is the term that describes the Union Navy controlling and cutting off South Carolina's major port from trade in 1863.Boll Weevil This beetle feeds on cotton buds and is credited with devastating the cotton-growing areas of the south during the 1920s and 30s.Bonus Army During the Great Depression (specifically 1932), this group of veterans protested in Washington, D.C., to receive their 'bonus' for fighting in World War I, though payment was not required until the next decade.Booker T. Washington This was a U.S. educator and reformer. He became perhaps the most prominent African American leader of his time.Bootlegging This term refers to the illegal Prohibition-era business of making liquor and transporting it using camouflage or stealthy means.Boss Tweed This New York politician rose to fame as the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the political machine that controlled politics, voting, and business in late 19th century New York.Boxer Rebellion This was a violent movement against non-Chinese political, religious and technological influence in China in the late 19th century.Brain Trust This is the term used for a group of advisors to President Roosevelt. Most of them were experts in their

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particular fields.Brinkmanship This is the practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression.Brown V Board Of Education This Supreme Court case, decided in 1954, declared that the segregation doctrine of "separate but equal," was not Constitutional when applied to the public school system.Bryan He was a Democratic candidate for President three times, supporter of American farmers, the US Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, and a fighter of evolution.Bull Connor He was the Public Safety Commissioner of Birmingham, Alabama, in the 1960s, becoming a symbol of bigotry and police brutality when he infamously used fire hoses and police attack dogs against protest marchers.Bull Run This was the location for two battles during the Civil War. The first was the first major land battle of the war, and the second was one of the most decisive of the entire Civil War, directed by Robert E. Lee. Both were victories for the Southern forces.Buying On Margin This term refers to the practice of buying stocks or securities with cash borrowed from a stock broker, in the hopes of paying back the borrowed money with profits from the purchased stocks.Cabinet This is a group of presidential advisers that includes the heads of the executive departments.Cambodia This is the country was secretly and illegally bombed by the United States during the course of the Vietnam War in 1969 and 1970.Capitalism an economic system where the factors of production are privately ownedCarnegie This Scottish-born American industrialist made his fortune in the steel industry.Carpetbaggers People who moved to the South during or following the Civil War and became active in politics, they helped to bring Republican control of southern state governments during Reconstruction and were bitterly resented by most white Southerners.Carrie Nation Born before the Civil War, she became a leading proponent of not just temperance but the complete prohibition of alcohol.Cash And Carry Prior to World War II, this was President Roosevelt's revision of the Neutrality Acts: participants in the war in Europe could purchase war materiel from the U.S. but only if they paid for them full up front and arranged for the transport of the goods themselves.Catt She was a major proponent of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the founder of the League of Women Voters in 1920.CCC This was a New Deal program established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men.Central Pacific In the building of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s, this railroad company began construction in California and built to the east, using a large labor force of mostly Chinese immigrants.Central Powers This is the name given to the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire during World War I.Cesar Chavez He was the founder of the National Farm Workers' Association, seeking better working conditions and equal rights for his union members. Like Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., he used non-violent protest tactics to win advances for his members.Charles Lindbergh He was the first man to pilot the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927 aboard his airplane, The Spirit of St. Louis.Charter Colony One of three types of British Colonies. These were created through private petitions from the King by private companies or groups of settlers.Checkpoint Charlie This was the name given by the Western Allies to the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Germany and West Germany during the Cold War.Checks And Balances This is the system of overlapping powers among judicial, executive, and legislative branches to allow each branch to oversee the actions of the others.Cherokee War This conflict took place in the 1750s between British forces in the Southeast and an Indian tribe that would, decades later, be forced to the Oklahoma on the "Trail of Tears."

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Cherokee This group of people is native to what is now the Southeastern United States. The eastern portion of the group still resides in North Carolina, while many were forcibly relocated west in the 1830s on what became known as the Trail of Tears.Chicano This civil rights movement of the 1960s was formed to guarantee equal rights to Mexican Americans.Chickamauga This Civil War battle took place in northwest Georgia in September 1863, and, following over 30,000 casualties in just two days, resulted in a Confederate victory.Chief Executive In this role, the President acts at the head of the branch of government that is responsible for enforcing laws passed by Congress.Children's March This is the name given to the protest of hundreds of young people in Birmingham in 1963 who were against the city's segregation policies.China This modern-day asian country was the site of one of the first ancient civilizations. Historical record goes back to the 15th Century BCE with the Shang Dynasty, who developed some form of written communication.Chinese Exclusion Act This law, passed in 1882, forbade any laborers from China to enter the United States for 10 years.Churchill He was a British statesman and leader during World War II.Civil Liberties These are basic rights, such as freedom of speech and assembly, that are protected from government interference.Civil Rights Act Of 1866 This piece of Reconstruction-era legislation was passed by Congress- over the veto of Andrew Johnson- in order to protect the rights of newly freed former slaves, guaranteeing such things as citizenship and equal legal rights as white citizens.Civil Rights Act Of 1866 This piece of Reconstruction-era legislation was passed by Congress- over the veto of Andrew Johnson- in order to protect the rights of newly freed former slaves, guaranteeing such things as citizenship and equal legal rights as white citizens.Civil Rights Act Of 1957 This act, passed during the Eisenhower Administration, sought to protect the voting rights of African Americans, established the federal Commission on Civil Rights, and established a Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department.Civil Rights Act Of 1968 This act signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin.Civil Rights Act Signed into law by President Johnson, this bill protected African Americans and women from job discrimination and any discrimination in public places.Civil Rights This term refers to the laws that protect citizens from undue or unwarranted government intrusion into their lives, either personal or as an organization.Civil Rights This term refers to the laws that protect citizens from undue or unwarranted government intrusion into their lives, either personal or as an organization.Civil War This was the war between the North and South in the United States (1861-1865), also known as the War Between the States.Clean Air Act Since the 1960s Congress has passed several laws by this name in order to keep smog under control.Clean Water Act Since the 1970s Congress has passed numerous versions of this law in order to help prevent water pollution.Cleveland He was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States in the late 19th century.Closed Shop This term refers to the situation in some states in which union membership may be required as a condition to employment.Code Talkers This term refers to Native Americans who served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II whose job was to encode, transmit, and decode radio messages in the Navaho language.Cohn He was an American attorney who was Chief Counsel to Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy during the early-1950s.Cold War This was a name given to the relations between the U.S. & the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear arms.Collective Bargaining when labor union leaders negotiate a contract by representing all union members

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Colonization This is the act, by a militarily strong country, of invading and taking over the sovereignty of another area. Many times by placing a settlement or settlements of its own people to live in the new land.Committee On Public Information This is the name given to the independent agency in the U.S. government that attempted to influence Americans into supporting the country's entrance into World War I.Communism This is an economic system proposed by Karl Marx in which all means of production are owned by the proletariat, but are controlled by the government when practiced by countries such as the Soviet Union and China.Communist Bloc This is the name given to European countries during the Cold War who were allied with the Soviet Union and its mutual defense organization, The Warsaw Pact.Compromise Of 1850 This was an agreement that California would be admitted to the Union, the slave trade in the District of Columbia would be restricted, and the Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced.Compromise Of 1877 This was the solution to the contested Presidential election of 1876 and furthermore brought an end to the period of Reconstruction following the Civil War.Concentration Camps This term refers to over 1200 facilities run by Nazi Germany during World War II where the enemies of the Nazis were enslaved, starved, tortured and killed.Confederacy This was the group of southern states that seceded from the United States from 1860-1865.Confirm When the President appoints a new member to the Cabinet, the Senate must ____ the person before that person gets the job.Congress Of Industrial Organizations This was a federation of unions created to organize industrial workers in the U.S. and Canada between 1935 and 1955.Consent Of The Governed This is a condition of democracy; the government is based on the will of the people as expressed in elections.Conservation Movement This is a plan for the protection of plant and animal species as well as the habitats they live in from human influences. This became an important issue in America in the late 1800s.Constitution This is the system by which the main institutions of a nation's government are arranged and kept in place. It may be written down (as in the United States) or it may be unwritten (as in Great Britain).Containment This was a foreign policy designed to stop the spread (domino effect) of communism in Southeast Asia.CORE This group was founded in 1942 by James Farmer to coordinate a non-violent resistance movement to Jim Crow laws.Cotton Gin Mechanical device invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to separate the seed from the cotton fibers. This allowed for the large-scale profitability and harvest of cotton.Cotton This soft fiber was THE primary agricultural output of the southern colonies and early southern states, and continues to be a significant crop there to this very dayCourt Packing Bill This was a bill sponsored by Roosevelt that would have given the President power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over 70 1/2.Cox He was a lawyer who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy, but became most well known when Richard Nixon fired him as the first special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal.Crazy Horse This Lakota Sioux chief led a group of approximately 1,500 warriors to victory against George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.Credit Ability to obtain goods and services before payment, or money lent or made available, both with specific guidelines for repayment.Cross Of Gold Speech This was a speech given by William Jennings Bryan in Chicago at the 1896 Democratic National Convention. It promoted the use of the silver standard for the US over the gold standard.Cuba This Caribbean country lies to the south of Florida and is the only Communist government in the Western Hemisphere.Cuban Missile Crisis This was a confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over nuclear missiles the Soviets had allegedly deployed to Cuba.Cuban Revolution This event took place in the Western Hemisphere from July 26, 1953, to January 1, 1959, resulting in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista and the creation of a communist government.Danzig This port city on the Baltic, now Gdansk in Poland, was in East Prussia. After World War I it was separated from the rest of Germany by a strip of land called the "Polish Corridor."

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De Facto This means segregation that comes from personal choice or choices, such as living in certain areas or attending certain places of worship. Courts have not become involved in this kind of segregation.De Jure This means segregation that is mandated by law. This kind of segregation is unconstitutional.Dean He was White House Counsel (1970-1973) under Richard Nixon, was partially responsible for attempting to cover up information during the Watergate Scandal, and was convicted of felonies for his role in that coverup.Death Camp This is the precise term given to six Nazi installations during the Holocaust that were designed solely to kill people deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi government of Germany.Declaration Of Independence This was an act passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 declaring the thirteen American Colonies independent of British rule.Deficit Spending This is a government spending more money than it is taking in as revenue.Delegated Powers Powers specifically given to the government by the Constitution.Demilitarized Zone This is the name given to the strip of land that runs roughly along the 38th Parallel in Asia and serves as the dividing line between North Korea and South Korea.Demobilization This is the process of reducing a nation's armed forces after wartime.Democracy In this type of government, political and governmental power is held by the citizens of the country, who choose leaders from among themselves.Demographics These are statistics and categories used to describe a specific population.Denazification This term refers to the program put in place by the Allied powers in 1945 to rid German society and culture of any remaining traces of the ideologies of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler.Depression A prolonged period with large numbers of unemployed, declining incomes, and general economic hardship.Deregulation This is the process of reducing or eliminating government regulations on an industry, allowing for more laissez-faire business practices. This has been a major issue in the airline, automobile, and power industries since the 1980s.Detente This is the name given to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States that occurred from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s.Dewey He was an admiral of the U.S. Navy, best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.Dictatorship A government in which absolute power is exercised by one ruler.

Direct Democracy This is a system of government in which the people participate directly in making all public policy.Disfranchisement This term refers to the process of taking away the right to vote from people who would normally enjoy that right.Dollar Diplomacy These are international relations influenced by economic considerations.Domino Theory This was the belief that if one land in a region came under the influence of communists, then more would follow.Dorothea Dix This was a U.S. social reformer on behalf of the mentally ill.Doughboys This was the nickname given to American infantrymen in World War I. While the origin of the name is unclear, the term is commonly believed to have derived from the buttons on their uniforms that looked like dumplings. Really. I promise.Douglas MacArthur This was a United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964).Dred Scott Decision This was a 1857 Supreme Court decision that a slave, because he was not a citizen, could not sue for his freedom.Dresden This city was subjected to a fire-bombing campaign by allied forces late in World War II, resulting in the deaths of approximately 25,000 civilians.Due Process This is a policy that the government's actions towards its citizens must follow established rules and procedures.

Dust Bowl This was the term given to the area of the Great Plains that was most greatly affected during the Great

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Drought of the 1930's.Dwight Eisenhower This was a United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961).Earl Warren This Chief Justice from 1953 to 1969 helped determine many decisions by the Supreme Court including racial segregation, civil rights and separation of church and state.East Germany During the Cold War, this was the portion of Germany what existed as a socialist state and a "satellite" of the Soviet Union.Eastern Front In World War I, this was the line of heavy fighting that stretched from Germany towards Russia/The Soviet Union.Edwin Stanton He was the Secretary of War fired by President Andrew Johnson which led to Johnson's impeachment.Ehrlichman He was White House Counsel (1969-1970) under Richard Nixon, was partially responsible for attempting to cover up information during the Watergate Scandal, and was convicted of felonies for his role in that coverup.Eisenhower Doctrine A message to congress from the President that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the Middle East.El Alamein This is name of a town in northern Egypt in which Allied forces twice defeated Axis attempts in 1942 to advance towards the Suez Canal.Election Of 1796 This election saw John Adams and Thomas Jefferson vying to become the second President of the United States. Adams won by a narrow electoral margin.Election Of 1912 This Presidential race saw three main candidates: William Howard Taft (the Republican incumbent), Woodrow Wilson (the Democrat's challenger), and former President Theodore Roosevelt (representing the Progressive/"Bull Moose" Party).Electoral College This is the gathering of electors from each state following the Presidential election and the group who formally casts their ballots for their party's presidential candidate.Eli Whitney He was an American inventor of the late 18th and early 19th centuries with two major contributions to the world: his Cotton Gin revolutionized agriculture and his development of an "interchangeable parts" revolutionized industryElizabeth Cady Stanton This was a U.S. social reformer and women's suffrage leader.Ellis Island This is the island located at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York City. It was the main entry point for immigrants to the US between 1892 and 1954.Ellsberg He was a military analyst in 1971 when he leaked "The Pentagon Papers," a secret study by the Pentagon that showed the government had been systematically lying about the Vietnam War since the Johnson administration.Emancipation Proclamation This was an order issued during the Civil War by President Lincoln ending slavery in the Confederate states.Eminent Domain This is the right of the government to take private property, like land, for public use.English Bill Of Rights Passed by English Parliament in 1689 to limit the power of the monarch. It established rights that citizens should have under a constitutional monarchy. It was very influential in the formation of the American Bill of Rights.Enlightenment This was an 18th century intellectual movement beginning in France.Enrico Fermi This Italian-born scientist is best known for developing the world's first nuclear chain reaction and his subsequent role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II program that developed the first nuclear weapons.Entente Powers This group consisted of France, Great Britain, Russia, and later the United States during World War I.Enumerated These are powers given to the federal government by the terms of the U.S. Constitution.Environmental Protection Agency This is a Federal Agency begun in 1970 by President Nixon to protect human health and the air, water and land.Environmentalism This is an advocacy for, or work toward, protecting nature from destruction or pollution.Equal Pay Act Of 1963 This law passed under the Kennedy administration was designed to "prohibit discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers."Equal Protection This is the right of all persons to be treated fairly and equally by the laws and courts.

Equal Rights Amendment This is a proposed amendment that would guarantee equal rights under the law for Americans

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regardless of sex, brought about by women in the 1960s and 1970s.Espionage Act This was a 1917 Act passed after entering WWI that made it a crime to pass information that would interfere with the success of the US Armed Forces.Ethel And Julius Rosenberg These were the people who were convicted and, in 1953, executed for conspiring to commit espionage against the United States (for the Soviet Union).Ethnic This is the term given to a group of people who share a common cultural heritage.Eugene Debs He was a US labor leader who ran for president as a member of the Socialist Party and was jailed during the Pullman Strike.Executive Order 9066 This order was issued by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 and it resulted in the internment of over 120,000 citizens of Japanese ancestry for the duration of World War II.Executive Order 9981 This was issued by President Truman in 1948 and effectively desegregated the armed forces of the United States.Expansion This is a period of growth in an economy.Falwell He was an evangelical Southern Baptist minister, founder of Liberty University (1971), co-founder of The Moral Majority (1979), and an unofficial adviser to Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush.

Farewell Address This is the name to the essay written by the first U.S. President in which we warned of the dangers of sectionalism, political parties, becoming involved in foreign affairs, escalating debt, and much more.Farmers Alliance This is the name of an organization of agricultural workers who pushed for better economic treatment in the late-19th century.Fascism This is the name given to an authoritarian political system in which complete loyalty is given to the state, and usually a dictator.FDA This is the part of the Federal Department of Health and Human Services that regulates and enforces laws about food production and standards in the United States.FDIC This was a federally sponsored corporation which insures deposits in national banks and certain other qualifying financial institutions up to a stated amount.Federal Government In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution grants the Federal government the power to regulate trade between states.Federal Reserve Act This early-20th century law created a central bank for the United States.Federalism This system of government has powers divided between the central government and regional governments, with central government being supreme.Federalist Papers This was a series of Articles written to persuade New York to ratify the Constitution.Feminist Movement This is the movement aimed at equal rights for women.Fidel Castro He was the leader of the Cuban Revolution that succeeded in toppling Batista from power in 1959.Final Solution This is the name given by the Nazis to their plan to eliminate all Jewish people from Germany and Europe during World War II.Fireside Chats This was a series of radio talk shows featuring President Franklin Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944.First Hundred Days This term refers to initial reforms and changes made by Franklin Roosevelt upon becoming the President and beginning his "New Deal" programs.Fitzgerald This 20th century American writer is best known for his 1925 work "The Great Gatsby" which told of the wealth and opulence of the Jazz Age.Flappers The nickname given to women of the 1920s who wore their dresses short, their hair shorter, and lived a very active social life.Ford, Gerald He became the President of the United States following the resignation of Richard Nixon.Fourteen Points This was the content of a speech given by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson describing his plan for European reconstruction after WWI.Fourteenth Amendment This is one of the post-Civil War amendments to the US Constitution that includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses.

Franklin Roosevelt He was the longest-serving president of the United States and the only president elected more than

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twice.Franz Ferdinand, Archduke The assassination of this heir to the Austrian throne by a Serbian led to a diplomatic crisis resulting in World War IFrederick Douglass This was a U.S. abolitionist who founded the North Star.Free Trade This is the practice of goods being traded between countries without any (or with reduced) tariffs that might slow down trade.Freedmen's Bureau A federal agency created during the Reconstruction to help Civil War refugees. It primarily helped Freedmen in the South.Freedom Of The Seas This was a major component of Woodrow Wilson's 'Fourteen Points,' especially since unrestricted submarine warfare was a major component of World War I.

Freedom Rides Beginning in May 1961, this was a series of Civil Rights actions in which integrated groups of activists rode commercial buses (such as Greyhound and Trailways) into the segregated South. A US Supreme Court decision in 1960 had said that interstate bus routes could not be segregated, regardless of laws in the individual states they passed through. These actions were designed to test that ruling and to help overturn Jim Crow laws in southern states.Freedom Summer This was a campaign launched in 1964 attempting to register African American voters from the southern states.French And Indian War Battles between France and England in the new world resulting in the loss of all French possessions.Ft. Sumter This is the fort located in the port of Charleston (South Carolina) that where the first shots of the United States Civil War were fired.Fugitive Slave Act This was the Act that mandated the return of runaway slaves, regardless of where in the Union they might be situated at the time of their discovery or capture.Gadsden Purchase This was the 1853 U.S. purchase from Mexico of the land that comprises what is now southern New Mexico and southern Arizona.Gallipoli This is the name given to the series of battles between the Central Powers and the Allied Powers in Turkey during World War I, made famous by both the rise of Mustafa Kemal (Attaturk) for the Ottoman Empire and by the use of Australian and New Zealand troops for the British Empire.Geneva Conference This meeting in Switzerland ended the post-World War II conflict between France and Vietnamese independence fighters.Genocide According to the United Nations, this is the deliberate and systematic destruction (or planning of destruction), in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.Gentlemen's Agreement This was an informal agreement between the United States and Japan, whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. It lasted from 1907 to 1924.George H.W. Bush This Texan was the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1976-1977), Vice-President of the United States (1981-1989), and President of the United States (1989-1993).George III, King This was the ruler of Great Britain during the Seven Years' War, American Revolution, and War of 1812.George Pullman This 19th Century industrialist is best known for his company's production of the "sleeping car" for railroad travel, and for the 1894 labor strike surrounding it's production.George W. Bush This person has been the Governor of Texas (1995-2000) and the President of the United States (2001-2009), and is also the son of a former President.George Wallace He was a four-term governor of Alabama during the height of the civil rights struggles in the South. He is shown here at the door of the University of Alabama, refusing to comply with a federal order to integrate the school.George Washington He was our first president, father of the nation, founding father, and Commander of the Continental Army in victory over Britain in the Revolutionary War.German East Africa This is the name for the German colonial territory in the late-19th and early-20th centuries that is made up of parts of present day Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania.Gettysburg Address This was a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1863) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.

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GI Bill This is what provided for college or vocational education for WWII veterans as well as one-year of unemployment compensation.Gibbons V. Ogden In this 1824 case, the Supreme Court upheld the power of the Federal government to regulate commerce between states.Gideon V. Wainwright This 1963 Supreme Court case ruled that states are required by the 6th Amendment to provide legal counsel for defendants if they can not afford their own lawyer.Gilded Age This was a period of economic development and wealth transfer in the United States when every American was a potential Andrew Carnegie.Glass Ceiling This is the name given to a situation in which a qualified job-holder is denied advancement based on some form of discrimination, usually based on one's sex or race.Gold Standard This is a monetary system which uses a fixed weight of gold as the standard economic unit of account.Gorbachev He was the last leader of the Soviet Union whose programs of perestroika (economic "restructuring" �) and glasnost (political "openness" �) loosened the restrictions on Soviet and Eastern European peoples. The result was the eventual collapse of the communist governments in the region.Gospel Of Wealth This was the hypothesis, originally proposed by Andrew Carnegie, that wealth was the great end and aim of man, and that those with it had a responsibility to put it to good use.Grandfather Clause This Reconstruction era policy gave voting rights only to people whose grandfathers had been legally allowed to vote, thus excluded freedmen from voting.Grangers (the Grange) This was a group of American farmers who united in the late 19th century to lobby Congress to pass laws protecting them from unfair business practices of large industry.Great Compromise At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, this deal used parts of the "Virginia" plan and the "New Jersey" plan to create a Congress with 2 houses, one with representation based population and one with representation being equal.Great Depression This was a period of global economic crisis that lasted from 1929 to 1939. There was widespread poverty and high unemployment.Great Migration This was the large movement of African Americans from the Southern U.S. to the Northern U.S. in the early-20th century.Great Society This is the name given to President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic programs, among them VISTA, Job Corps, Head Start, the "War on Poverty," and the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

Great White Fleet This was the popular nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 by order of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. It consisted of four squadrons, each consisting of a battleship with escorts. Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American military power and blue-water navy capability.Greensboro This North Carolina town was the site of a series of sit-ins staged by SNCC in 1960.Gregg V Georgia This Supreme Court case, decided in 1975, more clearly defined "due process," holding that the application of the death penalty is neither a violation of the Eighth nor Fourteenth Amendments.Grimke Sisters They were two South Carolina sisters who were active abolitionists and early women's rights activists.Guam This tiny island island became a territory of the United States following the Spanish American War.Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution This was an agreement in Congress that facilitated an increase of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.Habeas Corpus This court order (writ) requires a person to be brought before a judge.�Hamas This organization was formed to create an Islamic state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and it has been identified as a potential terrorist threat to the United States and Israel.Harlem Renaissance This was the period during 1920s of outstanding creativity centered in New York's black ghetto.Harriet Beecher Stowe This was a U.S. philanthropist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.Harriet Tubman She was an escaped slave who led hundreds of other slaves to freedom via the "Underground Railroad."Harry Truman He was 33rd President of the United States, taking over after the death of Franklin Roosevelt, and was responsible for giving the orders to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945.

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Hatch Act This 1887 law helped establish experimental farming stations in the American West, allowing agricultural information to reach farmers more quickly.Haymarket Riot This is the origin of May Day. It began on May 1, 1886 with a strike by a local Chicago labor union that ended in a police force wounding several and killing two.Hearst This powerful newspaper man owned- among others- the "San Francisco Examiner," "The New York Journal," and was also known for helping create "yellow journalism".Helen Hunt Jackson She wrote "A Century of Dishonor" (1881) which detailed the poor treatment of Indians by the United States.Hemingway He was an American author whose works included "For Whom the Bell Tolls," "A Farewell to Arms," and "The Sun Also Rises."Henry Cabot Lodge This Massachusetts senator is best known for his battle with President Woodrow Wilson over the Treaty of Versailles, which the United States Senate never ratified.Henry Ford This was the founder of an automobile company and the first person to apply assembly line manufacturing to affordable automobiles.Herbert Hoover He was the 31st President of the U.S. He was progressive, humanitarian and Republican. He lost favor with the American public due to the Great Depression and his ill-fated technical solutions.Hezbollah This is the name for a Lebanese-based paramilitary and political group whose goals are to resist imperialist influence and Israeli power in the region.

Higher Education Act Of 1965 This "Great Society" legislation was designed “to strengthen the educational resources of our colleges and universities and to provide financial assistance for students in postsecondary and higher education.”Hirohito He was the leader of Japan before, during, and after World War II.

Hiroshima This is the Japanese city that was the first to be subjected to nuclear warfare to bring about the end of WWII.Hitler This was the totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany during World War II.Ho Chi Minh Trail This is the name of the network of small roads and paths throughout eastern Cambodia and were used by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.Ho Chi Minh He was the Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1946-1969 and led North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.Holocaust This was the act of genocide carried out by Germany on the Jewish population of Europe.Homeland Security This Cabinet-level Federal agency was created in 2002 in the wake of the September 11 attacks and is charged with protecting the country from future terrorist attacks and providing aid after natural disasters.Hoover Blanket This was the popular name for old newspapers that were used by the homeless as bedding during the Great Depression, so named because president Herbert Hoover was blamed for the economic crisis.Horatio Alger He was a 19th-century United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty.Horizontal Merger This is the merger of businesses that produce similar products.House Of Burgesses This was the first representative government in North America located in Virginia, but the Virginia Company had to approve any laws it passed.HUAC This is the name of the group in the House of Representatives that, in 1947, began hearings to expose communist infiltration in American life. Unfortunately, a good deal of the evidence they used was based on hearsay and conjecture, meaning innocent people were harmed by their findings.

Huey Long He was a Louisiana Democrat who served as both Governor and Senator. He proposed more radical methods than Roosevelt's New Deal, entitled Share Our Wealth. He had Presidential ambitions, but was assassinated in 1935.Hull House This was one of the first settlement houses in the US established in 1889 by Jane Addams in Chicago, Illinois.Hunley This Confederate submarine was introduced to battle in 1864, but was ineffective in combat.Hydrogen Bomb This type of weapon uses nuclear fusion to produce a shock and fire wave that is the most destructive

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man-made force in the world.Ida Tarbell She was a leading muckracker who wrote the 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company.Ida Wells Barnett Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement who advocated for antilynching legislationImmigration Act Of 1924 This act limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890.Impeachment This is the formal accusation against a Federal (or state) official for wrong-doing while in office. It is the first step in the process of removing the official from office.Imperialism This is a policy of countries to extend their political and economic control over distant lands.

Implied Powers Powers that are not expressed but that the government may be inferred to have from another power.Impoundment This is the refusal of a President to allow money to be spent for federal programs, an action that has been ruled to be unconstitutional by Supreme Court decisions.Indentured Servants In U.S. History, this is the name for people who were forced into labor for a certain period of time in return for their paid passage to North America.Indigo This is bluish dye that was a major cash crop in colonial South Carolina and Georgia.Industrial Revolution This was a series of economic and technological changes in the Western World 18th - 20th centuries, which brought about the extensive mechanization of production systems.Inflation A rise in the general level of prices.Information Revolution This is the term used to describe the impact of television, satellites, and computers on modern culture and the world economy.Initiative In political science, this provides a means by which a document signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or it can require the executive or legislative bodies to consider the subject. It is a form of direct democracy.Innovation This is the creation of an improvement of a product that already exists.Integration This is the process of creating equal opportunity to activities to all races.Internet This information-sharing network began to evolve in the mid-Twentieth Century as a United States Government project to help the military communicate better, though now it can be used by everyone to read news, play games, and stay in touch with each other.Internment This is a term referring to the imprisonment or confinement of people, generally in prison camps or prisons, without due process of law and a trial.Internment This is a term referring to the imprisonment or confinement of people, generally in prison camps or prisons, without due process of law and a trial.Interstate Commerce Act This was a law created in 1887 to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, eliminate rate discrimination, and regulate other aspects of common carriers.Interstate Commerce Commission This was a governmental agency formed in 1887 by Grover Cleveland to regulate railroads.Interstate Highway System This is a network of highways in the United States created by President Eisenhower.Interventionism This is a policy of advocating participation in foreign countries affairs.Invention This is the creation of a unique and new product.Iran The Ayatollah Khomeini was a Shia Muslim cleric who was responsible for leading a revolution here in 1979.

Iran-Contra Affair This is the name given to the complex series of events in the mid-1980s in which arms were illegally sold by a covert group of military advisors in the United States to a country in the Middle East for cash and their help in getting western hostages released from the Middle East. Also illegal was the use of the money from the illegal arms sales to illegally purchase arms for a group of revolutionary fighters in Nicaragua.Irish Potato Famine This term refers to an event in the mid-1800s. The poor of Ireland were dependent on one crop, and when that crop failed, about a million people died.Iron Curtain This is a western name for the boundary which symbolically and physically divided Europe from the end of WWII until the end of the Cold War.

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Isolationism This is a policy of nonparticipation in international affairs.Israel This country was formed in 1947 from the land once known as Palestine and has served as a homeland for the Jewish people.J. P. Morgan He was a U.S. banker and financier who was a leader in corporate finance and industrial mergers in the late 1800s and early 1900s.Jackie Robinson This was the first African-American major league baseball player. He played second base for the Brooklyn Dodgers.Jacob Riis Influenced the progressive movement through exposing the conditions of New York's working class in "How the Other Half Lives"James Meredith In 1962, this African American Air Force veteran won a federal case that allowed him to enroll in the University of Mississippi, an all-white school.Jamestown This was the first permanent English colony in the New World.Jane Addams She was a founder of Hull House, a settlement house that helped immigrants of the late 19th century become acclimated to life in the United States, and was a pioneer in the field of social work.Jazz Age This is a period during the 1920s when the national attitude was positive and upbeat, and Americans had money as the stock market soared. Traditional values saw a decline, and Modernism was the cultural focus.Jefferson Davis This politician from Mississippi was once Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce, thought he is more known for being the first and only President of the Confederate States of America.Jefferson He was the third president of the United States, a founding father, and the author of the Declaration of Independence.Jim Crow Laws Laws requiring that facilities and accommodations, public and private, be segregated by race.Jimmy Carter This 39th president of the United States served from 1977 to 1981, was the first President to be elected from the Deep South since 1848, served as both a Georgia Senator and Governor of Georgia, and received the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.Jingoism This is the name given a warlike, belligerent stance that urges the "bullying" of other countries in order to benefit the person's own country. It is associated with the Age of Imperialism, particularly the Spanish-American War.John Adams He was one of the writers and signers of the Declaration of Independence, the first Vice President, and the Second U.S. President.John Brown This abolitionist was executed in 1859 after leading a failed attempt at armed slave insurrection at Harper's Ferry, Virginia.John Brown's Raid On October 16, 1859, 22 armed men took 60 prominent locals of Harper's Ferry hostage and seized the town's United States arsenal and its rifle works to spark a rebellion of freed slaves and to lead an army of emancipation.John C. Calhoun He was a South Carolina politician and Vice President under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. He was a spokesperson for slavery, nullification and states' rights.John D. Rockefeller The New York industrialist who made hundreds of millions of dollars in the 19th century with this Standard Oil Company and pioneered the corporate strategy of vertical integration.John Locke This was a British philosopher who argued that governments only purpose was to protect man's natural rights.John Marshall This was the "Great Chief Justice," he presided over the case of Marbury v. Madison and was remembered as the principal founder of the U.S. system of constitutional law.John Smith He was an English soldier and sailor, who is now remembered helping to establish Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in North America.Joseph McCarthy This Wisconsin senator gained fame by making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government.Joseph Stalin He was the totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 through 1953.Judicial Review This is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or for the violation of basic principles of justice.Julius And Ethel Rosenberg This couple was executed by the United States government in 1953 on charges of conspiracy related to the sale of information about the atomic bomb to the U.S.S.R.

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Kansas Nebraska Act In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas introduced this to the Senate, to allow states to enter the Union with or without slavery.Kennedy Nixon Debates These were the first presidential debates held on television in 1960 and helped influence the outcome of a very close race.Kennedy's Berlin Speech In this 1963 speech President Kennedy criticized communism and the Soviets when he stated that democratic governments had "never had to put up a wall to keep our people in."Kent State This was the site of a series of student shootings, and 4 deaths, by the Ohio National Guard during a protest of the US invasion of Cambodia.Khrushchev He was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Bay of Pigs invasion, the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.King John This English monarch is alleged to be the enemy of Robin Hood, but he is best remembered as the king who was forced to sign the Magna Carta which placed limits on absolute rule in Britain.King Phillip's War This 1675 war between the New England settlers and the Wampanoag Confederacy resulted in a resounding victory for the English.King's Letter From A Birmingham Jail This was written in 1963 to defend the author's peaceful civil rights campaign.Korea This is a place that is divided in half by Communist control in the North and non-Communists in the South.Korean War This was a national conflict in an Asian country aided by Russia in the North and the U.S. in the South (1950-1953).Korematsu V. United States This was the Supreme Court case which declared that internment of Japanese-Americans was constitutional.Kristallnacht This is the name given to the Nazi-endorsed attacks on German Jews on November 9-10, 1938.Ku Klux Klan This was a secret society organized in the South after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of terrorism, fell from prominence after Reconstruction, but was reborn in the 1920s and remained powerful through the 1960s.Labor Union This is an organization of workers that negotiates with employers for better pay, benefits, and working conditions.Labor This is one of the main factors of production. It is the measure of the work done by people.Laissez Faire This a French term which means "allow to do", relating to the philosophy that government should stay out of the economic markets.Land Use Map This type of map gives a visual representation of how the land in an area is being used and what economic activities occur there.Langston Hughes He was a prolific African-American poet, novelist and playwright who is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance.Latin America This is the part of the Western hemisphere where languages derived from Latin (usually Spanish or Portuguese) are the primary language.League Of Nations This is an international organization whose goals included disarmament; preventing war through collective security; settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy and improving global welfare, it was to be formed after WWI.Lend Lease This was a program of the U.S. government during WWII which provided allies with war material while keeping the U.S. from actively engaging in combat.Levittown This was the first mass-produced suburb in the United States, constructed on Long Island, New York, from 1947 to 1951.Lewis And Clark These explorers ventured into the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and became the first U.S. citizens to navigate their way westward to the Pacific Ocean.Liddy He was the man put in charge by Richard Nixon in the Watergate burglaries, eventually spending over four years in Federal prison for his role.Limited Government This is a form of government in which the power to rule is significantly restrained by a strong Constitution or other document.

Literacy Test This was administered to poor blacks in order to attempt to keep them from voting in many parts of the

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American south for close to 100 years following the Civil War.Little Rock Central High In 1957, this was the school that was integrated by nine black students who were escorted by troops from the United States Army.Lockout This is a labor situation in which management, sensing an impending strike or other action by labor unions, will prevent their employees from entering the workplace.Loose Interpretation This is the tendency of more broadly interpreting the meaning of laws, especially Constitutional Amendments.Lord Baltimore The first proprietor of the Maryland colony.Lost Generation This is a nickname given to a group of American artists and authors who lived in Paris after World War I.Louis Armstrong This musical pioneer gained fame with his trumpet and his raspy singing voice, and his improvisational style had a major impact on the development of jazz.Louis Farrakhan He has led the Nation of Islam since 1978, after the death of Elijah Muhammad and the subsequent split of the Nation into two main groups. He was the organizer of the Million Man March to Washington, DC in 1995.Louisiana Purchase This was a territory in the western U.S. purchased from France for $15 million in 1803.Lusitania The sinking of this ship by German submarines heightened tensions between the US and Germany prior to World War I.Lyndon Johnson He was the 36th President, and took over following the assassination of his predecessor in 1963.Magna Carta This was the Great Charter of English liberty granted (under considerable duress) by King John at Runnymede on June 15, 1215.Malcolm X Often associated with confrontational Civil Rights protest, he was a leader in the Nation of Islam in the United States, an early advocate of "Black Power," but became a more moderate voice in the Civil Rights movement before his assassination in 1965.Manchuria This is the Chinese region that was a military and political battleground between Japan, China, and Russia; Russia claimed it in the late-1800s, Japan later took control of it and kept it under their control until the end of the Second World War.Manhattan Project This was the effort during WWII to develop the first nuclear weapons of the United States in collaboration with the U.K. and Canada.

Manifest Destiny This was the concept of U.S. territorial expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean seen as a divine right.Mao Zedong This was the leader of the 20th century Communist revolution in China.Marbury V Madison This was the first decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review.March On Washington Speech On August 28, 1963, this "I Have a Dream" speech was given by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who organized a massive march on Washington to advocate for civil rights.Marcus Garvey He was a Jamaican-American Civil Rights activist who was part of the "Back to Africa" movement of the early 20th century and founded the "Black Star Steamship Company" for this purpose.Marshall Plan Following World War II, this called for giving away billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild war-torn Europe, with the purpose of creating a viable trading partner and post-war allies.Marshall He was a former U.S. General who, as Secretary of State, won the Nobel Peace Price in 1953 for his plan to rebuild Europe.Martin Luther King, Jr. This was an American political activist who was the most famous leader of the American civil rights movement.Mass Production The use of the "assembly line" was key to this new method of production that was popularized by the Ford Motor Company in the early 1900's.Mayflower Compact This was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.Mayflower This was was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.McCarthyism This is a term that describes the severe anti-communist suspicion in the United States in the 1940s and

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1950s.McCulloch V. Maryland This Supreme Court case upheld the Federal government's use of "implied powers," those that are necessary to keep the government running and are not expressly listed in the Constitution.McKinley He was the U.S. President during the Spanish-American War, but was later assassinated in 1901.Medgar Evers He was an African American civil rights leader and NAACP official who was assassinated in Mississippi in 1963.Medicaid This is a health program sponsored by the United States Government that provides services to individuals and families with low incomes.Medicare This is the US publicly funded health insurance program for the elderly and the disabled.Melting Pot Theory This is a theory that when various peoples and ethnicities come to the United States they lose their former cultural identities and form a new, different, and distinctly "American" identity.Mental Map This is a map drawn to reflect and individual's view of the world.

Mercantilism This was the economic philosophy that control of imports was the key to enhancing the health of a nation and that Colonies existed to serve the home country as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods.Mexican Cession This term describes the territory that was ceded to the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War.Mexican War Battles between U.S. and Mexico over the southern Texas border.Mid-Atlantic Colonies This colonial region included New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware and was notable for wheat and grain production and shipbuilding.Middle Colonies This colonial region consisted of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.Middle East This is the modern-day name given to the region east of the Mediterranean Sea, north and east of the Red Sea, and North of the Arabian Peninsula.Middle Passage This is the term used to describe the part of Triangle Trade in which slaves were shipped from Africa to the Western Hemisphere.Militarism This is the belief that a nation must develop and maintain a strong military force in order to pursue and defend its national interests.Military Draft This is to call up or select men for the armed services.Miranda V Arizona This is the court case that upheld that the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law officials to advise a suspect of his rights to remain silent and to obtain a lawyer.Missionary Diplomacy This notion, enacted by Woodrow Wilson, was that the United States' mission was to spread democracy around the world. In practice, this stance was used to justify the USA's refusal to recognize governments in Latin America which were considered hostile.Missouri Compromise This was a congressional agreement of 1820 which included the admission of one free and one slave state to maintain the balance of free and slave states in the Union.Mobilization This is an organization of a nation's armed forces for active military service in time of war or other national emergency.Model T This was one of the earliest and most popular automobiles in the United States, manufactured by Ford Motor Company from 1908 to 1927.Monarchy This is the form of government with one ruler, such as a king or queen.Monica Lewinsky She was at the heart of President Clinton's impeachment proceedings as a former intern at the White House.Monroe Doctrine This was an announcement that the American continents were not subjects for future colonization by any European country.Montgomery Bus Boycott This is the name of the protest in the Deep South in 1955 and 1956 that resulted in the end of segregation in public transportation in all of the United States.Moral Diplomacy This refers to a foreign policy in which support and aid is given to a government only if they support a similar political or ethical position as the country giving the aid.

Moral Majority This is the name of the conservative religious special interest group that was founded by Reverend Jerry

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Falwell in 1979.Mormon Trail This was a 1200 mile route from Illinois to Salt Lake City Utah.Mount Vernon Located outside of Alexandria, Virginia, this is the name of the private residence of George Washington to which he retired following his presidency.Muckrakers This group of authors and journalists wrote of horrible working conditions in American industry in the early 20th century, resulting in more governmental protection of workers.Munich Conference This was a meeting of European countries which led to, through appeasement, the surrender of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany.Mussolini He was a leader of Italy during World War II and ally to Adolph Hitler. He created a fascist state through the use of state terror and propaganda.Mustard Gas This chemical warfare agent was widely used during World War I, immediately incapacitating its victims and resulting in the deaths of about 1% of all who inhaled it.My Lai This is the name given to the murder of approximately 400 unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. soldiers on March 16, 1968.NAACP This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights organization. Members of this have referred to it as The National Association.NAFTA This is an agreement signed in 1993 to reduce tariffs between the United States, Canada, and MexicoNagasaki This is the name of the second city to be attacked with an atomic weapon during World War II.Nat Turner He attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia in 1831, and though it was unsuccessful (he was executed for his violence), his actions represented a change in tone in the abolition movement.National Labor Relations Act This was the Act signed in 1935 that protects laborers. It allows them to form unions, engage in collective bargaining and take part in strikes.National Park Service This is the name of the Federal agency created in 1916 that manages the country's national monuments, historic sites, and other public spaces of national importance.National Recovery Act This was part of Roosevelt's New Deal that tried to stimulate the US economy out of the Great Depression by giving Presidential powers to regulate businesses.Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to one's country.Nativism In the late 19th century, this political and social movement swept through the United States, its followers believing that all people who were not born in the U.S. and were of European heritage should be banned from the country.NATO This is an international organization created by the U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent attacks by the Soviet Union.Natural Rights This is a political theory that individuals have privileges that no government can deny.Navajo Code Talkers young Navajo men who transmitted secret communications on the battlefields of World War IINazism In the early-20th century, Adolf Hitler was the leader of this fascist movement known for its repressive government and genocidal social policies.Neutrality Acts These were a series of 1930s laws passed to keep the US out of the growing tensions in Europe and Asia.Neutrality This is the policy of a nation to take no side in a war between other countries in the hopes of avoiding attack themselves.New Deal This was the programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930's by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.New England This colonial region consisted of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire.New Federalism This refers to the conservative political philosophy espoused by Richard Nixon in which state governments were given greater powers- and monies- to address social issues.New Frontier This was the name of Kennedy's domestic and foreign programs, including civil rights, minimum wage, the Peace Corps and the space program.New Jersey Plan This plan was in response to the Virginia Plan. It proposed that each state should have one vote for equal power between large and small states in the national government.

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New South This was the term given to the reconstruction of southern states after the Civil War.New York Journal This was the major newspaper owned by William Randolph Hearst in the late-1800s and a practitioner of "yellow journalism."New York World This was one of the primary newspapers owned by Joseph Pulitzer and a major practitioner of "yellow journalism."Ngo Dinh Diem He was the anti-Communist, pro-American leader of South Vietnam until he was overthrown in a U.S. sanctioned coup in late 1963.Niagara Movement This was an organization of black intellectuals led by W.E.B. Du Bois calling for full political, civil, and social rights for black Americans.Nineteenth This amendment guaranteed that all women in the United States would have the right to vote.Nisei This term describes a Japanese American who is a first generation native-born U.S. citizen.Nixon He was President from 1969-1974 and resigned from office due to the Watergate scandal.NLRB This was a U. S. government agency charged with administering the National Labor Relations Act (1935).Non Aggression Pact This was the agreement made between Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939 in which both sides agreed to stay neutral in the event either were attacked by a third party.Nonviolence This is a form of social action which was widely used during India's quest for independence in the early 20th century and the American Civil Rights movement in the 1960s.Normandy Invasion This is another name for Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of western Europe that began on June 6, 1944.North Korea This country is a communist dictatorship that was established after World War II and has the city of Pyongyang as its capital.North Vietnam This country was led by Ho Chi Minh from 1945 to 1954, but then took over the territory to the south in the 1970s.Northwest Ordinance This was an Act of Continental Congress which initially organized the first United States territory and was to be the basis for governing how the United States would expand westward.Northwest Territory This is the name given to the lands that would eventually become all or parts of the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.NOW This is an American feminist group founded in 1966 that seeks to advance women to equal standing with men.Nuclear This type of commercial power is produced by using fission to heat water, which produces steam that is then used to generate electricity.Nullification This was the principle that a state government can declare a law of the national government invalid within the borders of the state.Nuremburg War Trials Nazi World War II criminals were tried during these before an international tribunal.OAS This is the name of a group of countries in the Western Hemisphere that was created after World War II to strengthen cooperation on democratic values, defend common interests and debate the major issues facing the region and the world.Obstruction Of Justice This is a criminal offense in which an elected or governmental official attempts to use his/her position to illegally affect a legal matter.Okies This is a slang term for a person from Oklahoma. It is sometimes used, generically, to refer to migrants who settled in California during the Great Depression.OPEC This is an international cartel developed in 1965 to stabilize international oil prices, oversee petroleum imports and investments.Open Door Policy This is a U.S. foreign policy that all countries should have equal access with China.Open Range This is the term for how the cattle industry organized and raised their cows, which existed until the late-1800s.Oregon Boundary Dispute A dispute in 1844 between British and American interests in the Pacific Northwest. The U.S. originally wanted the boundary to be at latitude 54°40'N. This matched the American Manifest Destiny and expansionist agenda. However, a compromise was reached to set the boundary at current day 49th parallel.

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Oregon Trail This was a major U.S. route from Missouri to the Northwest in the 19th century.Oregon This territory was at the center of an 1840s controversy that almost lead to a war with Britain. This is also when the popular War Hawk slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" spread throughout the United States� �Organized Crime This was the movement in the early 1900s which resorted to violent crime.Osama Bin Laden This Saudi Arabian man was the organizer of the September 11th attacks and was the head of the Al-Qaeda terrorist group.Override This is the power of a the Legislative branch of government to vote a bill into law even though it has been vetoed by the head of the Executive branch.Palestine This is the name of a region in the Middle East whose people have been without a homeland since the formation of Israel after World War II.Palmer Raids These were assaults ordered by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer on suspected radicals after World War I. They were controversial because of the lack of evidence that was needed to carry them out.Pan Arabism This term refers to a political and social movement that calls for the unification of people in the Arab world.Panama Canal This connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America.Panama This country is located in an isthmus between Central and South America.Paris Peace Conference This was the conference held in Paris at the end of WWI to negotiate the terms of peace.Parliament This is the name given to a legislative body- such as that in Great Britain- that is usually led by a Prime Minister.Patrick Henry He was an early colonial leader who, like Thomas Paine and John Adams, was opposed to British tyranny and supported republicanism.PATRIOT Act This is legislation passed in the aftermath of 9/11 that expanded law enforcement agencies authority for the purpose of fighting terrorism.Pearl Harbor This is the U.S. Naval base attacked by the Japanese 1in 1941 that brought the U.S. into WW II.Pendleton Act This is what established the United States Civil Service Commission which ended the spoils system and put federal employees on the merit system.Pentagon Papers When this was published by the New York Times in 1971, it not only chronicled the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, but it showed a systematic pattern of deception perpetrated by the U.S. Government in its involvement in Vietnam.Pershing This US General was in charge of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in World War I. He is known for his tough demeanor and his nickname, "Blackjack."Persian Gulf War This was a conflict in 1990-1991 between Iraq and the US-led coalition forces to liberate Kuwait after the Iraqi invasion.

Philadelphia Convention This was a 1787 meeting called by Congress to amend the Articles of the Confederation.Philippine Annexation Pacific island nation that came under American imperial control after the Spanish-American War.Philippines This is a country in Southeast Asia that was under Japanese occupation during WWII but belonged to the United states.Plains This was a name for the tribes of Indians who were migratory and lived in the Midwest of the United States until the late 1800s.Plantation Economy An economy in which large raw material crops (e.g. cotton and tobacco) are grown and exported usually to Western Europe. The work is very labor intensive and many times involved slaves.Platt Amendment This amendment was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act in 1899, replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations.Plessy V. Ferguson This was a U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the legality of racial segregation so long as facilities were "separate but equal."Poland This country was invaded by Germany in the fall of 1939. This began WWII.

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Polish Corridor After World War I this strip of land left Danzig, in East Prussia, separated from the rest of Germany. This was one of the issues leading to the Second World War.Political Machine This term refers to a political structure in which a powerful 'boss' commands the support of followers who receive favors in exchange for their efforts.Political Parties This is an organization that seeks to attain and maintain power within government usually by participating in electoral campaigns.Poll Tax This payment was meant to keep certain groups of people (mainly former slaves and African-Americans) from being allowed to vote.Popular Sovereignty This is the belief that the ultimate power of the government rests on the will of the people themselves.Populist This was the movement that advocated state control of railroads and currency expansion.Potsdam Conference This meeting of the Allied leaders was held in the Summer of 1945 in Eastern Germany following the Nazi surrender, and determined the fate of post-war Germany.Poverty This is the economic situation in which one is poor.Powder Keg This was the nickname for the Balkan states during the early 20th century due to the overlapping claims of other imperialist nations.Proclamation Of 1763 This was issued by King George III at the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Year's War to organize Britain's new North American empire. It regulated trade, settlement and land purchases with the Native Americans. It gave Britain a monopoly on land purchased west of the Appalachians.Progressive This was a political reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to protect working class citizens.Prohibition This was the outlawing of the sale, production, or transportation of alcoholic beverages.Promontory Point A location in Utah where the first Transcontinental Railroad was completed on May 10, 1869. Union Pacific built the rail from the West and Transcontinental Railroad came from the East. The ceremony included the driving of a Golden Spike.Propaganda This term refers to a method of influencing a community in favor of or against some cause. This method of communicating often is, by definition, biased and leaves out selective information.Proprietary Colony One of three types of British Colonies. These colonies were granted to individuals who were granted land and ruling rights.Protective Tariff This is a tax on imported goods designed to prevent domestic companies from having to compete with foreign goods of lower price or superior quality.Public Works Administration This New Deal program allowed money to be spent on the construction of public works to provide employment to out of work Americans, improve the public welfare, and contribute to a revival of American industry.Puerto Rico This is a commonwealth owned by the United States whose inhabitants were granted U.S. citizenship during WWI.Pulitzer He was a powerful newspaper publisher, known both for helping create "yellow journalism" and, later, for the prize created in his name that honors excellence in journalism.Pullman Car This is a type of train car that can accommodate all its passengers in beds. The factory where they were made was the site of a major labor strike.Pure Food And Drug Act This law was passed in 1906 during the Progressive Era, giving the Federal government the authority to inspect meat and other edible goods, as well as monitor what is put into medicines.Puritans Radical protestant followers of John Calvin seeking purity of church and doctrine. Many emigrated to North America from 1620-1640s to separate themselves from the Church of England and its tolerance of Roman Catholic practices.Pyongyang This is the capital of North Korea and its largest city with over 2.5 million people.Quakers "Society of Friends" founded in England in the 17th century by George Fox. They find elaborate church organizations unnecessary and that each individual is responsible to God.Rachel Carson Her 1962 book "Silent Spring" is credited with helping to start the environmental movement of the 1960's and 70's.

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Radical Republicans This is the term used to describe politicians after the Civil War who opposed Lincoln's conciliatory attitudes towards the south, opting to punish the region and those responsible for the war.Radio This communication medium became popular in the early-Twentieth Century, providing people with both information and entertainment.Reagan He won Presidential elections in 1980 and 1984, and is credited by many with bringing hope and optimism back to the United States.Reaganomics This was the term used to refer to the Presidential economic policies of 1981-1989; its two main principles are lower taxes and smaller government.Recall This is the process the people use to remove an elected official from office.Recession This is a decline in a country's GDP for two or more successive quarters. It is usually characterized by a significant decline in economic activity.Reconstruction This was the first phase of returning the Southern states to the Union (1863-1866) and was led by Lincoln and Johnson. Its goal was to reunite quickly and moderately.Red Scare This was the period after each world war which saw massive upheaval in the U.S. and fear of many foreigners. It was characterized by widespread fears of Communist influence on U.S. society and Communist infiltration of the U.S. government.Redeemers This was the name given to a group of Southern Democrats who worked to break the power of Republicans in the South during the Reconstruction era.Referendum This is when citizen are allowed to directly vote on whether to accept or reject a proposed law.Remember The Maine This was the rallying cry during the Spanish-American War because of the sinking of this ship in Havana on February 15, 1898.Republic This is a form of government run by elected leaders.Reserved Powers These are powers that are held for the states to execute, not for the federal government.Rhineland This area along the German/Belgian border was demilitarized following World War I and was a focal point of Adolf Hitler's expansionistic goals in the years leading up to World War IIRibault He was the Huguenot who, in 1562, founded the first French settlement at Charlesfort in what is now South Carolina.Roanoke This English colony earned the nickname "The Lost Colony" after all of its inhabitants disappeared between 1585 and 1587.Robber Barons American capitalists of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales).Robert E. Lee A graduate of West Point and commanding General of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.Robert F. Kennedy He was Attorney General of the United States under his brother. He was killed while running for President himself.Robert Jackson This man served as U.S. Attorney General and as a Supreme Court Justice during the 1940s but is best known for his role as chief prosecutor during the Nuremberg Trials.Robert McNamara He was the Secretary of Defense during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and America's build-up in Vietnam for most of the 1960sRobert Oppenheimer This notable scientist is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II program that developed the first nuclear weapons.Rock And Roll This type of music became the dominant form of popular music in the 1950s and 1960s.Roe V. Wade This was the Supreme Court case that declared that most state and federal laws restricting abortion were unconstitutional and violated women's rights according to the 14th amendment.Roger Williams English theologian with unique beliefs in colonial America. He was an advocate for the separation of church and state and Native American rights. He is also the founder of Providence, Rhode Island and the first Baptist church in America.Roosevelt Corollary This policy reasserted the U.S. position as protector of the Western Hemisphere.Roosevelt's Three Rs This term describes the 3 goals of FDR's New Deal programs: relief, recovery, and reform.

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Rosa Parks She was a Civil Rights leader who, in 1955, refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Her actions led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott that eventually led to the court-ordered end of segregation on the city's busses.Rosie The Riveter This was a fictional woman that represented all the women that took manufacturing jobs during WWII to support the war effort.Rough Riders This was a regiment in the Spanish-American War organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt that included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes.Rousseau He was a French Enlightenment philosopher and author of The Social Contract, which became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition.Royal Colony A British settlement in the New World. Many of these eventually became states.Royal Governor A British official appointed by the King to rule over a Royal Colony.Rudolf Hess This prominent German leader served as Deputy to Adolf Hitler in the Nazi Party and was the third-most powerful man in Germany during the Second World War, behind Hitler and Hermann Goering.Rule Of Law This is the legal notion that the power of government is limited and restrained by legal means and is not at the mercy and whims of individuals.Rule Of Man This political concept describes the political condition in which a single ruler or party exercises absolute authority and is not bound by any law.Rural Electrification Act This 1936 law provided federal funding for installation of electrical distribution systems to serve rural areas of the United States.Russian Revolution This began in 1917 when Menshiviks overthrew Tzar Nicholas II and continued when then the Bolsheviks overthrew the Menshiviks.

Sacco And Vanzetti Case This was a murder trial in Massachusetts in 1920 which stirred national emotion about the death of two Italian immigrants. Some feel they were victims of the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920. They were known to the authorities as radical militants who had been widely involved in the anarchist movement, labor strikes, political agitation, and anti-war propaganda. They believed themselves to be victims of social and political prejudice.Saddam Hussein He was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. He was in power during the Persian Gulf War and repressed independence movements of groups within Iraq.Salem Witch Trials These were a series of court proceedings held in Massachusetts in 1692 in which 20 people were executed for allegedly practicing witchcraft.Salutary Neglect This refers to the unofficial British policy of enforcing few of the restrictions legally placed on their North American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries.Sam Houston Born in Virginia, he was governor of Tennessee in the 1820s, President of the Republic of Texas, Senator from the State of Texas, and the Governor of the State of Texas.Samuel Gompers He was the founder and leader of the American Federation of Labor for 38 years and worked for higher wages for laborers and against socialist and communist presence within the movement.Scalawag This was a white southerner who supported northern Reconstruction policies after the Civil War.Schlieffen Plan This was the name of the strategy employed by Germany at the start of World War I that was intended to knock France out of the war quickly following an invasion through Belgium.SCLC This is a Civil Rights organization that was instrumental in the 60s Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King was its first president and it is rooted in nonviolent civil disobedience.Scopes Trial William Jennings Bryan was a three time Democratic Party candidate for President, orator of the famous "Cross of Gold Speech" in 1896, and won this infamous trial in 1925.�SDS This was a youth-centered organization of the 1960s whose purpose was to nonviolently foster a "participatory democracy" in the US that would end wars and racism. It stopped formal protests in 1969 and was disbanded by 1972.�Search Engine This is a computer-based tool, usually accessed on the internet, which is used to find webpages containing specified words or phrases.SEATO This is the name of a group of countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, that was created after World War II to act as a mutual defense for the member states. It is similar to NATO in Europe.SEC This regulatory agency of the U.S. Government was created in 1934 to provide oversight of the country's stock market.

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Secession This was the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 that precipitated the American Civil War.Second Continental Congress This convened in May of 1775, drafted the "Olive Branch Petition" two months later, and eventually drafted the Declaration of Independence over a year later.Second Treatise On Government This 1689 book by John Locke asserts that governments exist because of a "social contract theory" based on people's natural rights.Sectionalism This is the political loyalty to one's own region of the country over the entire country. This was a major factor leading up to the Civil War.Segregation This is the separation of daily activities, such as eating in a restaurant, using water fountains, or riding the bus, that is based on (usually) racial makeup.Selective Service Act Required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service; passed by Congress in 1917Self Determination This is the international legal principle that nations have a right to freely choose their political leaders and sovereignty without any outside influence or pressure.Selma Montgomery March This is the name given to the series of Marches that took place in western and central Alabama in 1965, resulting initially in brutal police action as protesters crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge.Semi-skilled Labor Workers that may master a specific job with a few weeks of limited training.Seoul This is the capital of South Korea and its largest city with over 11 million people.Separate But Equal This is the name of the legal doctrine of discrimination of the races that was adopted in much of the United States following the "Plessy v. Ferguson" Supreme Court ruling o 1896.Separation Of Powers This is the Constitutional principle that the law making, executive, and judicial powers be held by different groups and people.September 11 This was the series of organized terrorist attacks on the United States by Al Qaeda by suicide commercial plane crashes in New York City, Arlington, Va and Pennsylvania.Sharecropper A person (usually former slave) who farmed a leased portion of land during the Reconstruction era. The planter shared a portion of the crop grown as payment for land, rent, and supplies. Often the farmer under agreement was taken advantage of by the land owner.Sherman Antitrust Act This law was passed in 1890 in order to limit the power and the formation of business monopolies.Sherman's March To The Sea This was a military campaign embarked upon by the United States Army in late 1864 which destroyed property along a wide swath south from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean in order to punish the Confederates for starting the war.Silent Spring This is a 1962 novel written by Rachel Carson that helped launch the environmentalism movement.Silicon Valley This is the name for the area in southern California that is known for its high-tech corporations and computer programming businesses.Sioux This is the name given to the Native American ethnic group of the Great Plains, represented by such leaders as Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Red Cloud.Sit Down Strikes This is a protest by a group of workers, usually at a factory, where the organized group would sit at their work stations to prevent production or replacement.Sit-In This is a form of peaceful civil disobedience often taking place in the 1960s in which protesters seat themselves and remain until evicted by force, or their demands are met.Sixteenth Street Baptist Church This was a racist attack on a house of worship in Birmingham, Alabama, Sunday, September 15, 1963, resulting in the death of four girls.Skilled Labor Labor with a high level of training, education, and experience.Slavery This is the term used to describe a system of forced labor in which a person is considered to be the property of another person.SNCC This group was formed in 1960 to organize peaceful disobedience to segregation laws throughout the American South. They played key roles in organizing the Freedom Rides in 1961 and the famous March on Washington two years later.

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Social Contract Theory This is an agreement between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each.Social Darwinism This was the theory that people are subject to natural selection and wealth was a sign of superiority.Social Gospel This name is given to the intellectual movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries that sought to address the social problems of the day- child labor, working conditions, etc- through the application of moral and Christian ethics.Social Security This is a federal government program that provides income support to people who are unemployed, disabled, or over the age of 65.Sojourner Truth This abolitionist and women's rights activist is best known for her 1851 speech "Ain't I a Woman?"Soup Kitchens These facilities were organized and sponsored by churches or charities during the Great Depression in an effort to feed the homeless and needy.South Korea This Asian country officially split with its northern neighbor in 1948, fighting a war against them from 1950 to 1953.

South Vietnam Also known as the Republic of Vietnam, this was an internationally recognized state which governed Vietnam south of the 17th parallel until 1975. Its capital was Saigon and its origin can be traced to the French colony of Cochinchina, which consisted of the southern third of Vietnam. The US fought the Vietnam war in support of this nation, which was finally dissolved when Saigon was overrun in April 1975.Southern Colonies This colonial region consisted of Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia.Sovereignty This is the absolute power of a government within its own territory.Soviet Union This Cold War enemy of the United States "collapsed" in 1991 after years of economic and political turmoil.Space Race This was a Cold War competition between the U.S. and Soviet powers for space exploration.Spanish American War This was a conflict in which the U.S. gained many island territories, especially Puerto Rico and the Philippines.Speakeasy This is the name given to bars and nightclubs that illegally sold alcohol during the era of Prohibition.Speculation This is a buying a commodity such as land or stock with the intention of selling it later when the price goes up.

Spirit Of Laws This is the name of the 1748 book by Baron de Montesquieu in which he stresses a government's need to have a separation of power, support of the rule of law, and other Enlightenment-era ideals.Sputnik This was the name for the Soviet Union's program of unmanned space objects that were launched in the 1950s. This satellite's launch in 1957 alarmed the US into speeding up plans for its space program.Square Deal This was Theodore Roosevelt's plans to help safeguard the rights of workers.Standard Oil Company This was the first major oil trust founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller and dissolved by the US Supreme Court in 1911.States' Rights This is the political idea the individual states have political powers related to the federal government. It was established in the 10th Amendment.Steffens He was a "muckraker" during the Progressive Era, best known for his "The Shame of the Cities" which exposed the political corruption found in major U.S. cities.Steve Jobs In the late 1970s his company, Apple, developed and released the first "personal" computer.Stevens This member of Congress from Pennsylvania was a leading abolitionist prior to the Civil War and was a major "Radical Republican" after the Civil War.Stock Market Crash This was a famous dramatic loss of value in the shares of stock in corporations that hit the U.S. in 1929.

Stokely Carmichael Known as Kwame Ture until his death in 1998, he was a Trinidadian-American activist in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party. Initially an integrationist, he later became affiliated with black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements. He is known for having widely promoted the phrase, "Black Power."

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Stonewall Jackson An admired Confederate general during the American Civil War. He is known for his strong leadership and bold battle tactics.Stono Rebellion This was the earliest known rebellion against slavery in the New World. In 1739, a group of South Carolina slaves gathered to march for freedom.Strategic Defense Initiative A system proposed by U.S. President Reagan to use ground- and space-based systems to protect the U.S. from strategic nuclear ballistic missiles.Strict Interpretation This is the tendency of more narrowing interpreting the meaning of laws, especially Constitutional Amendments.Strom Thurmond He was South Carolina's governor from 1947 to 1951, a former segregationist presidential candidate, and a U.S. Senator from 1956 to 2003.Suburb a residential area on the outskirts of a citySudetenland This is the name of the western region of Czechoslovakia that was inhabited mostly by German speaking peoples and that was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938.Suffrage This is the right to vote.Sumner Though this Massachusetts Senator was beaten unconscious by Rep. Preston Brooks before the Civil War, he recovered to lead the charge of the "Radical Republicans" during the Reconstruction Era.Supply Side Economics This is the idea that an economy must encourage an increase in production of goods and services, and that this increase in supply will create demand for other products.Supreme Court This court has appellate jurisdiction and limited original jurisdiction; this court is the final court of appeals.Susan B. Anthony This was a Women's suffrage pioneer who also urged for emancipation.Taliban This group was driven from power in Afghanistan by US-led forces shortly after the terrorist attacks in the United States in September of 2001.Talkie A film that incorporated synchronized dialogue; the opposite of a silent film.Tammany Hall This is the name of the Democratic Party political machine that influenced New York City politics in the 1790s and 1960s.Tariff Of Abominations This controversial tariff was passed in 1828 to protect northern manufacturing and trade but soon became a major source of conflict between northern and southern states.Tariff This is a tax on imported goods and is usually designed to protect domestic production of similar goods.Taxation Without Representation A common complaint of American Colonists, they felt they were taxed from England without having any vote in Parliament.Television This is a telecommunications medium which sends audio and video, usually into individual homes.

Teller Amendment This was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 19, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." It remained in force until 1899, when the Platt Amendment was passed.Temperance This was a belief that alcohol consumption should be controlled through moderation and abstinence.Tenant Farmers A farmer that works and manages land owned by a landlord. They usually make payment for land use in the form of rent or crop percentage.Tenure Of Office Act This is the law that President Andrew Johnson violated that caused him to be impeached in 1868.Territorial Expansion This was the purchase of lands by U.S. government west of the Mississippi river to enlarge borders.Territorial Expansion This was the purchase of lands by U.S. government west of the Mississippi river to enlarge borders.Tet Offensive This was the onslaught in January of 1968 by North Vietnamese forces on South Vietnamese towns and cities, including the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam.Texas Revolution This short War between Mexico and victorious Texians in 1835-36. Famous battles include Battle of the Alamo and San Jacinto. As a result the Republic of Texas was formed and later was annexed by the United States in 1845.

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The Affluent Society The book by John Kenneth Galbraith discussed the growing gap between the increasing private wealth in the U.S. and the stagnant condition of resources allocated to the public sector.The Feminine Mystique This ground-breaking book by Betty Friedan reshaped American attitudes towards the lives and rights of women.The Grange This is an organization of American farmers that formed in 1867 to promote farm families banding together for political and economic well being.The Honorable Elijah Muhammad He led the Nation of Islam from 1935 to 1975, taking over leadership of the group from its founder, Wallace Fard Muhammad. He is also know for having been a mentor to Malcolm X. His most famous book is called "Message to the Blackman in America."The Jazz Singer This 1927 film was the first to feature recorded sound accompanying the motion picture, and is regarded as the first "talkie."The Jungle This is a famous novel written by Upton Sinclair, describing the difficult life of Lithuanian immigrants working in Chicago's Union Stock Yards at the end of the 19th century.

The Nation Of Islam This is a religious group founded in Detroit, Michigan, by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. It strives to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of the black men and women of America. It also promotes the belief that God will bring about a universal government of peace. The letters on the group's flag stand for Justice, Freedom, Equality, and Islam.The Perfect 36 This nickname was given to the state of Tennessee when it ratified the 19th Amendment, officially making the "women's suffrage" amendment part of the United States Constitution.Theodore Roosevelt This was a 26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama canal was built during his administration; said `Speak softly but carry a big stick` (1858-1919). He was considered by many to be the nation's first conservation President.Thirteenth Amendment Amendment to the United States Constitution abolishing and prohibiting slavery. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."Three-fifths Compromise This was an agreement reached between Northern and Southern states during the Constitutional Convention. It was a method of calculating the population of slaves into the apportionment of the House of Representatives and distribution of taxes.Thurgood Marshall This was the African-American lawyer who won the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 and eventually became the first African-American Supreme Court Justice in 1967.Tin Pan Alley This was the name of the New York City music publishers and songwriters who influenced popular music in the late 19th and early 20th century.Tobacco This is the agricultural product smoked by Native Americans and brought back to Europe with the discovery of the new world. It helped the colonization of the future American South.Tojo He was a General in the Japanese Imperial Army and the country's Prime Minister during World War II.Tonkin Gulf Incident This was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers in 1964.Tossed Salad This is a theory that when various peoples and ethnicities come the United States they retain their former cultural identities, become U.S. citizens but adding new aspects of what it means to be "American."Total War This was a war strategy of the Union in the late stages of the Civil War. Armies would use all available resources to destroy the Confederate's ability to resist.Totalitarian This is a centralized government that does not tolerate opposing political opinions.Town Meeting This is a form of municipal legislature, still seen in some New England states, where an entire local group of people are able to participate in the creation of local governing policies.Trade Barrier This is a restriction to regulate international commerce and business.Trail Of Tears This was the forced migration of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma in 1838-39.Trans-atlantic Slave Trade This was the trade of African slaves by Europeans. Most slaves were shipped from West Africa to the New World.Transcontinental Railroad Completed by largely Chinese and Irish labor, this railway was completed in Promontory Point, Utah, 1869, linking the western and eastern parts of the United States.

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Treaty Of Guadalupe-Hidalgo A peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). The U.S. gained most of what is now Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, California, and Utah.Treaty Of Versailles This was an international agreement signed in 1919 that ended WWI.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory This fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was the largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the deaths of 146 garment workers. It was the worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better and safer working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry.Triangle Trade 18th century trade between West Africa, the West Indies, and Europe. Manufactured goods left European ports to West Africa. These goods were sold and exchanged for slaves. The slave cargo would then make the "Middle Passage" to the New World and be sold for sugar, rum, tobacco and other raw materials. The ship then made the final leg of the triangle back to Europe.Triple Alliance This was the military alliance among Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914.Truman Doctrine This said that the United States would aid any nation in resisting the growing threat of communism and became the guiding force of American foreign policy during the Cold War.Trust This is a financial institution that manages investments, assets, and records for another institution. They may be an independent partnership, bank or law firm.Tuskegee Airmen These men were the first African American military aviators in the United States armed forces and they served with distinction in WWII.TV This communication medium became popular in the mid-Twentieth Century, providing people with both information and entertainment.TVA Created by Congress as one of the major public-works projects of the New Deal, this built a system of dams in the southeast.Twenty-first Amendment This amendment was passed in 1933 and ended "Prohibition."Ulysses S. Grant This Union General made a name for himself at the siege at Vicksburg, though he later defeated Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to end the Civil War.Uncle Tom's Cabin This is the name of the work of fiction, published in 1852, that dramatically portrayed the lives of slaves in the American South, serving as not only a spark in the abolition movement but as a motivating factor of the Civil War.Unconstitutional This is the term given to a law that a judicial body overturns because it violates basic or specific rules of the government.Underground Railroad This was a system of secret "safe-houses" and hiding places to aid runaway slaves escape.Unemployment Rate The percentage of the civilian workforce who are available for a job but do not have oneUnemployment This is the lack of jobs for willing workers.Unicameral This is the practice of having only one chamber in a legislature or a parliament.Union Pacific In the building of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s, this railroad company began construction in Nebraska and built to the west, using a large labor force of Irish immigrants and Civil War veterans.United Nations This is an international organization created following World War II to provide a way to negotiate disputes.Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly outlining rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled.University Of California V. Bakke This 1978 Supreme Court case barred quota systems in determining college admissions, but allowed affirmative action programs to remain Constitutional.Unrestricted Submarine Warfare This is a naval tactic where submarines sink merchant ships without warning.Unskilled Labor workers who are not trained to do a specific task or operate specialized machineryUpton Sinclair He was a prolific US author who promoted socialist views and anarchist causes. He is most popular for writing "The Jungle," dealing with the meat packing industry.

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Urbanization This is a rise in a society's population that is concentrated primarily in major cities.US Constitution This document provides the framework for the United States government. It consists of three main parts: the Preamble, seven articles, and 27 amendments.USS Maine This is the battleship that was sunk in a Cuban port in 1898 by Spain, which began the Spanish-American War.VE Day This is the name given to the end of World War II in Europe in May of 1945. It stands for "Victory in Europe" Day.Vertical Merger This is the combining of businesses that produce wildly dissimilar products into or under one organization.Vietcong This is the name of the North Vietnamese group that was both official army and guerilla group during the era of the Vietnam War.Vietnam War This conflict was fought between the Democratic Republic of this country- and its Communist allies- and the Republic of this country and it's allies, namely the United States.Vietnamization This term refers to the strategy of the United States during the second-half of the Vietnam War in which combat operations were to be turned over entirely to an American-trained Army of South Vietnam.Virginia Company This was a pair of English stock companies, London Company and Plymouth Company, founded in 1606 to establish settlements on the coast of North America.Virginia Plan This was proposed that a state should be represented according to their "Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitant" during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Large states would have more influence or �votes than smaller states.VISTA This was a program created by President Johnson in 1964 that was designed to fight the problem of poverty in the U.S. through educational and vocational programs.VJ Day This is the name given to the surrender of Japan and the end of fighting in the Pacific Theatre of World War II in August of 1945.Voice Of America This is the name of the Federally-owned radio and television broadcasting service that became immensely popular in Europe during World War II and the Cold War, spreading news, entertainment, and propaganda.Volstead Act This is what helped to enforce the eighteenth amendment, dealing with alcohol prohibition.Voting Rights Act This was a congressional decision that outlawed voters being subjected to a literacy test and created federal registration for voters.Wannsee Conference In this 1942 meeting of Nazi leaders, Hitler announced his plan of systematic genocide as the "Final Solution to the Jewish question."War Bonds These were a type of savings bonds used by governments to help fund their war effort.War Guilt Clause This term refers to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, in which Germany assumed full responsibility for causing all of the loss and damage that resulted from World War I.War On Poverty This 1964 program of President Johnson's "Great Society" was designed to help impoverished Americans and expanded the government's role in social welfare programs.War Powers Act This was a congressional decision to limit the President to committing U.S. military forces for only 60 days.Warsaw Pact This was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe.Watergate This is the name given to scandal that eventually resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974.Watson He was a Georgia politician at the turn of the century who became a leader in the national Populist Movement, running for President in 1904 and 1908.Wealth Inequality This term refers to the "gap" between rich and poor that helped contribute to the Great Depression.WEB DuBois He was a major African American civil rights leader in the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century. He was an author, historian, and a co-founder of the NAACP in 1909.West Germany During the Cold War, this was the portion of Germany that resisted communist control, instead allying with the United States and other NATO nations.

Western Front In World War I, this was the line of fighting that stretched from Belgium southward through most of

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France.Whiskey Rebellion This 1794 uprising was the first real challenge to the new nation's ability to enforce laws and maintain national security.Wilhelm II He was the German Emperor from 1888 to 1918 and led Germany into World War I.Will Rogers He was a celebrity, actor, comedian, and social commentator of the 1920s and 1930s and was known for saying " I never yet met a man that I didn't like."William Howard Taft He was Secretary of War (1904-1908), President (1909-1913), and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1921-1930).William Lloyd Garrison This was a U.S. Journalist who founded the radical newspaper The Liberator, and fought to abolish slavery.William Penn He was the founder of the Quaker settlement that later became the state of Pennsylvania.William Westmoreland He was the American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968, and who served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.Women's Suffrage This was a movement to give females the right to vote.Woodrow Wilson He was 28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations.Woodward He was the Washington Post investigative journalist who, along with Carl Bernstein, cracked the Watergate scandal that brought down President Richard Nixon.World War I The international conflict lasted from 1914 until 1918.World War II This was a worldwide military conflict from 1939 to 1945 in which the Axis and Allies were pitted against each other.WPA Created in 1935 under the New Deal, it aimed to stimulate the economy during the Great Depression and preserve the skills and self-respect of unemployed persons by providing them useful work.WTO This is an international organization that was formed to supervise international trade and break down barriers to trade.XYZ Affair This name was given to a period of diplomatic tension between the U.S. and France in 1797. France demanded the U.S. pay "tribute" to French diplomats before negotiations between the nations to begin.Yalta Conference This was the meeting that took place in February of 1945 between the heads of state of the WWII allied powers. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the reorganization of Europe after WWII.Yellow Journalism This was the use of sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation.Zelda Fitzgerald This was a prolific female artist and writer from Alabama.Zimmerman Note Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S.Zora Neale Hurston This Harlem Renaissance author produced four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays.