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Music Study Guide

Moore Public SchoolsMoore, Oklahoma

Moore Public Schools Moore, Oklahoma Revised 2013-2014

Revised Fall 2013

The Elements of Music and Musical Terms (the basic building blocks of music)

● Rhythm – the pattern of long and short notes and rests; comprised of the interplay of beat, duration, and tempo

● Form – the organization of a musical composition

● Harmony – two or more tones sounding together

● Tempo – the speed of the music’s beat; the pace of the music

● Melody– how the beat, rhythm and pitch are combined to create a tune

● Pitch – is how high or low a sound is. Sounds in music may be high or low, move up or down, or stay the same.

● Dynamics - sounds in music may differ in level of loud and soft

● Tone color or timbre - each voice, instrument, or sound/sound object has its own unique and distinct quality and color

● Texture - different textures are created when sounds are heard alone or when they are heard together with other sounds. Music with very few instrument or voice parts is thin; music with many different parts is thick.

● Beat – the regular repeated pulse in music

● Duration – the length of a sound or silence in music

● Notation – method in which music is written down


Melody is an element of music.Melody is the pattern or combination of musical notes, pitches, and rhythm.It is determined by the placement of a note on a staff. A staff consists of five lines and four spaces.

High notes are written on a treble staff.

Low notes are written on a bass staff.

The staff corresponding to higher notes is denoted with a treble clef.


The lines on the treble staff reading from the bottom to top correspond to the notes E-G-B-D-F, which can be remembered by thinking of this phrase: "every good boy does fine."

The spaces between the lines, reading from the bottom to the top, correspond to the notes F-A-C-E, which can be remembered using the word "face," which is the word spelled out by these notes.

The staff with the low notes is called the bass staff. It has a bass clef at the beginning of the staff.


The names of the lines of the bass clef are G, B, D, F, and A. Good Boys Do Fine Always will help you remember these names.

The names of the spaces in the bass clef are A, C, E, and G. All Cows Eat Grass will help you remember these names.

Both staffs together are called the grand staff. Piano players use the grand staff when they play music. The left hand plays the bass clef (low notes) and the right hand plays the treble clef (high notes).

The pitch of a note can be raised a half-step with a sharp.


The pitch may be lowered a half-step with a flat.

The key signature is located at the beginning of a composition and indicates the tone center (key) of a piece.

Musical NotesEach note has a specific duration.

Here are several ways to look at notes.

1 sound or silence held over 4 beats

1 sound or silence held over 2 beats

1 sound or silence on one beat

½ sound or silence on one beat

¼ sound or silence on one beat

Whole Note


Half Note

Quarter Note

Eighth Note

Sixteenth Note

Whole Note Half Notes Quarter Notes Eighth Notes Sixteenth Notes

Two half notes equal one whole note in duration. Two quarter notes equal one half note in duration and four quarter notes equal one whole note.


Rhythm is an element of music.Rhythm is comprised of the interplay of beat, duration, and

tempo.The beat is the steady pulse running through a piece of music. Rhythm is the organization of note or rest length within a piece of

music; the beats per measure.A measure is a group of beats (notes and/or rests) set off by bar

lines.

Time signature is the mathematical notation at the beginning of a composition that tells the number of beats and the kind of note getting one beat. For example:

Syncopation is stressing the weak beat or a placement of rhythmic accents where they wouldn’t normally occur.The main elements of a musical score:

Timbre


One of the basic elements of music is called color, or timbre. Timbre describes all of the aspects of a musical sound that do not have anything to do with the sound's pitch, loudness, or length.

Voices

Soprano High Mezzo-soprano Typically

FemaleAlto LowTenor High


Baritone Typically Male

Bass Low


ExpressionDynamics

The dynamics are the loudness or softness of music.pp Pianissimo Very softp Piano Soft

mp Piano Mezzo Medium softmf Mezzo Forte Medium loudf Forte Loudff Fortissimo Very loud

Changing DynamicsCrescendo Growing louder

Decrescendo or Diminuendo Growing softer

TempoLargo or Lento Very slowly

Adagio SlowlyAndante Walking paceModerato ModerateAllegro Quick, lively

Vivace or presto Very fast

Changing TempoAccelerando Getting fasterRitardando Growing slower

HarmonyHarmony is either consonant or dissonant. Consonant sounds pleasing or restful to the ear; dissonant is stressful or unpleasant.

Solo is when a person sings or plays an instrument alone.


A duet is when two people sing together.

A trio is a group of three people singing or performing together.

A quartet is group of four people singing or performing together.

Texture

Thick – many voices or instruments


MelodyBeatForm

Thin – few voices or instruments

Chord – three or more pitches sounded simultaneously; a group of notes played together to create harmony

Harmony is either consonant or dissonant and is achieved when notes are played at the same time.

Melody, on the other hand, is

horizontal, since its notes are played in succession and are read horizontally (for the most part) from left to right.

Musical Terms

_______________ the pattern of long and short notes and rests_______________ the speed or pace of the music’s beat_______________ the organization of a musical composition


_______________ sounds in music may differ in level of loud and soft_______________ when sounds are heard alone or together, becoming thick or

thin_______________ the unique and distinct quality and color of each voice,

instrument or sound_______________ the regular repeated pulse in music _______________ how long a sound lasts; the length of a sound or a silence in

music _______________ method in which music is written down_______________ the regular repeated pulse in music_______________ two or more tones sounding together______________________ how the beat, rhythm and pitch are combined to create a tune


Instruments in an Orchestra

An orchestra is considered to include four main instrument families: woodwinds, brass, strings, and percussion. They are referred to as “families” because they are similar in the way in which they are played.

There are four instruments in the string section commonly used in the modern orchestra: the violin, viola, cello, and bass. The strings have four types of instruments, but five sections: first violins; second violins; violas; cellos; and double basses, also known as string basses. All are made of wood and have four strings. All are usually played by drawing a bow across the strings, but are also sometimes played by plucking the strings.

The plucked string section of the orchestra may the concert harp, guitar, mandolin, banjo, zither, and other plucked instruments that may have a role in a particular piece.

The woodwind section includes reed instruments – both single and double reeds - and those which make sound from air passing over the mouthpiece. This section of the orchestra often has only one or two players on each instrument, again depending on the orchestra size. Woodwind instruments include flutes, piccolo; oboes, English horn, clarinets, bass clarinet; bassoons and contrabassoon. Depending on the piece, other instruments rarely may be included, such as saxophone.

The brass section, like the woodwinds, have their sound produced by air, but the brass sound is created by the vibration of the performer’s lips as she or he blows into the resonating mouthpiece. The brass section generally includes French horns; trumpets; trombones, and tuba. Sometimes, one also finds cornets, and possibly euphoniums.


The percussion section includes instruments that make sound when struck with hand or mallet or when struck together, like cymbals. The percussion section of the orchestra often includes timpani; chimes or tubular bells; celesta, harpsichord, or piano; concert harp; other pitched percussion, such as glockenspiel or xylophone; snare drum; and auxiliary percussion, such as triangle, tambourine, bass drum, castanets and cymbals.

The keyboard section of the orchestra includes piano, celesta, harpsichord, organ, and harmonium. The style and date of the music determines which, if any, of these keyboard instruments will be used. And leading the orchestra is the conductor, who has to know the music perfectly and leads the orchestra during performances.

Typical Seating Chart for An Orchestra


TYPES OF SCHOOL BANDSOrchestra

The repertoire for orchestra is usually classical music with some pop arrangements. The performance is done while seated on the stage. An orchestra consists of four sections of musical instruments, with a number of instruments in each. These are Strings, Woodwind, Brass, and Percussion. In addition to Orchestra classes offered by many schools, there are other types of school instrumental groups.

Concert/Symphonic Band

Concert band is the typical school band. It can also be known as a wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble. The group is usually fairly large and they perform seated on the stage. A concert band consists of three sections of musical instruments, with a number of instruments in each; these are Woodwind, Brass, and Percussion.

Marching Band

Marching bands perform during half-time at football games, at parades, community activities or other school functions and athletic events. The repertoire consists of marches, school cheers and song, national anthem and popular works.

The season for Marching band is late summer to early winter with a summer practice schedule. Many instruments in the marching band are the same as those for the concert band. Some instrumentalists may play versions of their instrument if they are too difficult to march with.

Jazz BandJazz band in some schools is a class or it can be an extra-curricular activity. A Jazz band can vary in size from a small "combo" to a large "big band". The repertoire for this band consists mostly of jazz music.Jazz bands include the following instruments: trumpet, sax, trombone, piano, drums, bass and guitar. Students will often cover another instrument, such as clarinet, flute or tuba, that is similar to theirs when it is needed. For instance, the saxophonist may play the clarinet.


Instrument FamiliesStrings

Violin

Cello

Guitar

Harp

Viola

Mandolin

Ukulele


Dulcimer

Instrument FamiliesBrass

Trumpet

Trombone

Tuba

French Horn

Euphonium


Cornet

Instrument FamiliesWoodwind

Flute

Oboe

Clarinet

Bassoon


Saxophone

English Horn

Instrument FamiliesPercussion

Bass Drum

Snare Drum

Bongo Drums

Cymbals

Triangle


Piano

Xylophone

It’s All in the Family

1. What family does the violin belong to?

A. brass

B.

percussion

C.

strings

6. Which "tool" do most of the string instruments use to play?

A. pick

B.

mallet

C.

stick


D.

woodwinds

2. Which family does the trumpet belong to?

A. strings

B.

percussion

C.

brass

D.

woodwinds

3. Which family of instruments must be struck or hit in order to be played?

A. brass

B.

percussion

C.

brass

D.

strings

4. Which two instruments belong to the woodwinds but DON’T use a reed?

A. flute and piccolo

B.

snare and bass

D.

bow

7. What must be done to play a brass instrument?

A. bow the strings

B.

buzz the lips

C.

blow air through a reed

D. strike

8. There is one instrument that belongs to TWO families, percussion and strings. What is it?

A. piano

B.

harp

C.

guitar

D. flute

9. There is an important person who leads the symphony in order for them to stay together. What are they called?

A. director

B coac


C.

clarinet and saxophone

D.

xylophone and triangle

5. Which family is considered the largest and loudest of the symphony?

A. strings

B.

woodwinds

C.

brass

D.

percussion

. h

C.

conductor

D.

teacher

10. This is a "tool" used by the conductor of a symphony. What is it called?

A. stick

B.

wand

C.

baton

D.

bat


Form – Types of MusicBlues, type of music developed during the late 19th century by African American performers. Blues has a variety of styles, including down home or country blues, boogie-woogie, classic blues, jump blues, and Chicago (urban) blues. Blues influenced the majority of popular music during the 20th century, including jazz, rock, rhythm and blues (R&B), and gospel.

Ballad, a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were characteristic of British and Irish poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song.

Folk music originated in the 19th century as a term for musical folklore. It has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by word of mouth, music of the lower classes, music with no known composer. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles.

Symphony, an extended musical composition, scored almost always for orchestra. Many symphonies are works in four movements with the first in sonata form; this is often described as the structure of a "classical" symphony, although many symphonies by the classical masters of the form (Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) do not conform to this model.


Major Periods of Music in Western Culture(Dates are approximate and serve as guidelines only.

Musical periods and styles overlap.)

Antiquity (400 – 800 A.D.)

Medieval (before 1450)

Renaissance (1450 - 1600)

Baroque (1600 - 1750)

Classical (1750 - 1820)

Romantic (1810 - 1910)

Impressionism (1880 - 1918)

20th-Century or Contemporary (1900-2000)

Modern (1945 -

present)

Medieval PeriodMusic developed during the Gothic or Medieval period, including Gregorian Chant, was developed and refined over several centuries.


This era covers the period 1000-1450. Music of the Medieval period is, for the most part, sacred, and characterized by the slow development between voices in polyphonic textures. This arose from the monophonic style of Gregorian Chant and the more straight-forward multiple voice textures.

Because ancient composers often did not put their names on their compositions, many of the composers of this era are unknown to us. Even if a name can be associated with a particular work, very little may be known about the specifics of that composer's life. However, a few major composers from this era are known to us, including Abbess Hildegard von Bingen, Perotin Magnus, and Guillaume de Machaut, among others.

The RenaissanceAs all forms of art, including music, the renaissance marked the rebirth of humanism, and a revival in cultural achievements for their own sake. Musical innovations were quickly disseminated, primarily facilitated by the advent of music printing, and thus the development of music theory and practice was likewise propelled forward. This period covers the last half of the 15th

century, and 16th century, inclusive. With the


Renaissance, more complicated and broader harmonic and contrapuntal structures emerge. Though the musical forms employed are still largely liturgical, the late Renaissance does see a great increase in sophistication for instrumental composition, as well as the emergence of secular madrigals, dramatic works and the first operas.

Many of these changes were pioneered with the music of Franco-Flemish composers including Johannes Ockeghem, Guillaume Dufay and Josquin des Prez. The period culminated in the music of Giovanni Palestrina, Claudio Monteverdi, William Byrd, Roland de Lassus, and many others, as the musical styles spread throughout Europe.

Monteverdi

Baroque Era

Music of the Baroque Era (1600 - 1750) was characterized by vastness of proportion, rich counterpoint, great splendor and a highly ornamented melodic line. There is a breaking away from the severity of Medieval and early Renaissance music with emphasis on the use of great vocal and instrumental color. Secular music is now as much in evidence as liturgical music.

The harpsichord music of Johann Sebastian Bach, François Couperin, and

Jean-Philippe Rameau, as well as the instrumental music of


George Frideric Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, Arcangelo Corelli and Johann Sebastian Bach epitomize the precepts of the Baroque.

Bach Handel Vivaldi

Classical/ClassicismIn the music of this period there was again what amounts to a revolution against the musical trends of the preceding (or Baroque) era. To be sure, there is not a set date on which one might remark that here the revolution began. But one can see its beginnings in the music of the great transitional composer Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, the emergence of the Galant style, as well as in the products of the musicians who came to be known as the Mannheim School (Johann Stamitz, etc.). Briefly, the characteristics of classicism are a concern for musical form with a greater emphasis on clarity with more concise melodic expression and clarity of instrumental color. The compositions of Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in particular, exemplify the concepts of Classicism. This era culminated in the early music of Ludwig van Beethoven.


Mozart Haydn

RomanticismExtending the bounds of music beyond the restrictive formality of Classicism was the prime function of the musical period known as Romanticism. Formal concern, intellectuality and concise expression have now been augmented by sentiment, imagination and effect. The period of Romanticism, heralded in the late works (ex., string quartets, symphonies, piano sonatas) of Ludwig van Beethoven and culminates in "Impressionism" (Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, etc.), a transitional trend which, with the innovations of the symphonies of Gustav Mahler, forms the beginnings of music in the 20th

century.


Beethoven Debussy

The 20th CenturyIn this category, it is hard to differentiate among the various sub-groupings under which music of our century has been placed. It is music written during the 20th

century which does not fit into the category of Romanticism purely for chronological reasons, but which, via either orchestral technique or mode of expression, is attempting to further broaden the horizons of music, though not to such an extent that it belongs to the modern era. The operative principle for assigning composers to this list (instead of

"Modern") was essentially one of style. Composers in the current category are closer in style and outlook to composers of the preceding lists than those in the Modern list are, though there are of course some who could have gone in either list. This category still includes a wide range of styles. On average the compositions in this list tend to fall into the first half of the twentieth century chronologically.


Igor

Stravinsky Aaron Copeland Duke EllingtonModern Period

This final category is even more varied in composition; composers in this group represent such divergent styles as Serialism, Minimalism, Chance or Electronic music. The primary dividing line between this classification and the 20th century composers is Schoenberg's usage of dodecaphonic serialism in the middle decades of this century. Serial composition represents the ultimate limit of chromaticism (equal usage of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale), often making it difficult to appreciate at first. This should not be a reason to avoid exposure to this music as not all listeners will react the same to any given style of music. Serial and atonal composition gained an impressive following during the 1950s and 1960s, but these were not the only mode of musical expression, and have since given way to an increasingly eclectic array of styles. Some of these styles are represented in the list that follows. These composers may represent a place to start when exploring this music. Modern composers continue to show substantial changes from Romantic and early 20th century ideas on musical form.


Modern ComposersJohn Coolidge Adams 1947 - A Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer with strong roots in minimalism. One of his best-known work is On the Transmigration of Souls, a choral piece commemorating the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks. His well-known operas include Nixon in China, which recounts Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China, and Doctor Atomic, which covers the building of the first atomic bomb.John Corigliano 1938 -American composer who continues to add to one of the richest, most unusual, and most widely celebrated bodies of work any composer has created over the last forty years. His score include three symphonies and eight concerti among over 100 chamber, vocal, choral, and orchestral works—have been performed all over the world. Philip Glass 1937-Through his operas, symphonies, compositions for ensemble, and his wide-ranging collaborations with artists ranging from Twyla Tharp to Allen Ginsberg, Woody Allen to David Bowie, he has had an extraordinary impact upon the musical and intellectual life of his times. The new musical style that Glass writes was eventually dubbed “minimalism.”John Harbison 1938 –Composer who is among America's most prominent artistic figures. He has received numerous awards and distinctions, including three of the most prestigious: the MacArthur Foundation's "genius" award, the Pulitzer Prize, and the Heinz Award in the Arts and Humanities.Zoltan Kodaly 1882 – 1967Kodály learned to play the violin as a child, sang in a cathedral choir and wrote music, despite having little formal musical education. One of the first people to undertake the serious study of folk tales, Kodály became one of the most significant early figures in the field of ethnomusicology (the study of music in its cultural content).Vladimir Martynov 1946 - A leader of the composers of the Soviet Union born after World War II, who pursued avant-garde courses at a time when official disfavor of such styles brought severe penalties. He explored electronic music and wrote a rock opera.Steve Reich 1936-Recently called by media "our greatest living composer", "America’s greatest living composer," “the most original musical thinker of our time” and “...among the great composers of the century” From his early pieces to his digital video opera, he has explored Western Classical music, non-Western and American vernacular music, particularly jazz. "There's just a handful of living composers who can legitimately claim to have altered the direction of musical history and Steve Reich is one of them," states The Guardian (London). In April 2009 Steve Reich was awarded the Pulitzer in Music.


Mix and Match

Symbol Term Meaning ffmpfp

mfpp

Terms:Mezzo Forte

PianoPianissimoFortissimo

Mezzo PianoForte

Meanings:Soft

Very softMedium soft

LoudVery loud

Medium loud

Concert Etiquette


1. Turn off cell phones.

2. Refrain from talking.

3. Try not to get up and leave during a performance. Wait until there is applause.

4. Save hoots and hollers for the ball game. A concert is not the place. Applause and “bravo” are appropriate to show your appreciation.

5. Don’t play with video games or read.

6. Don’t sigh or yawn loudly in boredom. If you are miserable, keep it to yourself.

7. Gum, candy, food and drinks can wait until after the concert.

8. Come expecting to enjoy the concert.

Mad Libs for Concert-GoersList 5 nouns-things.

(example: harmonica)1.2.3.4.

List 9 verbs.(example:

run/running)


5.1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.

List 1 place.(example: the ocean)

1.

List 1 exclamation.

(example: “Hooray!”)

1.List 2 special events.(example: wedding)

1.2.

List 2 noises.(example: bird

chirping)

1. Turn off cell phones. (n)

2. Refrain from talking. (v)

3. Try not to get up and leave during a performance. Wait until there is applause. (v) (v) (no)

4. Save hoots and hollers for the ball game. A concert is not the place. Applause and “bravo” are appropriate to show your appreciation. (v) (v) (pl) (no) (ex)

5. Don’t play with video games or read. (v) (v)

6. Don’t sigh or yawn loudly in boredom. If you are miserable, keep it to yourself. (v) (v)

7. Gum, candy, food and drinks can wait until after the concert. (n) (n) (n) (n) (ev)

8. Come expecting to enjoy the concert. (ev)


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