AD ALPĒS CAPUT I Nāvis iam per undās celeriter progrediēbātur omnēsque ē puppī lītus lēniter ē cōnspectū Ship now through waves quickly was-advancing and-all from stern shore gently from sight recēdēns perspiciēbant. Ac postrēmō Drūsilla: “Quīnque iam annī sunt,” inquit, “cum 1 in receding were-watching and finally Drusilla five now years are said since into hanc terram barbaram iter fēcimus. Quam gaudeō nōbīs dēnique licēre domum revertī, this land barbarian journey we-made how I-rejoice to-us finally to- be-allowed home to-return ut tandem patriam et parentēs meōs vīsāmus!” so-that at-last fatherland and parents my we-can-see Tum Cornēlius: “Rēctē dīcis,” inquit,. “Sed dum hīc mōrābāmur, 2 multa mīranda et Then Cornelius rightly you-say said but while here we-were-staying many wonderful and iūcunda vīdimus, nec mē paenitet hīs in locīs longinquīs quīnquennium trānsēgisse. Sed pleasant-things we-saw nor me causes-to-regret these in places distant five- years to-have-spent but nunc domī esse maximē cupiō, ut Pūblius noster et Sextus omnia discant, quae cīvibus now at-home to-be very-much I-want so-that Publius our and Sextus all-things can-learn which to-citizens Rōmānīs nōta esse dēbent, Et ego ipse forum templaque deōrum 1 Normally cum is equivalent to `when’ or to `since’ in the causative sense so the sentence is literally `There are five years when we journeyed..’ but this combination of present tense cum and past tense is frequently used for the idea `it has been..years, since..’ 2 The conjunction dum is normally used with the present tense even when the main clause is in the past, unless the action in both clauses starts and begins at exactly the same time. The author’s choice of tense implies, therefore, that they saw wonderful things all the time during their stay.
Transcript
AD ALPĒS
CAPUT INāvis iam per undās celeriter progrediēbātur omnēsque ē puppī lītus lēniter ē cōnspectū
Ship now through waves quickly was-advancing and-all from stern shore gently from sight
recēdēns perspiciēbant. Ac postrēmō Drūsilla: “Quīnque iam annī sunt,” inquit, “cum1 in receding were-watching and finally Drusilla five now years are said since into
hanc terram barbaram iter fēcimus. Quam gaudeō nōbīs dēnique licēre domum revertī, this land barbarian journey we-made how I-rejoice to-us finally to-be-allowed home to-return
ut tandem patriam et parentēs meōs vīsāmus!”so-that at-last fatherland and parents my we-can-see
Tum Cornēlius: “Rēctē dīcis,” inquit,. “Sed dum hīc mōrābāmur,2 multa mīranda et Then Cornelius rightly you-say said but while here we-were-staying many wonderful and
iūcunda vīdimus, nec mē paenitet hīs in locīs longinquīs quīnquennium trānsēgisse. Sed pleasant-things we-saw nor me causes-to-regret these in places distant five-years to-have-spent but
nunc domī esse maximē cupiō, ut Pūblius noster et Sextus omnia discant, quae cīvibus now at-home to-be very-much I-want so-that Publius our and Sextus all-things can-learn which to-citizens
Rōmānīs nōta esse dēbent, Et ego ipse forum templaque deōrum libentissimē iterum Roman known to-be ought and I (my)self forum and-temples of-gods most-gladly again
aspiciam.”will-see
“Urbem vix remīniscī possum,” inquit Cornēlia; “tam eram parvula, cum hūc profectī City scarcely remember I-can said Cornelia so I-was tiny when to-here set-out
sumus.” Tum subitō conversa ad Lūcium, quem in gremiō Anna sagō contēctum3 tenēbat: we-did then suddenly having-turned to Lucius whom in lap Anna in-blanket wrapped was-holding
“Et Lūcius noster eam omnīnō numquam aspexit.” Quae cum dīxisset, frātrem parvum artē And Lucius our it at-all never has-seen which-things when she-had-said brother little tightly
amplexa est.embraced she-did
“Suādeō, uxor,” inquit Cornēlius, “ut cum cēterīs tū nunc in cameram redeās: nam ventus I-urge wife said Cornelius that with others you now into cabin you-return for wind
incrēbrēscit., Sed ego et fīliī paulō diūtius in puppī ambulābimus.”is-freshening but I and sons a-little longer on deck will-walk
Cum Drūsilla in cameram cum līberīs servīsque sē recēpisset, tum Pūblius, dum ultrō
1 Normally cum is equivalent to `when’ or to `since’ in the causative sense so the sentence is literally `There are five years when we journeyed..’ but this combination of present tense cum and past tense is frequently used for the idea `it has been..years, since..’2 The conjunction dum is normally used with the present tense even when the main clause is in the past, unless the action in both clauses starts and begins at exactly the same time. The author’s choice of tense implies, therefore, that they saw wonderful things all the time during their stay.3 The accusative –um ending shows that contectum goes with Lūcium rather than Anna,
When Drusilla into cabin with children and-slaves herself had-withdrawn then Publius while to
citrōque ambulant patrī: “Videor mihi recordārī,” inquit, “quondam perīculōsum fuisse in and-fro they-walk to-father I-seem to-myself to-recall said once dangerous to-have-been in
marī Aegaeō nāvigāre propter pīrātās, quī ubīque castella habērent, unde in nāvēs mercātōrum sea Aegean to-sail because-of pirates who everywhere forts had from-where on ships of-merchants
“Per multōs annōs rēs ita sē habēbat,5” inquit Cornēlius; “et mercātōrēs hōc modō saepe Through many years situation thus self was-having said Cornelius and merchants in-this way often
periērunt, nāvēsque eōrum aut incēnsae sunt aut in marī submersae. Quīn etiam pīrātae istī perished and-ships of-them either burned were or in sea sunk indeed even pirates those
postrēmō impūnitāte tam audācēs factī sunt, ut nāvēs quoque adorīrentur, quibus finally through-impunity so bold made were that ships also they-attacked by-which
“Papae!” inquit Sextus, “Nōnne nōmen magnum populī Rōmānī veritī sunt? Cūr nōn Goodness said Sextus surely name great of-people Rome fear they-did why not
nāvēs longae6 istōs scelestōs statim ē marī fugāvērunt?”ships long those criminals at-once from sea put-to-flight
“Saepe id temptātum est,” inquit pater; “sed, ut est in vetere prōverbiō, ‘Incipere multō Often tht attempted was said father but as is in old proverb to-begin much
est quam impetrāre facilius.’Quō modō factum est ut7,cum aliōs8 nāvēs cōnsectārentur, aliī is than to-accomplish easier in-that way done was that when some ships were-pursuing others
procul praedās agerent; nec fīnis fuit, priusquam custōdia tōtīus ōrae maritimae Gnaeō far(-away) booty were-driving nor end was before control of-whole coast maritime to-Gnaeus
Pompeiō9 Magnō commissa est. Is tam ācriter pīrātās lacessīvit, ut omnēs sexāgintā diēbus Pompey the-Great entrusted was he so fiercely pirates challenged that all sixty within-days
fugerent aut lēgātōs pācis petendae causā ad eum mittere cōgerentur.They-fled or envoys of-peace being-sought for-sake to him to-send were-forced
Tūm Pūblius: “Nōnne Caesar dictātor in potestātem istōrum pīrātārum ōlim ipse
4 The verbs habērent and facerent are subjunctive because they are in a subordinate clause within an accusative and infinitive clause in reported speech.5 rēs ita sē habēt/habent is a common equivalent of `this was the situation’.6 nāvis longa was the standard Latin phrase for `warship’.7 quō modō factum est, `so what happened was that’8 The accusative aliōs is masculine plural so cannot be describing the feminine noun nāvēs but refers to some of the pirates whilst the nāves (the Roman vessels) must be the subject. Two forms of alius are used in the normal way for `some…other(s).’9 Both Lewis & Short and the Cambridge Latin Course make the second vowel long: Pompēius. However, the vowel was probably in fact short but the syllable `pe’ made long because the consonantal `i’ was pronounced double, See http://alatius.com/latin/quantity.html Pompey was given command of the Mediterranean and its coasts in 67 B.C. Caesar’s kidnapping was probably around 76 B.C.
Then Publius Surely Caesar dictator into power of-those pirates once himself
pervēnit?”came
“Rēctē quaeris,” inquit Cornēlius. “Nam ille adhūc iuvenis īnsulam Rhodum adīre Rightly you-ask said Cornelius for he still young-man sland Rhodes go-to
volēbat, ut Apollōnium Molōnem clārissimum dīcendī magistrum ibi audīret. Hūc cum wanted so-that Apollonius Molo most-famous of-speaking teacher there he-could-hear to-here when
hībernīs mēnsibus trānsīret, ā pīrātīs captus, apud eōs mānsit diēs ferē quadrāgintā.in-winter months he-was-crossing by pirates captured with them he-stayed says about forty
“Interim comitēs Rōmam dīmissī sunt pecūniam quaesītum, quā redimerētur. Menwhile companions to-Rome sent-off were money to-seek with-which he-could-be-ransomed
Ipse inter hostēs relictus, cum pīrātīs cōmiter iocātus saepe adfienmāvit sē reversum dē eīs Himself among enemy left with pirates affably joking often stated himself returning from them
supplicium summum sūmptūrum.10
punishment most-severe going-to-take
“Illī scīlicet tum adrīsērunt. Sed Caesar, cum pecūniā dēmum adlātā, in lītore dēsertō They of-course then laughed but Caesar when with-money finally brought on coast deserted
expositus esset, Mīlētum statim perrēxit; ubi classe dēductā pīrātās abeuntēs secūtus est, put-ashore had-been Miletus at-one continued-to where with-fleet launched pirates departing follow he-did
eōsque omnēs suppliciō eō adfēcit, quod anteā quasi per iocum minātus erat.”and-them all with-punishment that he-affected which before as-if in jest threatened he-had
Location of Ephesus (where Cornelius’s family embarked), Miletus and Rhodes
“Quam vellem,” inquit Sextus, “pīrātae hodiē quoque in hōc marī nāvigārent.11 Sī
10 As often the future participle is used on its own in place of the full future infinitive sumptūrum esse.11 The imperfect subjunctive nāvigārent is standard for a counter-factual wish referring to the present and vellem (literally `could/would wish) emphasises the unreality of what Sextus is imagining. The ut
How I-wish said Sextus pirates today also in this sea were-sailing if
nostram nāvem adoriantur, ego eīs capita prius abscīdam, quam in puppim ēscendere our ship they-attacked I for-them heads before would-cut-off than onto stern come-up
possint.”12
they-could
“Heia!”inquit Pūblius, cum sē horrēscere simulāret; “quam bene pīrātīs accidit Sextum Aieeyaa said Publius when he himself to-be-afraid was-pretending how well for-pirates it-happens Sextus
nostrum illīs temporibus nōn nāvigāsse13!”our in-those times not to-have-sailed
Tum Sextus īrā incēnsus14: “Nōlī tē iactāre,15 Pūblī; nam etsī maior nātū es, ego tamen Then Sextus with-anger burning do-not yourself hurl Publius for even-if bigger by-birth you-are I still
sum fortior.”am braver
“Agite, fīliī meī,” inquit Cornēlius. “Inter vōs dēsinite altercārī, Tālēs dissēnsiōnēs Come-on sons my says Cornelius among yourselves cease quarrelling such conflicts
indecorae sunt; et existimō iam Onēsimum cūrāsse ut esset quod ederēmus,” unbecoming are and I-reckon already Onesimus to-have-arranged that there-was what we-could-eat
Eāmus intrō. Quae cum dīxisset, ad cameram pedem convertit; ac Pūblius et Sextus, quīLet’s-go inside which-things when he-had-said towards cabin foot turned and Publius and Sextus who
malē ēsuriēbant, libenter subsecūtī sunt.badly were-hungry gladly follow did
CAPUT II
Illā nāve vehēbantur hominēs plūrimī; sed diēs complūrēs tam asperum erat mare, ut plērīque On-that ship were-being-carried people very-many but days several so rough was sea that most
graviter nauseā adficerentur, paucīque in puppī ambulāre possent. Mīrus et molestissimus est seriously by(sea)-sickness were-affected and-few on deck to-walk were-able strange and most-troublesome is
hic morbus; quī enim eō adficitur, prīmō timet nē moriātur, tum metuit nē in vītā retineātur.16
this illness he-who for by-it is-affected first is-afraid lest he-should-die then fears lest in life he-be-retained
normally used when volō takes the subjunctive has been omitted here12 As often, prius and quam stand in different clauses instead of forming the single word priusquam (=antequam) at the start of the second one. Present subjunctives are used for a conditional statement referring to the future but unlikely to be fulfilled.13 nāvigāsse is a contraction of the perfect infinitive nāvigāvisse. The phrase alicui bene accidit is equivalent to `it’s lucky for someone’14 Literally incēnsus is `burnt’ /`set alight’ but the present participle is more natural in English.15 sē iactāre, `put on airs’ (literally `hurl onseself’)16 Verbs of fearing take nē and a subjunctive clause describing what they are afraid will happen
Postrēmō autem omnibus melius est factum, rārīque in puppim prōdiērunt. In eīs erat Finally however to-all better it-was made and-one-by-one onto deck they-went-out in them was
senex quīdam, quī linguā barbarā ūtēbātur, nec quisquam plānē intellegere poterat quid ille old-man a-certain who language barbarous was-using and-not anyone clearly to-understanf wae-able what he
dīcere vellet..to-say wanted
Dēnique mercātor dīves, quī frūstrā cum sene loquī cōnātus erat: “Nōnne hīc adest Finally merchant rich who in-vain with old-man to-speak tried had surely here is-present
quisquam,” inquit, “cui lingua huius peregrīnī nōta sit17?”someone he-said to-whom language of-this foreigner known is
Forte Stasimus haud procul stābat. Quī cum haec audīvisset, ut erat vafer, “Mihi,” By-chance Stasimus not far-off was-standing he when these-things he-had-heard as he-was rascal to-me
inquit, “omnēs linguae nōtae sunt.Sī exposueris quid rogāre velīs, ego libenter cum sene he-said all languages known are if you-will-have-explained what to-ask you-wish gladly with old-man
loquar.” Quō dictō ad senem accessit, et sermō huius modī īnstitūtus est.I-will-speak with-which said to old-man he-want-up and conversation of-this kind started was
Stasimus. Salvē multum, senex. Greetings many old-man
Senex. Avo. Dōnnī.
Mercātor. Quid dīcit, obsecrō? What is-he-saying please
Stasimus. Dīcit sē iubēre tē salvēre, et tibi dōnum dare velle. He-says himself to-tell you to-be-well and to-you gift to-give to-wish
Mercātor. Benignē facit. Sed quaere, quis sit homō, aut unde veniat.Kindly he-does but ask who is the-man or from-where he-comes
Mercātor. Fortasse nōs esse medicōs putat, Quaere, sīs18; nam hospitem sīc errāre nōlō. Perhaps us to-be doctors he-thinks ask if-you-will for guest thus to-err I-not-want
Senex. Murph ursa mvulc.
Mercātor. Quid nunc dīcit? What now he-says
Stasimus. Dīcit sē ursās vēndere velle.He-says himself bears to-sell to-want
17 sit is subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic; the merchant is asking if there is anyone such as to know the language18 sīs is a common contraction of sī vīs (if you wish) and used as an equivalent of `please’.
Mercātor. Forsitan bēstiās comparet19 in amphitheātrō exhibendās.Perhaps beasts he-might-obtain in amphitheatre for-exhibiting
Senex. Pālu mmer ged etha.
Stasimus. Dīcit sē pālās quoque vēndere. He-says himself spades also to-sell
Mercātor. Ad terram effodiendam,20 crēdō. Sed vix intellegō cūr negōtia tam dīversa For earth being-dug-up I-believe but scarcely I-understand why businesses so different
cōnfundat.he-mixes-together
Senex. Murphonnium sucorhim.
Mercātor, Quid dīcit, obsecrō?What he-says, please
Stasimus. Tē iubet sub corbulam rēpere.You he-is-ordering under basket to-crawl
Cum hic sermō habērētur, Pūblius et Sextus prope stābant, vix sē continentēs when this conversation wad-being-held Publius and Sextus near were-standing scarcely themselves restraining
quōminus in cachinnōs ērumperent. Sed iam ē camerā prōcessit Cornēlius; et Stasimus so-that-not into laughter they,mght-burst but now from cabin came-out Cornelius amd Stasimus
celeriter in puppim extrēmam sē recēpit. Quō factō, Cornēliō mercātor: “Estne,” inquit, “ille quickly onto deck far-end self withdrew with-which done to-Cornelius merchant is he-asked that
Stasimus servus tuus?”Stasimus slave your
“Ita,” inquit Cornēlius; “nec usquam est puer scelestior.”Yes says Cornelius and-not anywhere is boy naughtier
“Haud ita mihi vidētur,” inquit mercātor; “nam modo mihi operam benignē dedit, cum Not thus to-me he-seems said merchant for just-now to-me effort kindly he-gave when
hunc peregrīnum quaedam rogāre vellem.”this foreigner certain-things to-ask I-wanted
“Quō modō, obsecrō, ille tē adiuvāre potuit?” inquit Corenēlius, “Multīs linguīs ego By-what means please he you to-help was-able asked Cornelius many languages I
ūtor; sed nē ego quidem intellegere poteram quid hic ignōtus dīcere vellet, cum mē appellāret. Use but not I even understand was-able what this stranger to-say-wanted when me he-spoke-to
19 comparet is subjunctive of possibility or speculation.20 ad terram effodiendam: a gerundive phrase of purpose, where English would use its gerund (for digging up earth). The alternative Latin gerund construction (ad terram effodiendum) is structurally identical to the English but was felt by the Romans to be less elegant than the gerundive.
Stasimus autem nihil nisi Latīnē scit.Stasimus however nothing except Latin knows.
"Suspicor igitur eum mē lūdificāsse,"21 inquit mercātor rīdēns. "Sed sine dubiō omnia I-suspect therefore him me to-have-made-fun-of said merchant laughing but without doubt all-things
per iocum fēcit; ac spērō dē eō supplicium tē nōn sumptūrum."22 as joke he-did and I-hope from him punishment you not going-to-take
Tum Cornēlius: "Dolīs eius interdum īrā tantopere incendor, ut vix mē continēre Then Cornelius by-tricks of-him sometimes with-anger so-greatly I-am-burned that scarcely myself restrain
possim quōminus eum in crucem statim agam. Cum autem tū tam clēmenter suādeās, I-can by-which-not him onto cross at-once I-should-drive since however you so mercifully urge
poenās nōn dabit23 —dōnec aliam noxiam commeruerit." penalties not he-will-give until another wrong he-will-have committed
Dum īllī ita inter sē loquuntur, peregrīnus, ā spē omnī dēstitūtus, caput quassāns While they thus among themselves are-speaking foreigner by hope all deserted head shaking
trīstis discessit; atque interim Pūblius et Sextus ad prōram prōcesserant, ubi flūctūs magnōs sad he-departed and meanwhile Publius and Sextus to prow had-proceeded where waves great
Tum Sextus: "Hīsne in regiōnibus," inquit, "pugna nāvālis umquam commissa est?" Then Sextus these in regions he-said battle naval ever joined was
"Ōlim," inquit Pūblius, "in marī Pamphӯliō Hannibal cum Rhodiōrum classe cōnflīxit. Once said Publius in Sea Pamphylian Hannibal with of-Rhodians fleet clashed
Sed multō est mīrābilior pugna, quā Eumenem, rēgem Pergamēnum,24 Poenus īdem fugāvit." But much is more-remarkable battle in-which Eumenes king of-Pergamum Carthaginian the-same put-to-flight
"Dē hāc numquam audīvī," inquit Sextus. "Quid factum est, obsecrō?" About-this never I-have-heard said Sextus what done was I-beg
Tum Pūblius: "Modo librum Cornēliī Nepōtis25 legēbam, quī rem gestam ita trādit: Then Publius Just-now book of-Cornelius Nepos I-was-reading who thing done thus hands-down
21 lūdificāsse: abbreviation of lūdificāvisse (perfect infinitive)22 ab aliquō supplicium sūmere: to inflict punishment on someone. The word esse has to be supplied with sumptūrum to make the full future infinitive.23 poenās dare (literally `give punishments’): `pay the penalty’, `be punished’24 Pamphylia was a region on the south coast of Asia Minor and in fact too far east to have been on the family’s route! Pergamum (Greek Pergamon) was a city on the west coast, north of the family’s starting point of Ephesus and the centre of a kingdom which became the Roman province of Asia. Both places are circled in the map on the next page,25 Cornelius Nepos (c.110-25 B.C.) was a Roman historian and biographer, most of whose work has been lost. His Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae (Lives of Outstanding Generals) includes a life of Hannibal. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos
By Caliniuc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=58363914
Hannibal nāvium numerō superābātur; itaque dolō eī pugnandum erat. Quārē suōs Hannibal of-ships in-number was-surpassed and-so by-trick for-him necessary-to-fight was for-which-reason his-men
iussit venēnātās serpentēs vīvās quam plūrimās colligere, eāsque in vāsa fictilia conicere. he-ordered poisonous snakes live as-possible as-many to-collect and-them into pots earthenware to-throw
Cum diēs pugnae vēnisset, imperāvit ut omnēs in Eumenis ipsīus concurrerent nāvem, cēterās when day of-fight had-come he-ordered that all onto of-Eumenes himself should-converge ship others
autem neglegerent.however they-should-neglect
"Quod ubi factum est, nāvis Eumenis fugā salūtem petere coācta est, sed cēterae undique Which when done was ship of-Eumenes by-flight safety to-seek forced was but others from-all-sides
classem Hannibalis vehementer premēbant. Tum in eās repentē vāsa fictilia, dē quibus suprā fleet of-Hannibal forcefully were-pressing then onto those suddenly pots earthenware about which above
mentiōnem fēcī, coniecta sunt. Quibus in puppēs frāctīs, nāvēs hostium brevī serpentium mention I-have-made hurled were with-which ontop decks broken dhips of-enemy soon of-snales
plēnae erant; atque illī, novā rē territī, terga vertērunt rēgemque Eumenem intrā praesidia, full were and they by-new situation frightened backs turned and-king Eumenes among fortifications
quae in proximō lītore collocāta erant, celeriter subsecūtī sunt."26
26 This battle took place in the 180s B.C., when Hannibal, who had fled from his native Carthage some years earlier, was assisting the king of Bithynia on the south coast of the Black sea against Eumenes, who was a Roman ally.
Which on nearest shore placed had-been quickly follow they-did
"Hahahae!" inquit Sextus. "Hannibal certē dux callidus erat. Vix turpe fuit ā tantō Ha-ha said Sextus Hannibal certainly leader clever was scarcely disgraceful by so-great
imperātōre vincī." commander to-be-beaten
Tum Pūblius, post sē respiciēns: "Putō," inquit, "nōs nunc redīre posse . Stasimus Then Publius behind himself looking I-think he-said we now to-return to-be-able Stasimus
poenās effūgisse vidētur, neque usquam hospes in cōnspectū est." punishment to-have-escaped seems and-not anywhere the-stranger in sight is
Itaque ā prōrā cum recessissent, sē patrī cēterīsque reddidērunt, quī iam passim And-so from prow when they-had-retreated themselves to-father and-to-others they-restored who now all-around
in puppī sedēbant.on deck were-sitting
CAPUT III
Posterō diē nautae procul terram aspexērunt, omnēsque cupidē ad latus nāvis On-the-next say sailors in-distance land sighted and-all eagerly to side of-ship
properāvērunt, quō27 melius eam vidērent. Tum Cornēliō Sextus: "Quam terram, pater," hurried so=that better it they-could-see then to-Cornelius Sextus what land father
inquit, "iam aspicimus?" said now we-are-looking-at
"Crētam eam esse crēdō, mī fīlī," inquit Cornēlius. "Īnsula est magna, ibique multae rēs Crete it to-be I-believe my son says Cornelius island is big and-there many things
mīrābilēs factae esse dīcuntur. Abī, sorōrī nūntiā ut hūc veniat. Fortasse ego quaedam extraordinary done to-have-been are-said Go-off to-sister snnounce that here she-should-come perhaps I certain-things
reminīscī possum, quae vōs libenter audiātis."28 to-remember am-able which you with-pleasure might-hear
"Euax!" inquit Sextus. "Abeō." Et celeriter in cameram sē recēpit, unde brevī cum Great dais Sextus I’m off and quickly into cabin self he-took-back from-where soon with
Cornēliā et quibusdam līberīs aliīs ēgressus est.Cornelia and certain children other emerged he-has
"Quantō plūrēs, tantō melius,"29 inquit Cornēlius rīdēns. "Hūc accēdite, līberī; in By-which-amount more by-that-amount better said Cornelius smiling here come-over children in
vēlī umbrā sedeāmus, dum vōbīs fābulam nārrō." Tum, cum omnēs ad audiendum compositī of-sail shade let-us-sit while to-you story I-tell then when all for listening settled
27 quō is used instead of ut in a purpose clause containing a comparative adjective or adverb.28 Relative clause of purpose using the subjunctive.29 i.e. `the more the better’
et intentī essent, ita loquī incipit: and attentive were thus to-talk began
"Multōs abhinc annōs Crētā30 Athēnās vēnit Androgeōs, Mīnōis fīlius, ut ibi Many ago years from-Crete to-Athens came Androgeos of-Minos son so-that there
dēscenderet in certāmina, quae Panathēnāica31 vocantur. Ubīque victor erat. Quārē Aegeus, he-might-go-down into contests which Panathenaic are-called everywhere victor was therefore Aegeus
rēx Athēniēnsium, invidiā commōtus, iuvenī negōtium dedit, ut taurum Marathōnium32 king of-Athenians by-envy moved to-young-man task gave that bull of-Marathon
occīderet, hōc modō ratus sē hospitem ingrātum facile sublātūrum.33 Neque haec rēs eum he-should-kill this in-way hoping self guest unwelcome easily going-to-get-rid-of and-not this thing him
fefellit;34 nam iuvenis ā mōnstrō ipse35 dīlaniātus est.deceived for young-man by monster himself torn-apart was
"Ubi haec Crētam sunt dēlāta, Mīnōs dolēns et īrā commōtus magnum exercitum in
fīnēs When these-things to-Crete were reported Minos grieving and by-anger moved large army into territory
Athēniēnsium dūxit, eōrumque urbem obsēdit; ac paulō post pestis quoque tam dīra incidit in of-Athenians led and-of-them city besieged and a-little later plague also so terrible fell upon
eōs, ut condiciōnēs pācis petere cōgerentur. Quās36 acerbissimās accēpērunt; nam Mīnōs them that conditions of-peace to-seek they-were-forced which most-harsh they-received for Minos
postulāvit ut quotannīs septem puerī nōbilēs totidemque puellae Crētam mitterentur, ubi demanded that every-year seven boys noble and-equal-number-of girls to-Crete should-be-sent where
dīlaniārentur ā mōnstrō quōdam, quod ipse domī alēbat. Et mōnstrō erat nōmen Mīnōtaurus, could be torn-apart by monster a-certain which himself at-home he-kept and to-monster was name Minotaur
quia taurī caput sed corpus humānum habēbat." because bull’s head but body human he-had
"Horrēsco audiēns," inquit Cornēlia, cum ad patrem propius accēderet; "quam gaudeō I-shudder hearing said Cornelia when to father nearer she-was-coming how I-rejoice
tālia mōnstra hīs temporibus nusquam reperīrī!"such monsters these in-times nowhere to-be-found
30 The use of the plain ablative Crētā, instead of ā Crētā, is a little strange because the island is large by Mediterranean standards and in prose the preposition was generally only omitted with the names of cities and of small islands.31 The Panathenaic Games were part of the Panathenaea festival held every four years in honour of the goddess Athena. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathenaic_Games The death of Androgeus is presented in some sources as an accident, in others as murder by Aegeus or rival athletes.32 This was the bull that Pasiphae, queen of Crete, fell in love with. Brought to Greece by Hercules, it roamed near Marathon, a small town in Athenian territory best-known as the site of the defeat of Persian invaders in 490 B.C.33 esse has to be understood with sublātūrum (see note above).34 i.e.things turned out as he had hoped.35 ipse is nominative and masculine and thus refers to iuvenis, not mōnstrō.36 quās is feminine plural, so referring back to condiciōnēs
"Mihi autem," inquit Sextus, "maximo dolōrī est omnia ista iam occīsa esse; complūra To-me however said Sextus greatest for-sorrow it-is all those-things already killed to-be some
occīdere pervelim." to-kill I’d-really-like
At Cornēlius: "Nōnne oblītus es, mī fīlī, mē fābulam nārrāre?" But Cornelius surely forgotten you-have my son me story to-be-telling
"Peccāvī, pater," inquit Sextus. "Veniam dā, obsecrō. Posteā nihil interpellābō." I-did-wrong father said Sextus pardon give I-beg afterwards nothing I-will-interrupt
Tum Cornēlius: "Mīnōtaurus in labyrinthō latēbat, ubi vorābat adulēscentēs miserōs, quī Then Cornelius Minotaur in labyrinth was-hiding where he-devoured youths wretched who
multiplicibus errōribus impedītī numquam exitum invenīre poterant, cum semel eō intrōductī by-complicated turnings impeded never exit to-find were-able when once to-there brought-in
erant. they-had-been
"Per multōs annōs Athēniēnsēs illud tribūtum horrendum solverant, cum Thēseus, rēgis For many years Athenians that tribute horrid had-paid when Theseus of-king
Athēniēnsis fīlius, postulāvit ut sibi licēret esse ē numerō iuvenum, quī illō annō Athenian son demanded that to-himself it-be-allowed to-be from number of-youths who that in-year
Crētam37 mitterentur. Pater scīlicet fīlium tantō perīculō obicere nōluit. Thēseus autem to-Crete were-being-sent father of-course son so-great to-danger to-expose was-unwilling Theseus however
obstinātā mente in sententiā perseverāvit, rēxque postrēmō concēdere coāctus est. with-obstinate mind in opinion persevered and-king finally to-give-way compelled was
"Vēla nāvis, quā adulēscentēs īnfēlīcēs vehēbantur, semper sordida erant, quod illī Sails of-ship[ in-which youths unfortunate were-being-carried always dirty were because those
miserī quasi ad fūnus abībant. Sed iam Aegeus imperāvit candida quoque comparārī, fīliōque wretchea as-if to death were-departing but now Aegeus ordered white-ones also to-be-obtained and-to-son
praecēpit ut, sī omnia prōsperē cessissent, domum rediēns sordida vēla illīs candidīs he-ordered that if al-things well has-gone home returning dirty sails those for-white-ones
mūtāret, quō signō procul omnibus nōtum foret Mīnōtaurum occīsum esse. he-should-change which by-signal from-distance to-all known would-be Minotaur killed to-have-been
statim incēnsa est. Gladium igitur eī dedit et fīlum, quō vestīgia rēgeret, cum ē labyrinthō at-once inflamed was sword therefore to-him she-gave and string by-which steps he-could-direct when from labyrinth
exīre cōnārētur. Quō modō Thēseus, mōnstrō occīsō, incolumis ē locō horrendō sē recēpit. to-go-out he-was-trying which by-means Theeus with-monster killed safe from place horrible self withdrew
37 The island is again being treated as a small one and the preposition ad is therefore omitted (see note above).
Tum cum Ariadnā clam fūgit ex urbe, et eādem nāve domum profectus est." Then with Ariadna secrely he-fled from city and in-same shop home set-off has
"Spērō," inquit Cornēlia, "eōs salvōs Athēnās pervēnisse. Sine dubiō cīvēs Ariadnae I-hope said Cornelia them safe Athens to-have-reached without doubt citizens to-Ariadne
grātiam maximam rettulērunt, quod Thēseum tam callidē adiūverat.thanks greatest gave because Theseus to cleverly she-had helped
" Tum Cornēlius: "Ariadna numquam Athēnās vīdit. Nam Thēseus eam quādam in īnsula Then Cornelius Ariadna never Athens saw for Theseus her certain on island
relīquit, cum domum iter faceret." left when to-home journey he-was-making
"Rem quam foedam!" inquit Cornēlia. "Spērō eum prō perfidiā tantā poenās maximās Thing how disgraceful said Cornelia I-hope him for treachery so-great penalties greatest
dedisse." to-have-paid
"Ille vērō erat satis īnfēlīx," inquit pater; "nam oblītus est signum dare, quō patrī He indeed was enough unlucky said father for forget he-did signal to-give by-which to-father
ostenderet omnia prōsperē cessisse. Itaque cum nāvis iuvenēs gaudentēs in portum veheret, he-might-show all-things well to-have-gone ans-so when ship youths rejoicing into harbour was-carrying
Aegeus, ē scopulīs prōspiciēns, sordida vēla procul vīdit. Quārē ratus fīlium mortuum esse, ē Aegeus from rocks looking-out dirty sails in-distance saw therefore thinking son dead to-be from
vertice scopulōrum sē praecipitāvit ac corpus in saxa ēlīsum est. Ita accidit ut Thēseus top of-rocks self hurled and body onto rocks smashed was thus it-happened that Theseus
tantum ad fūnus patris cūrandum domum pervenīret.only for death of-father arranging home reached
" Postquam haec dicta sunt, omnēs aliquamdiū tacitī sēdērunt, cum aspicerent terram, After these-things said were all for-some-time silent sat while they-were-looking-at land
quae usque propius accēdere vidēbātur. Tum Pūblius ē camerā prodiit, et ille: "Gaudeō," which continually nearer to-come seemed Then Publius from cabin came-forth and he I-rejoice
inquit, "nōs Crētam tam plānē vidēre posse. Semper enim voluī aspicere hanc terram, quō said we Crete so clearly to-see to-be-able always for I-wanted to-see this land which
Hannibal exsul ōlim dēvertit." Hannibal in-exile once visited
"Sed mihi nunc abeundum est," inquit Cornēlius. "Tū autem, Pūblī, in librō Cornēlī But for-me now necessary-to-leave it-is said Cornelius you however Publius in book of-Cornelius
Nepōtis profectō lēgistī, quō modō Hannibal incolās istīus īnsulae ēlūserit. Certō sciō hōs Nepos of-course have-read which by-means Hannibal natives that of-island tricked certainly I-know these
līberōs id audīre velle." children it to-hear to-wish
Tum Cornēlia: "Nārrā, sīs, frāter. Nōs omnēs ad audiendum compositī sumus." Then Cornelia Tell, if-you-will brother we all for listening settled are
"Fābula haud longa est," inquit Pūblius. "Postquam Poenī Zamae38 dēvictī sunt, Story not long is said Publius After Carthaginians at-Zama defeated were
aliquamdiū Hannibal in Āfricā mānsit, et multīs modīs patriam suam adiūvit. Postrēmō autem for-some-time Hannibal in Africa remained and many in-ways country his helped finally however
Rōmā lēgātī Carthāginem vēnērunt. Eōs suī poscendī causā missōs ratus, Hannibal nāvem From-Rome envoys to-Carthage came them of-self being demanded for-sake sent thinking Hannibal ship
cōnscendit atque in Syriam ad rēgem Antiochum sē contulit; cui persuāsit ut bellum Rōmānīs boarded and into Syria to king Antiochus himself took who he-persuaded that war on-Romans
Sēcum pecūniam grandem portābat; quam nē raperent Crētēnsēs, cōnsilium tāle iniit: With-himself money large-amount he-was-carrying which lest should-seize Carthaginians plan such he-embarked-on
Amphorās aliquot complēvit plumbō, summās autem aurō et argentō operuit. Hās, Amphoras some he-filled with-lead tops however with-gold and silver he-covered these
praesentibus magistrātibus, in templō Diānae collocāvit, cum simulāret sē fortūnās suās ibi present with-magistrates in temple of-Diana he-placed while he-pretended self fortune his there
domī summā neglegentiā servābat, quasi nihil essent. at-home greatest with-carelessness he-kept as-if nothing they-were
"Crētēnsēs, sīc in errōrem inductī, templum magnā cūrā custōdiēbant, nē Hannibal cum Cretns thus into error led temple great with-care were-guarding lest Hannibal with
suā pecūniā clam abīret. Ille autem, occāsiōne oblātā, statuās in nāvem imposuit, et, his money secretly might-leave he however with-opprtunity offered statues in ship loaded and
fortūnīs ita conservātīs, in Pontum39 incolumis pervēnit." fortune thus preserved in Pontus safe he-arrived
"Quantō plūra dē Hannibale audiō," inquit Sextus, "tantō magis eius sollertiam By-what-amount more about Hannibal I-hear said Sextus by-that.much more his cleverness
admīror. Minimē mīrum est eum totiēns imperātōrēs nostrōs superāsse. Sed nunc mē I-admire not-at-all strange it-is him so-many-times generals ours to-have-defeated but now myself
exercēre paulisper iussus sum." Quae cum dīxisset, surrēxit, omnēsque aliī in aliam partemto-exercise a-little-while ordered I-am which-things when he-had-said he-rose and-all others to other direction
38 Referring to the battle of Zama (202 B.C.), a north African town in Carthaginian territory, in which Hannibal was decisively defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus..39 `Pontus’ was the name both of the Black Sea and of a kingdom on its southern shore.
discessērunt.40
departed
CAPUT IVCirciter merīdiem Cornēlius, cum quaedam Onēsimō dictāvisset, in puppī cum fīliīs Around midday Cornelius when certain-things to-Onesimus he-had-dicated on deck with sons
ultrō citrōque ambulābat. Iam propter nebulās īnsula Crēta vix cernī poterat, et Sextus: "Quō this-way and-that was-walking now because-of mists island Crete hardly be-seen could and Sextus by-what
modō41 fit, pater," inquit, "ut tantō circuitū in Italiam iter faciāmus? Nōnne est ūlla via means it-comes-about father says that b-so-large detour to Italy journey we-make not? is any route
brevior, quā ad fīnem dēstinātum perveniāmus?" shorter by-which to end appointed we-could-reach
Routes from Ephesus to Italy"Aliquantō brevior est via," inquit pater, "sī terrestrī itinere per Achaiam pergere velīs.
Somewhat shorter is route says father if land by-route through Achaia to-proceed you-wished
Et semel et iterum initum est cōnsilium Īsthmī42 perfodiendī, ut eā43 ex Aegaeō in Both once and again begun was plan of-Isthmus being-dug-through so-that by-that [route] from Aegean into
Īōnium mare44 nāvēs trānsīre possent. Dictātor Caesar hoc opus prīmus cōgitāvit. Deinde Ionian sea ships cross could dictator Caesar this work first thought-about then
40 i.e. some went one way, some another.41 quō modō (sometimes written and pronounced as quōmodo) is normally equivalent to `how’.42 Although isthmus could refer to any strip of land between two seae it most frequently means the Isthmus of Corinth.43 viā is to be undertood with eā44 The Ionian Sea (not to be confused with Ionia, the ancient name of the then-Greek-populated Western region of Asia Minor) is bounded by the coasts of Sicily, Italy and Greece as far north as the the `heel’ of Italy
Caligula45 ad loca dīmētienda centuriōnem mīsit. Postrēmō Nerō46 rē vērā47 initium fēcit; Caligula for places to-be-measured centurion sent finally Nero in-reality beginning made
Quīn etiam ipse rāstrō humum prīmus effōdit et corbulae congestam umerīs extulit. Sed in-fact even himself with-mattock earth first he-dug-out and into-basked loaded on-shoulders took-away but
adhūc incohātum modo opus est." still begun merely work was
Dum48 Cornēlius ita loquitur, in puppim prōdiērunt et mercātor, de quō ante mentiōnem While Cornelius thus is-speaking onto deck came-forth and merchant about whom before mention
fēcimus, et peregrīnus īnfēlīx, cuius lingua nēminī nōta erat. Quōs cum aspexisset, mercātōrī we-made and foreigner unhappy whose language to-nobody known was them when he-had-noticed to-merchant
Cornēlius: "Illīus īnfēlīcis mē vehementer miseret," inquit. Cornelius of-that unhappy-one me greatly pity-moves says
"Mē quoque eius miseret," inquit mercātor; "et libenter haec ā tē audiō. Nam bene sciō Me also of-him pity-moves says merchant and gladly these-things from you I-hear for well I-know
plērōsque cīvēs nostrōs peregrīnōs paene omnēs nihilī49 facere." most-of citizens our foreigners almost all not to-value
Tum Cornēlius rīdēns: "Fabulamne umquam audīvistī dē peregrīnīs, quī, cum Rōmam Then Cornelius laughing story-? ever you-have-heard about foreigners who when Rome
pervēnissent, quaerēbant cīvem, qui pollicitus erat sē eōs rēgiē hospitiō acceptūrum50, sī they-had-reached were-pooking-for citizen who promised had himself them royally with-hospitality going-to-receive if
quandō in Italiam iter fēcissent?"51 at-any-time to Italy journey they-made
"Numquam, quod sciam," inquit mercātor. "Nōnne vīs eam nārrāre?"Never as-far-as I-know says merchant don’t you-want it to-tell
"Hic cīvis," inquit Cornēlius, "ōlim ōtiōsus in forō ambulābat, cum subitō occurrērunt This citizen says Cornelius once at-leisure in forum was-walking when suddenly ran-up
45 Great-grandson of Augustus and adoped son of Tibeius, who he succeeded as emperor in 37 A.D. Assassinated by the Praetorian Guard in 41 and succeded by Claudius. 46 Succeeded his step-father Claudius as emperor in 41 A.D., committing suicide when facing military revolt in 68. His canal project probably lasted a year and involved around 10,000 workers, who cut a substantial way into the Isthmus from the western side. Some traces remain but most have been obliterated by the construction in 1881-93 of the modern Corinth Canal (see https://corinthianmatters.com/2016/04/11/on-the-remains-of-neros-corinth-canal-project/ )47 Literally `in true thing’.48 dum is normally used with the present tense even when the verb in the main clause is past tense.49 In expressing valuation, the genitive (nihilī, paulī, magnī etc.) is used with general terms, the ablative of precise figures.50 Participle used alone for the future infinitive acceptūrum esse51 Pluperfect subjunctive is use here for the future perfect (sī fēceritis..’ ) which would have been used in the original invitation. English uses the present tense in direct speech (`if you make..’) and simple past in reported speech (`if they made…’)
duo hospitēs,52 quōs splendidē invītāverat, cum ipse peregrīnārētur. Quā rē homō prīmō two strangers whom splendidly he-had-invited when himself he-was-abroad by-which thing man at-first
conturbātus est; nam vērō eī erat domus parva et rēs familiāris tenuis. dismayed was for indeed to-him was house small and resources of-household scant
"Tum autem, callidē trepidātiōnem suam dissimulāns: 'Gaudeō,' inquit, 'vōs salvōs Then however skilfully anxiety his concealing I-am-glad he-says you safe
advēnisse; sed fēcissētis rēctius, sī statim ad mē vēnissētis.' 'Id fēcissēmus,' inquiunt illī, 'sī to-have-arrived but you-would-have-done better if at-once to me you-had-come that we=would-have-done say they if
domum tuam nōvissēmus.' 'Hoc quidem perfacile est,' inquit homō; 'omnēs enim dēmōnstrāre house your had-known this indeed very-easy is says man all for point-out
possunt aedēs, ubi habitō. Sed īte mēcum.' can house where I-live but go with-me
"Sequuntur illī, cum intereā eius sermō omnis in ostentātiōne consūmitur: in agrīs Follow they when in-meantime his conversation all in boasting is-taken-up in fields
quaerit frūmenta quō modō prōveniant, quasī omnia sua sint; queritur quod vīlla sua nuper he-unquires-about crops how they-are-coming-on as-if all his they-were he-complains because villa his recently
incēnsa sit.53 set-on-fire was.
"Interim, dum tālia loquitur, forte animadvertit aedēs cuiusdam cīvis locuplētis, ubi Meantime while such-things he-speaks by-chance he-notices house of-a-certain ciizen rich where
convīvae multī exspectābantur; cumque iānitōrī nōtus esset, hospitēs intrōdūxit, quibus: 'Hīc,' party-guests many were-expected and-since to-doorkeeper known he-was guests he-led-in to-whom here
inquit, 'habitō.' Interim īnspicit argentum, quod erat expositum, trīclīnium vīsit, omnia probat. he-says I-live nmeanwhile he-inspects silver which had-been put-on-display dining-room visits all approves.
"Brevī autem accessit servus, quī hominī clārē dīxit dominum iam ventūrum, sī exīre Soon however came-up slave who to-man clearly said master now going-to-come if to-go-out
vellent.54 'Itane?' inquit ille. Tum hospitibus: 'Nunc eāmus; frāter enim ex Siciliā vēnit. Ego eī they-wished Really-? Said he then to-guests now let-us-go brother for from Sicily has-come I him
obviam eō; vōs autem hūc decimā hōrā55 redīte.'to-meet go you however here at-tenth hour return
"Hospitēs nihil suspicantēs discessērunt, homō vērō celeriter domum sē contulit. Hōrā Guests nothing suspecting left man indeed quickly home himself took-back at-hour
constitūtā ad aedēs cīvis locuplētis rediērunt peregrīnī; unde dērīsī in dēversōrium rūrsus sē
52 Hospes can mean `guest’, `host’ or `stranger’ (i.e. a person with whom you might in future enter a guest-friend relationship). In this instance therefeence is to people he had briefly met but not yet extended hospitality to, so `stranger’ is probably the best translation.53 Subjunctive is used because this was his alleged reason for complaint, in fact he had no villa in the area they were going through.54 i.e. the slave, making a polite request, asked if they would leave55 The tenth hour on the Roman system was nine hours after sunrise, i.e about 3 p.m.
appoibnted to house of-citizen rich retuned the-foreigners from-where ridiculed to hotel again selves
recipere coāctī sunt. to-take-back forced were
"Postrīdiē in forō hominem vīdērunt, eumque incūsāvērunt. Ille autem dīxit eōs Next-day in forum man they-saw and-him they-accused he however said they
similitūdine aedium dēceptōs esse, sēque domī multam ad noctem56 exspectāsse.57 by-similarity of-houses deceived to-have-been and-himself at-home much till night to-have-waited
"Interim servō suō imperāverat ut a vīcīnō vāsa, vestīmenta, et eius modī alia Meanwhile to-slave his he-had-given-order that from neighbour dishes clothes and of-that kind other
ūtenda rogāret. Quae cum comparāta esse putāret, hospitēs domum dēdūxit, cum things-to-be-used he-should-ask which-things when obtained to-have-been he-thought huests home he-brought while
simulāret sē maiorēs aedēs suās amīcō cuidam ad nūptiās commodāsse.58
he-was-pretending himself larger house his to-friend a-certain for wedding to-have-lent
''Dum ibi cēnant, subitō puer nūntiat argentum repetī; nam sollicitus factus erat is, quī While there they-dine suddenly boy announces silver to-be-wanted-back for anxious become had he who
id commodāverat. 'Apage!' inquit cīvis noster ēgregius; 'aedēs commodāvī, familiam dedī. it had-loaned well-really said citizen our outstanding house I-have-lend slaves I-have-given
56 multam ad noctem: until late at night (literally `much till night’, with the multā cum laude construction)57 Abbreviation of perfect active infinitive exspectāvisse.58 Abbreviation of perfect active infinitive commodāvisse
Argentum quoque vult? Etsī hospitēs habeō, tamen id quoque commodābō; nōs interim the-silver also he-wants even-though guests I-have nevertheless it also I-will-lend we meanwhile
ea quoque auferrētur." that also could-be-taken-away
"Nihil amplius adeptī sunt," inquit Cornēlius; "et iūre exīstimāvērunt sēcum malē āctum Nothing more obtained they-did said Cornelius and rightly they-reckoned with-them badly dealt
esse." to-have-been
At alter: "Hīs audītīs etiam magis mē omnium peregrīnōrum īnfēlīcium miseret. Bur the-other with-these-things heard even more me of-all foreigners unhappy pity-moves
Et maximē doleō exīstimātiōnem populī Rōmānī pendēre cōgī tālibus ex cīvibus, quālem And very-greatly I-am-sad reputation of-people Roman to-depend to-be-forced such on citizens of-sort-which
tū modo dīcēbās." Quae cum dīxisset, in sōle cōnsēdit; Cornēlius autem cum fīliīs ambulāre you just-now were-saying These when he-had-said in sun he-sat-down Cornelius however with sons to-walk
persevērāvit, dōnec accessit Cornēlia, quae: "Exīstimō," inquit, "mē avēs quāsdam volantēs continued until came-up Cornelia who I-reckon says me birds certain flying
procul cernere. Eāsne vidēs, Sexte?" in-distance to-see them-? you-see Sextus
"Paucās cernere mihi videor," inquit Sextus. "Ex altō in īnsulam refugere videntur. a-few to-see to-myself I-seem days Sextud from sea into island to-flee they-seem
Fortasse tempestātem corīrī sentiunt.perhaps storm to-be-rising they-feel
"Quod ōmen dī avertant!" inquit Cornēlius. "Nam brevī in marī maximō60 versābimur. that omen gods let-avert said Cornelius for soon in sea largest we-will-be
Sī nūbēs ātrae in caelā tum cōgentur, nec sōlem nec lūnam aut stellās vidēre poterimus, nec If clouds black into skies then will-gather neither sun nor moon or stars to-see we-will-be-able nor
gubernātor sciet quō nāvem dīrigat." helmsman will-know where ship he-should-steer
"Saepe dē avibus scrīptōrēs nostrī mentiōnem faciunt," inquit Pūblius. "Nōnne sunt Often about birds writers our mention make said Publius not-? there-are
quī putent eārum volātū rēs futūrās portendī?" those-who think their by-flight things future to-be-foretold
59 The island of Samos, just off the coast of Turkey (see map on previous page), was famous for very fine clay for pottery.60 i.e the widest expanse of open water
"Maximē vērō," inquit pater. "Et profectō tu saepe audīvistī dē pullīs, quōs eī cōnsulunt, Greatly indeed says father and of-course you often have-heard about chickens which those consult
quī perīcula sunt aditūrī." who dangers are going-to-encounter
"Haec mihi nārrā, sīs," inquit Cornēlia; "ego enim numquam audīvī." These-things to-me tell if-you-will says Cornelia I for never have-heard
"Pullī illī," inquit Cornēlius, "in caveīs custōdiuntur. Cum perīculum adest, ādūcuntur, Chickens those says Cornelius in cages are-kept when danger is-present they-are-brought-out
cibusque eīs61 obicitur. Sī edere nōlunt, trīste ōmen; sīn autem vorant tam cupidē ut and-food them is-placed-before if to-eat they-don’t-want unhappy omen but-if however they-devour so eagerly that
aliquid ē rōstrīs excutiātur, id est ōmen optimum." something from beaks is-spilled-out that is omen best
At Cornēlia: "Estne vērō ēventus semper tālis, quālem pullī portendunt?" But Cornelia Is-? Indeed result always such as chickens foretell
"Vix id audeō dīcere," inquit pater. "Etsī ōlim bellō Pūnicō prīmō populī Rōmānī Scarcely it I-dare to-say says father Even-if once in-war Punic first of-people Roman
dētrīmentō magnō nōnnūllīs vidētur plānum factum esse haud impūne62 tālia portenta by-harm great to-some it-seems clear made to-have-been not with-impunity such portents
neglegī.to-be-neglected
"Nam P. Claudius pullōs, quī caveā līberātī edere nōllent, in marī mergī iussit, cum For Publius Caludius chickens which from-cage freed to-eat refused in sea to-be-drowned ordered when
dīceret eīs bibendum saltem esse, etiam sī edere nōllent. Cuius temeritātem deī he-said for-them necessary-to-drink at[least to-be even if to-eat they-didn’t-want his rashness gods
graviter ulcīscī vidēbantur, cum classis eius ad pugnam profecta clāde maximā vincerētur."63 heavily to-avenge seemed when fleet his to battle having-set-out in-dissster very-great was-defeated
"Homō quam impius erat ille Claudius!" inquit Cornēlia. "Certē dignus erat, quī poenās Man how impious was that Claudius said Cornelia certainly deserving he-was that-he penalty
maximās solveret."64 greatest should-pay
61 Dative object (`to them’) as is normal with compound verbs (obicitur < ob + iacitur)62 The common adverb impūne is actually the neuter form of the uncommon adjective impūnis, -e and thus has a short final `e’63 The reference is to Publius Claudius Pulcher, who, as consul in 249 B.C., was commanding the Roman fleet which, after his supposed sacrilege, lost the Battle of Drepana. The 1st Punic War (264-241) nevertheless ended in a Roman defeat of Carthage and the latter’s expulsion from the island of Sicily. The adjective Pūnicus refers to the Carthaginians’ origin as colonists from the Phoencian city of Tyre. Similarly, a Carthaginian was referred to as Poenus, and their language (akin to Hebrew and Arabic) as lingua Pūnica64 The idea of deserving a particular punishment or reward is frequently expressed in this way by dignus esse plus relative pronoun with the subjunctive.
"Ille vērō," inquit pater, "ā populō condemnātus est; et eius collēga, L. Iūnius,65 quī He indeed says father by people condemned was and his colleague Lucius Junius who
alibī nōn pāruerat auspiciīs classemque tempestāte amīserat, sē ipse interfēcit.Elsewhere not had-obeyed the-auspices and-fleet in-storm had-lost self he-himself killed.
" Dum haec dīcuntur, Drūsilla et Anna cum Lūciō ē camerā prōdiērunt; quō vīsō, gaudiō While these-things are-being-said Drusilla and Anna with Lucius from cabin come-forth with-him seen for joy
exsiluērunt līberī, quī cum frātre parvulō lūdere iam diū cupiēbant.66
leapt children who with brother little to-play already for-a-long-time had-been-wanting
Publius Claudius Pulcher orders the sacred chickens to take a bathhttps://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/02/09/signs-from-above-omens-and-warfare-in-the-
ancient-world/
65 According to Cicero’s account (Dē Nātūrā Deōrum, 2.8), this was Lucius Junius Pullus, whose cognomen actually means `Chicken’. However, the 12th century Greek historian Zonaras claims he was captured by the Carthaginians. See Matthew Dillon and Lynda Dillon, Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the assassination of Julius Caesar, 2005 (preview on Gogle books) and Gaius Stern, `Lost Heroes and Forgotten POWs in the 1st Punic War’, https://www.academia.edu/2399169/Lost_Heroes_and_Forgotten_POWs_in_the_First_Punic_War_2011_AAH_this_time_w_abstract_and_handout_ 66 The imperfect can sometimes be translated by the English past perfect continuous (`had been –ing’), just as the Latin present can correspond to the English present perfect continuous (`have/has been –ing’)
Lūcius autem iam patrem aspexerat, manūsque statim ad eum tendēbat. Tum: "Quam bellus Lucius however already father had-sighted and-hands at-once towards him was-stretching-out then how beautiful
est ille parvulus," inquit mercātor. "Quem cum videō, admoneor dē versibus illls lepidīs is that little-one said merchant him when I-see I-am-reminded of versus those delightful
Dulce rīdeat ad patrem Sweetly should-smile at father
Sēmihiante labellō.' " half-open with-little-lip
"Scīsne," inquit Sextus, "Pūblium quoque nostrum esse poētam? Versūs lepidōs paene Do-you-know said Sextus Publius also our to-be poet verses delightful almost
cotīdiē facit." daily makes
Quō audītō, Pūblius ērubuit, et: "Tacē, sīs, Sexte," inquit. "Nōnne tē pudet tam stultē With-which Publius blushed and Shut-up please Sextus he-said doesn’t you it-shame so foolishly
loquī?" to-speak
"Quīn herī," inquit Sextus, "tē in umbrā vēlī sedentem vīdī, cum aliquid summā cūrā Surely yesterday said Sextus you in shade of-sail sitting I-saw when something greatest with-care
cōnficerēs." you-were-finishing
"Age, fīlī mī," inquit Cornēlius rīdēns; "verecundārī nōn tē decet. Audiāmus quae Come-on son-my said Cornelius smiling to-be-shy not you it-becomes let’s-heaar what
67 Extract from Catullus 61, a poem celebrating the marriage of Manlius Torquatus and Junia. Each stanza consists of three glyconics (o o _ ᵕ ᵕ - ᵕ -) and a pherecratean (o o _ ᵕ ᵕ - -). The o represents a syllable that can be either long or short and, as in the hexameter, the final syllable can be naturally short but `long by position’.
scrīpserīs."You’ve-written
Talī cohortātiōne inductus, Pūblius chartam haud invītus prōtulit, et: "Abhinc paucōs Such by-encouragement influenced Publius paper not unwillingly prodiced and ago a-few
diēs," inquit, "Annam audīvī, cum vesperī lēniter caneret, quō68 facilius Lūcius days he-said Anna I-heard when in-evening softly she-was-singing so-that more-easily Lucius
obdormīret.could-go-to-sleep.
"Canēbat dē labōribus cīvium suōrum, qul domō expulsī Babylōnem in exsilium dēductī She-was-singing about troubles of-fellow-citizens her who from-home expelled to-Babylon into exile led
sunt. Dulcissimus erat ille cantus, sed etiam maestissimus; cum autem Anna suā linguā were very-sweet was that song but also very-sad since however Anna own language
ūterētur, vix intellegere potuī quid esset, dē quō dīceret. Sed paulō post mē omnia docuit; was-using scarcely understand I-could what it-was about which she-was-speaking but a-little after me all-things she-taught
verbōrum sententiam ego nostrīs modīs exprimere sīc cōnātus sum:69 of-words sense I our in-rhythms to-express thus tried have
"Sedēmus amnīs ad Babylōniōs, We-sit rivers by Babylonian
Cantāte laudēs. Cūr sedētis Sing praises why do-you-sit
Cōnsimilēs ovibus tacentēs?'
68 A purpose clause with a comparative adjective or adverb is usually introduced by quō rather than ut.69 This is Psalm 137 in the King James Version or 136 in the Latin Vulgate’s numbering. The Polglot Bible puts the KJV text at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/poly/psa137.htm but the Hebrew, Greek and Latin at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/poly/psa136.htm Publius writes in. Alcaic stanzas, each consisting of two Alcaic hendecasyllables (ᵒ - ᵕ - - - ᵕ ᵕ - ᵕ-), an iambic dimeter plus one syllable ( ᵒ - ᵕ - ᵒ - ᵕ - -) and an Alcaic decasyllable (- ᵕ ᵕ - ᵕ ᵕ - ᵕ - -). The final syllable of a line can be a short one `long by position’ and Publius always makes the ambivalent syllables in the third line long70 Siōn (Hebrew ִצּֽיֹון, Ṣîyōn) originally referred to a hill in Jeusalem, but the meaning was later extended to refer to the adjacent hill on which the Temple was built, then to the city of Jersualem or the whole land of Israel. Compare the poetical use of Pergama (the Trojan citadel) for Troy istelf
" 'Hīc ut canāmus nōs patrium deum Here how are- -to-sing we of-fathers god
Maestī exulantēs, barbaricā in domō? Sad in-exile barbaric in land
Sīōn, male hostēs sīc cadant ut Zion badly enemies thus let-fall as
Tē cinerēsque tuōs Verēbor.' "71 You and-your-ashes I-will-revere
Route of Judaean exiles to Babylon in the early 6th century B.C.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_137
"Eugē," inquit mercātor; "mihi quidem hī versūs optimī esse videntur. Sī fēlīciter Bravo said merchant to-me at-least these verses excellent to-be seem if happily
At nunc Drūsilla līberīs: "Fortasse vōbīs Anna quoque aliquid nārrābit. Eam rogāte." But now Drusilla to-children perhaps for-you Anna also something will-narrate her ask
(Anna enim cum Lūciō interim discesserat, iamque haud procul sedēbat.) Anna for with Lucius meanwhile had-left and-now not far-off was-sitting
Illa, cum cognōvisset quid līberī vellent: "Multa," inquit, "sunt clāra facta virōrum
71 i.e. `my wish that her enemies might fall is as strong as my reverence for Zion itself. ‘ The verb vereor (-ērī, veritus sum) can mean `fear’ (like timeō or metuō) but also `have respect for.’
She when had-realised what children wanted many said are famous deeds of-men
gentis meae; diēsque mē dēficiat,72 sī vōbīs omnia nārrāre cōner. Audīvistisne umquam dē of-race my and-day me would-fail if to-you all-things to-tell I-were-to-try have-you-heard ever about
homine omnium validissimō?" man of-all strongest
"Herculem, ut opīnor, dīcis," inquit Sextus. "Nam ferunt eum omnēs Hercules as I-believe you-are-talking-about said Sextus for they-say him all
"Herculem nōn dīcō," inquit Anna, "sed Samsōnem, quī manibus ipsīs leōnem Hercules not I-talk-about said Anna but Samson who with-hands actual lion
dīlaniāvit." tore-apart
"Idem fēcit Herculēs quoque," inquit Sextus; "nam cum leōnem Nemeaeum nec Same-thing did Hercules also said Sextus for when lion Nemean neither
clāvā nec sagittīs vincere potuisset, manibus ipsīs mōnstrum occīdit." with-club nor with-arrows to-oversoms had-been-able with-hands actual monster killed
"Sed omnia nōndum dīxī," inquit Anna. "Samsōn, cum in quādam urbe hostēs eum But all-things not-yet I-have-said said Anna Samson when in a-certain city enemies him
obsīderent, clam noctū ex oppidō ēgressus, postēs portae umerīs abstulit." Were-besieging secretly at-night out-of city having-gone posts of-gate on-shoulders took-away
"Eugepae!" inquit Sextus. "Vix crēdō Herculem ipsum id facere potuisse." Great! said Sextus scarcely I-believe Hercules himself that to-do to-have-been-able
At Anna: "Postrēmō hostēs certiōrēs factī sunt vīrēs Samsōnis in capillō sitās esse; But Anna finally enemies aware made were strength of-Samson in hair situated to-be
dolōque eum aggressī, capillō prīvāvērunt. Tum ille facile in eōrum potestātem pervēnit; and-by-trick him having-attacked of-hair deprived then he easily into of-them power came
quem, cum oculōs ēripuissent, in pīstrīnum dēdūxērunt, ubi in tenebrīs molam versāre him when eyes they-had-pulled-out into mill they-led where in darkness millstone to-turn
coāctus est." forced he-was
"Ēheu," inquit Cornēlia; "quam mē istīus īnfēlīcis miseret!" Oh no said Cornelia how me of-that unhappy-one pity-affects
"Ipse sē pulchrē ultus est,74" inquit Anna. He-himself himself beautifully avenged said Anna
72 i.e `the whole day would not be enough’. The verb dēficiō (-cere, -fēcī, -fectum) can be used with a direct object in the sense of `not be sufficent for’.73 Contraction of the perfect infinitive superāvisse74 The veb ulciscor, ulciscī, ultus sum means both avenge and take vengeance upon
"Nam ōlim, cum quaedam fēriae habērentur et multitūdō maxima convēnisset, puerum ōrāvit For once when a-certain festival was-being-held and crowd very-great had-assembled boy he-asked
ut manūs suās in columnās templī impōneret (nam ipse iam caecus erat). Quō factō, Samsōn, that hands his on columns of-temple he-should-place for he-himself now blind was with-which done Samson
cui75 capillus interim rūrsus prōmittēbātur, omnibus vīribus cōnīsus columnās disiēcit, whose hair meanwhile again was-growing with-all strength straining columns he-drove-apart
Samson bringing down the templehttps://andywrasman.com/2015/01/08/samson-is-a-biblical-parallel-to-suicide-bombers/
"Haec est fābula adprīmē76 lepida," inquit Sextus. "Potesne aliquid dē bellātōribus This is story exceedingly fine said Sextus can-you something about warriors
clārīs nārrāre?" famous tell
Tum Anna: "Annālēs gentīs nostrae exemplls tālibus abundant. Longum est etiam Then Anna chronicles of-race our with-examples such abound long(task) is even
pauca nārrāre. Sed ōlim erat pāstor, quī vixdum iuvenis ingentem occīdit hostem, ā quō a-few to-narrate but once there-was shepherd who scarcely-yet young-man huge killed enemy by whom
nostrī verbīs contumeliosīs ad proelium prōvocātī erant."our-men with-words contemptuous to battle challenged had been
75 Literally `for whom.’76 Adverb of adprīmus/apprīmus, `first-rate’.
"Dē istō nārrā, sīs," inquit Sextus. "Audīrē cupimus." About that tell if-you-will said Sextus to-hear we-want
At Anna: "Hostis erat gigās, quōcum congredī nēmō audēbat; quārē omnēs crēdēbant But Anna enemy was giant with-whom to-join-battle nobody dared for-which-reason all believed
hunc iuvenem dēlīrāre, quī certāmen tam impār inīre vellet. Accēdēbat77 ut armīs mīlitāribus this young-man to-be-madwho contest so unequal to-enter wanted was-also-fact that weapons military
ūtī nescīret; quam ob rem in proelium prōdiit cum fundā tantum et lapidibus quibusdam to-use he-did-not-know-how which for reason into battle advanced with sling only and stones a-few
lēvibus." smooth
"Āmēns profectō fuit," inquit Sextus, "quī sīc armātus cum bellātōre ingentī out-of-his-mind certainly he-was said Sextus who thus armed with warrior huge
congrederētur."78 would-go-into-battle
"Nūllō modō," inquit Anna; "nam ā deō auxilium spērābat, neque rēs eum In-no way said Anna for from god helping he-was-hoping-for and-not thing him
fefellit;79 priusquam enim hostis propius accēdere posset, lapidem in eius frontem tantā deceived before for enemy nearer approach could stone against his forehead so-great
fēlīcitāte impēgit, ut bellātor ingēns subitō corruēns humī prōnus iacēret. Tum adulēscēns, with-success he-hurled that warrior huge suddenly collapsing on-ground face-down lay then young-man
gladiō ipsīus arreptō, caput hostis abscīdit sanguineque cruentum ad rēgem rettulit." with-sword of-man-himself snatched head of-enemy he-cut-off and-with-blood red to king took
Tum Anna: "Multa laeta quoque commemorāre possum. Quīn etiam recordor quaedam Then Anna many happy-things also recount I-can indeed also I-remember certain-things
dē hōc ipsō pāstōre adulēscente, quī posteā rēx noster factus est. about this actual shepherd youth who afterwards king our made was
"Ōlim, cum bellum cum fīnitimīs gereret, illīque praesidiō occupāvissent urbem, quae Once when war with neighbours he-was-waging and-they with-garrison had-occupied city which
erat ipsīus patria, tum rēx, sitī obortā, mīlitibus audientibus: 'Utinam,' inquit, 'nunc bibere was of-himself native-place then king with-thirst arisen with-soldiers listening if-only said now drink
77 accēdere (to come up in addition is used impersonally to introduce and additional fact or consideration78 Subjunctive in a relative clause of characterstic; `someone who was the kind of paerson to do that must have been crazy.’79 i.e. he was not disappoined
could from spring icy which at gate of-home-town is with-which learned three soldiers of-courage greatest
clam ex castrīs ēgressī, per statiōnēs hostium viā gladiīs factā, ad fontem pervēnēruntsecretly from camp having-gone-out through posts of-enemy with-way by-swords made to spring reached
illum; tum, aquā inde celeriter haustā, ad rēgem incolumēs sē recēpērunt. Quī cum that then with-water from-there quickly drawn to king unharmed themselves took-back he when
cognōvisset quantō perīculō aqua illa adlāta esset, bibere nōluit eamque lībāns he-had-learned at-how-great risk water that brought had-been to-drink was-unwilling and-it making-an-offering
humī perfūdit."on-ground poured-out
“Rēgem optimum!" inquit Cornēlia. "Huius modī fabulīs maximē dēlector." Sed iam King excellent said Cornelia of-this kind by-stories very-much I-am-delighted but now
Lūcius, qul diū tacitus sēderat, querellās ēdere coepit, Annaque eum in cameram ad Lucius who for-long-time silently had-sat complaints to-give-out began and-Anna him into cabin to
mātrem dēdūxit. Līberī interim abiērunt, sī forte Stasimum invenīre possent.mother led children meanwhile went-off to-see-if by-chance Stasimus find they-could
David killing Goliath as painted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath#/media/File:Michelangelo,_David_and_Goliath_02.jpg
Paucōs diēs caelō serēnō nāvigāverant, omnēsque gaudēbant, ratī80 sine perīculō ūllō iter a-few days with-sky clear they-had-sailed and-all were-rejoicing thinking without danger any journey
tōtum cōnficī posse, cum subitō nūbēs ātrae ē marī orīrī vīsae sunt, quae brevī diem whole to-be-finished when suddenly clouds black out-of sea to-rise seen were which soon day(light)
ē cōnspectū vectōrum ēripuērunt. Terra iam procul aberat, ventīque turbidī per rudentēs from sight of-passengers snatched-away land now far was-away and-winds turbulent through ropes
strīdere coepērunt. to-hurl began
Tum nautae vēla contrahere properāvērunt, et omnia quae usuī essent ad vim tempestātis Then sailors sails to-furl hastened and all-things which of-use might-be for force of-storm
lēniendam parāta sunt. Interim magister mulierēs ūna cum līberīs et servīs camerā sē off-setting prepared were menwhile captain women together with children and slaves in-cabin themselves
continēre iussit. Virī autem plērīque in puppī paulisper ambulāre persevērāvērunt, etsī mox to-keep ordered men however most in stern for-short-time to-walk persisted although soon
ventōrum vī vestis eōrum paene discerpēbātur.of-winds by-force clothing of-them almost was-being-torn-apart
Sed brevī illī quoque in locum tūtum libenter sē recēpērunt; nam in marī iam erat ātra But soon they also into place safe gladly themselves took-back for on sea now was black
nox, fluctūsque maximl nāvem feriēbant, omniaque mortem minārī vidēbantur. In camerā night and-waves very-great ship were-striking and-all-things death to-threaten seemed in cabin
sedēbant mulierēs et līberī pavidī; interdum enim flūctūs tantopere nāvem quatiēbant, ut vix were-sitting women and children in-fear sometimes for waves so-much ship were-shaking that scarcely
Pūblius autem, quī nōlēbat quemquam putāre sē esse sollicitum, librum poētae cuiusdam Publius however who did-not-want anyome to-think him to-be worried book of-poet a-certain
adsiduē legēbat. Cui postrēmō pater: "Quem librum," inquit, "tam attentē legis, mī fīlī?" continually was-reading to-whom finally father what book said so attentively are-you-reading my son
"Hic est liber lepidus poētae Ovidī," inquit Pūblius. "Dē naufragiō quōdam optimē This is book delightful of-poet Ovid said Publius About shipwreck a-certain excellently
scrībit. Audīte quam pulchrī sint hī versūs." Quō dictō, recitāre coepit:he-writes hear how beautiful are these verses with-this said to-recite he-began
" 'Totidemque videntur,And-as-many seem
80 Literally `having thought’ (perfect participle from reor, rērī, ratus sum) but the present participle is more natural here in English
Quot veniant fluctūs, ruere atque inrumpere mortēs.81
as may-come waves to-rush and burst-in deaths
Nōn tenet hic lacrimās; stupet hic; vocat ille beātōs,Not holds(back) this-man tears is-stunned this-man calls that-man happy
Bracchiaque ad caelum, quod nōn videt, irrita tollēnsAnd-arms to the-sky which not he-sees useless raising
Poscit opem.' "83
Asks-for help
Sed iam Drūsilla, quae prae terrōre diū sē vix continēre potuerat: "Dēsine, obsecrō," But now /drusilla who out-of terror for-long-time herself scarcely to-restrain had-been-able cease I-beg
inquit, "librumque illum dīrum omitte. Nōnne vidēs nōs quoque magnō in perīcūlō esse, et said and-book that dreadful leave-aside surely you-see us also great in danger to-be and
omnibus fortasse brevī pereundum?" for-all perhaps soon will-be-necessity-of-dying
"Tranquillō es animō," inquit Cornēlius. "Valida est nāvis nostra, et nautae exercitatī. Calm be with-mind said Cornelius strong is ship our and sailors trained
In saxa latentia nisi in tenebrīs dēferēmur, omnia tūta sunt." Tum Pūbliō: "Sed, mī fīlī, Onto rocks hidden unless in darkness we-will-be-carried all-things safe are then to-Publius but my son
cēnseō illud carmen omittendum dōnec omnēs hilariōrēs sint." I-think that poem needing-to-be-left-alone until all more-cheerful are
"Quam mox in Ītaliam perveniēmus?" inquit Sextus, quī sub subsellium refūgerat, How soon in Italy we-will-arrive said Sexrus who under bench had-taken-refuge
nē quis scīret sē flēre. lest anyone should-know him to-be-crying
"Aliquamdiū per mare Īōnium84 iam vectī sumus," inquit pater, "et spērō haud procul For-quite-some-time through sea Ionian already travelled we-have said father and I-hope not for
abesse terram Ītalicam." to-be-away land Italian
Vix ea dicta erant, cum clāmor magnus in puppī exortus est. Quō audītō, Cornēlius Scarcely these-things said had-been when noise great on deck arisen is with-which heard Cornelius
81 Literally, `as many deaths seem to rush and break-in as the number of waves that arrive’, i.e. every wave brings (the threat) of death. The subjunctive veniant is not really needed here and many editors perefer the reading veniunt (indicative)82 i.e. one man is crying, another is paralysed with fright, a third calls happy the kind of people whom proper funerals await (i.e. those who die on land). As often, the relative pronoun quōs really stands for a demonstrative plus a relative (eōs quōs). The verb maneant is presumably subjunctive because the relative clause is one of characteristic,83 Lines 537-42 of Book XI of the Metamorphoses, describing the storm which killed Halcyone’s husband, Ceyx. Elided vowels are shown underlinded and in red.84 The Ionian Sea is bounded by Greece, Sicily and Italy south of the `heel.’
et virī aliī ē camerā celeriter prōdiērunt. Undique erant flūctūs velut aquae montēs, quī iam and men other from cabin quickly came-forth on-all-sides were waves like of-water mountains which now
iam nāvem submersūrī vidēbantur ; ventīque tantopere furēbant, ut hominēs mālō now ship about-to-sink seemed and-winds so-greatly were-raging that people by-means-of-mast
rudentibusque sē sustinēre cōgerentur, nē vī tempestātis raperentur ē puppī in and-ropes themselves to-support were-forcef so-that-not by-force of-storm they-should-be-carried-off from desk to
mortem praesentem. to-death instant
Nūbēs autem iam rāriōrēs erant, inter quās diēs iterum lūcēbat; et haud procul in marī Clouds however now fewer were between which daylight again was-shining and not far-off in sea
vastō conspicī poterat nāvicula, quae flūctibus in lītus scopulōsum īnsulae parvae rēcta vast to-be-seen was-able little-ship which by-waves onto coast rocky of-island small diirect
ferēbātur. Haec erat causa clāmōris, quō vectōrēs ē camerā excitatī erant.was-being-carried this was cause of-shouting by-which passengers fron cabin roused had-been
Caught in a stormhttp://historybythebible.blogspot.com/2016/03/paul-european.html
Tum Cornēlius magnā vōce magistrō, quī prope stābat:Then Cornelius loud with-voice to-captain who near was-standing
Ille autem maestus abnuit, et: "Vīs ventī nimia est," inquit. "Eīs sī opitulārī cōnābimur, He however sadly denied and force of-wind too-much is saif to-them if help-to-bring we-will-try
nostra quoque nāvis in saxa ferētur."our also ship onto rocks will-be-carried
"Quam hoc est foedum vīsū!" cum gemitū inquit Cornēlius. "Aspice, sīs; mālus iam How this is awful to-see with sigh said Cornelius look please mast now
frāctus est, et vectōrēs īnfēlīcēs vestīs prō vēlīs tendunt; aliī mercēs in mare praecipitant, ut broken has-been and passengers unlucky clothing in-place-of sails stretch-out others cargo into sea hurl so-that
nāvis sublevētur. Omnibus modīs mortem effugere cōnantur."ship may-be-lightened all by-means death to-escape they-try
Dum haec fīunt, Pūblius quoque ē camerā ēgressus pedetemptim et cautē ad patrem While these-things happen Publius also from cabin having-gone-out step-by-step and cautiously to father
adiit. Quō cum pervēnisset nāvemque vīdisset alteram, "Ēheu!" inquit. "Male metuō nē hodiē went-up to-whom when he-had-reached and-ship had-seen the-other oh-no says badly I-fear lest today
"Rēctē dīcis," inquit Cornēlius. "Neque ūllō modō eīs miserīs opitulārī posse vidēmur."Rightly you-say saif Cornelius and-not in-any way to-these poor-ones to-bring-help to-be-able we-seem
"Aspice!" inquit Pūblius. "Iam paucī cymbā parvā effugere cōnātūrī sunt. Vidē cymbam, Look said Publius now a-few-people in-dinghy to-escape going-to-try are look-at dinghy
quam effrēnātē in flūctibus saltet! Modo in cōnspectū est, modo aspicī nusquam potest! Nunc how uncontrollably in waves it-dances one-moment in sight it-is one-moment be-seen nowhere it-can now
in eā sunt trēs hominēs. Iam rēmōs agere incipiunt. Attāt! Nunc venit aquae mōns! Cavēte, in it are three people now oars to-pull-on they-start Aiyah! Now comes of-water nountain look-out
Vix haec verba dīxerat, cum flūctus ingēns cymbam parvam ēvertit. Paulisper virī duo in Hardly these words he-had-said when wave huge dinghy little over-turned for-short-while men two in
gurgite luctantēs aspiciēbantur; tum in marī mersī sunt.swirling-water struggling were-visible then in sea submerged they-were
"Ista diūtius vidēre nōn sustineō," inquit Cornēlius, et statim in cameram sē contulit. Those-things longer to-see not I-can-bear said Cornelius and at-once into cabin himself took
Pūblius autem cupiditāte videndī in puppī morārī persevērāvit; utque pater cum OnēsimōPublius however through-desire of-seeing on deck to-stay continued and-when father with Onesimus
et Stasimō iterum prōdiit, īnsula parva ē cōnspectū recesserat, neque usquam conspicī poterat and Stasimus again emerged island small from sight had-receded and-not anywhere be-seen could
nāvis altera.ship the-other
Sōl, quī iam coeperat fulgēre, undīs sē condere properābat, cum nautae procul montēs Ship which now had-begun to-shine in-clouds itsef to-bury was hastening when sailors in-distance hills
cernere potuērunt; tum omnēs hilarī vultū erant, cum spērārent sē brevī in portum to-see were-ablr then all cheerful with-face were since they-hoped themselves soon into habour
perventūrōs; ac Cornēlius Stasimō: "Abī," inquit; "dominae nūntiā, ut in puppim going-to-arrive and Cornelius to-Stasimus go-off he-said to-mistress announce that onto deck
prōdeat; nam dēmum terram in cōnspectū esse."85
she-should-come for at-last land in sight to-be
Stasimus statim discessit, et patrī Pūblius: "Exīstīmō nōs Brundisiī ē nāve Stasimus at-once left and to-father Publius I-reckon us at-Brundisium from ship
ēgressūrōs," inquit. "Nōnne rēs sē ita habet, pater?"86
going-to disembark said does-not thing itself thus have father
"Ita, mī fīlī," inquit Cornēlius. "In hāc regiōne orbis terrārum87 nūllum oppidum portum Yes my son said Cornelius in this region of-circle of-lands no town harbour
meliōrem habet. Hic est locus, ut scīs, unde Pompēius Magnus nāvēs solvit, cum Caesārem better has this is place as you-know from-where Pompey the-Great ships untied when Caesar
fugiēns exercitum in Graeciam trādūceret. Et sīcut nōs montēs illōs nunc vidēmus fleeing-from army to Greece was-taking-across and just-as we hills those now see
appropinquāre, ita ille tum eōsdem nebulīs procul obscūrōs ē cōnspectū suō discēdere vīdit. to-approach thus he then same-ones in-mists in-distance obscure from sight his to-disappear saw
This about thing poet Lucan verses some made very-beauiful
Interim Drūsilla cum līberīs ē camerā prōdierat. Brevī tenebrae ē marī surgere Meanwhile Drusilla with children out-of cabin had—emerged soon darkness out-of sea to-rise
coepērunt; ac Cornēlia, quae iam cum patre et frātribus stābat: "Vidēte," inquit. "Aspicere began and Cornelia who now with father and brothers was-standing look says to-see
videor lūmen parvum procul micāre. Quid est, obsecrō?"I-seem light small in-distance to-fllicker what is-it please
"Haec est pharus,"89 inquit pater, "quae noctū viam nautīs mōnstrat, quō90 tūtius nāvēs This is light-house says father which at-mght way to-sailors shows so-that more-safely ships
in portum dēdūcere possint. Sine lūmine fortasse ē cursū errārent, nāvēsque in lītūs inīquum Into port to-bring may-be-able without light perhaps from course they-might-stray and-ships onto shore inhospitable
dēferrentur."be-carried
"Eugē!" inquit Cornēlia. "In portum igitur nōs profectō tūtō perveniēmus. Sed nunc mihi Hurray! Says Cornelia into harbour therefore we undoubtedly safely will-arrive but now for-me
85 Accusative and infinitive as this is still part of the message Stasimus is to deliver to Drusilla86 rēs sē ita habet: `this is the situation87 orbis (terrārum): world88 Lucan (39-65 A.D.) author of the Pharsalia, an epic poem on the civil war between Pompey and Julius Caesar. The title refers to the decisive Battle of Pharsalus in Northern Greece where Pompey was defeated in 48 B.C.89 Pharus was the name of the lighthouse at Alexandraia but was later used for any lighthouse90 quō (`by which means’) is normally used instead of ut if a purpose clause includes a comparative adjective or adverb. .
intrō eundum est, ut cum Annā sedeam, dum Lūcius obdormiat."Inside necessity-of-going is so-that with Anna I-can-sit until Lucius goes-to-sleep
Itaque illa discessit. Cēterī autem aliquamdiū in puppī ambulābant; nam tempestās iam And-so she left the-others however for-some-time on deck kept-walking for weather now
erat tam serēna ut nēmō intrō sē recipere vellet.was so calm that nobody inside themselves to-take-back wanted
The Roman lighthouse at Corunna in NW Spain, still in use today, was constructed in the 2nd cent. A.D. and renovated in 1791
Next on-day passengers at-sea from-tossing tired from ship to-disembark wanted and Cornelius
Onēsimum cum Stasimō ad quendam Crassum, hospitem suum, statim mīsit, ut eī Onesimus with Stasimus to a-certain Crassus friend his at-once sent so-that to-him
nūntiāret ipsum cum uxōre et līberīs in portū esse.he-might-announce he-himself with wife and children in habour to-be
Interim omnēs tempus variē trahēbant; dum enim servī redīrent, Cornēlius incertus erat meanwhile all time variously were-passing until for slaves should-return Cornelius incertain was
quō dēverteret. Sed iam accessit mercātor, dē quō suprā dīximus. Ille, ē nāvī ēgressūrus :where he-would-lodge but now came-up merchant of whom above we-spoke he from ship about-to-disembark
"Gaudeō," inquit, "nōs postrēmō ad terram incolumēs pervēnisse. Erat tempus cum putārem I-rejoice he-said us finally to land safe to-have-reached there-was time when I-thought
nōs numquam vīvōs patriam vīsūrōs esse."us never alive native-land going-to-see to-be
"Rēctē dīcis," inquit Cornēlius. "Neptūnō certē grātia maxima habenda est,91 quod Rightly you-say said Cornelius by-Neptune certainly thanks greatest to-be-had are because
omnia tam fēlīciter ēvēnērunt. Cum illōs naufragōs miserōs in marī mersōs vidērēmus, all-things so happily have-turned-out when thos ship-wrecked-ones wretched in sea immersed we-saw
paulum āfuit quīn īlīcō tabulam pictam vovērem,92 sī ūllō modō vim tempestātis nōs effugere little it-was-absent that right-there panel painted I-vowed if by-any means force of-storm we to-escape
potuissēmus."had-been-able
Et mercātor: "Profectō vēra sunt verba eius, quī apud Plautum ita loquitur: And merchant of-course true are words of-him who in Plautus thus speaks
Maior meō animō, quam quandō ex altō proculGreater my to-mind than when from the-deep in-distance
Terram cōnspiciunt.' '94
Land they sight
"Haec mē admonent," inquit Pūblius, "dē carmine ā poētā Catullō scrīptō, cum domum These-things me remind said Publius of poem by poet Catullus written when home
91 Neptūnō here is probably best understood as a dative of agent (`Neptune should receive thanks’) but it might also be one of recipient (`Gratitude should be felt (literally `had’) to Neptune’)92 paulum āfuit quīn (with subjuctive( is an idiomatic of saying that something almost happened. It was customary to vow a painting of a ship to Neptune in gratitude for (or hope of) avoiding ship-wreck. 93 Contraction of nūlla est.94 Lines 236-8 from Menaechmi, a comedy by [Titus Maccius] Plautus (c.254-184 B.C.) about separated twins, which is the main source for Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors. Messenio is a slave belonging to one of the brothers, both of whom are called Menaechmus. The metre is Iambic Senarius, with a iamb ( ᵕ -) repeated six times. However, except in the final foot, the initial short syllable could also be long and longs could always be replaced by two shorts. Other metres were also used in plays and lines probably sung in performance, as in the video at https://linguae.weebly.com/bacchides.html
redīsset, postquam in Asiā annum āfuit. Versus aliquōs fortasse memoriā prōnūntiāre possum: he-had-returned after in Asia yer he-was-away verses some perhaps from-memory recite I-can
" ' Ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs,95 O what released is happier than-cares
Cum mēns onus repōnit, ac peregrīnō When mind burden puts-down and foreign
Labōre fessī venīmus larem ad nostrum With-labour tired we-come household-god to our
Dēsīderātōque adquiēscimus lectō! ' "96
And-in-desired we-rest bed
The promontory of Sirmio on Lake Garda, where the poet Catullus had his home,
"Tē laudō, Publī," inquit Cornēlius, "quod tantam operam poētīs nostrīs dās; etsī You I-praise Publius said Cornelius because so-much effort to-poets our you-give although
satis sciō multōs cīvēs nostrōs parvī poētās omnēs facere.97 Sed nūlla est disciplīna, quā enough I-know many citizens are little poets all value but no is training by-which
facilius ad hūmānitātem vēram perveniās."98
95 The phrase solūtīs cūrīs is an ablative of comparison and could be translated `the release of cares’ as well as `cares released.’96 Lines 7-10 from Catullus 31, a poem he wrote on return from serving as assistant to a provincial governor in Asia Mnor in 57-56 B.C. His home was at Sirmio on the Lago di Garda, the largest lake in Italy, situated near Verona about half-way between Milan and Venice. The meter is Choliambic (`limping iambs’), with the basic pattern ᵒ - ᵕ - ᵒ - ᵕ - ᵕ- - - but an option of replacing long syllables (other than the final three) with two or just one short. The complete poem, with Gilbert Highet’s English translation, is included in the PowerPoint on Catullus’s life and work available for download at https://linguae.weebly.com/latin--greek.html 97 parvī facere (literally `of-little to make’): put little value upon.98 The subjunctive here could be interpreted as one of characteristic (`poetry is the kind of thing that makes you cultured’) or of potentiality,
"Sed mihi nunc abeundum est,"99 inquit mercātor. "Spērō aliquandō nōs iterum in But for-me now necessity-to-leave is said merchant I-hope some-time us again in
urbe Rōmā convenīre posse. Iam valēte."city Rome to-meet to-be-able now farewell
"Vīve et valē," inquiunt omnēs, ut mercātor in cymbam dēscendēbat; quī ad terram Live and be-well said all as merchant into skiff was-descending he to land
vectus brevī ē cōnspectū āmissus est inter hominēs quī convēnerant, ut cognōscerent quae carried soon from sight lost was among people who had-gathered so-that they-might-learn what
nāvēs in portum noctū pervēnissent. ships in harbour at-night had-arrived
Interim līberī quam longissimē prōspiciēbant, sī forte Onēsimum et Stasimum redeuntēs Meanwhile children as-far-as-possible were-looking-out in-case by-chance Onesiumus and Stasimus returning
aspicere possent. Cum autem diū frūstrā exspectāssent, Annam quaerere coepērunt, ratī eī sight they-could when however a-long-time in-vain they-had-waited Anna to-look-for they-began thinking her
persuādērī100 posse ut fābulam aliquam nārrāret, quō minus tardē hōrae discēdere vidērentur. to-be-persuaded to-be-able that story some she-should-tell whereby less slowly hours to-pass might-seem
Anna, quae haud procul cum Lūciō cōnsēderat, cum līberōs vīdisset, rīsit et: "Quid nunc, Anna who not far-off with Lucius had-sat-down when children she-had-seen smiled and what now
līberī?" inquit. "Nōnne Onēsimus iam rediit?"children she-said hasn’t Onesimus already returned
"Eum nusquam videō," inquit Cornēlia. "Nōnne tū vīs aliquid nobīs nārrāre, quō Him nowhere I-see said Cornelia Don’t you want something to-us to-tell though-which
iūcundius tempus terere possīmus? Plūra dē virīs gentis vestrae audīre cupimus." more-pleasantly time to-pass we-would-be-able more-things about men of-nation your to-hear we-want
"Vix intellegō unde potissimum incipiam," inquit Anna; "tam multa simul mihi Scarcely I-undersrand from-where best I-should-begin said Anna so many-things at-same-time to me
in mentem veniunt; et ē multīs pauca ēligere haud facile est." into mind come and from many few to-choose not easy is
"Dē bellātōribus aliquid dīc," inquit Sextus. "Nihil eō est iūcundius." At Cornēlia: "Nōlī About warriors something say said Sextus nothing than-that is pleasanter But Cornelia Don’t
ita facere, amābō,"101 inquit. "Caedis et sanguinis mē iam diū taedet. Aliquid thus do please please of-slaughter and blood (on)me already for-long-time there-is-tiredness something
et laetum et notābile nārrā, sīs."102 both cheerful and noteworthy tell please
99 Impersonal use of the gerundive abeundum with dative of agent.100 The verb persuādēre takes the dative so the passive infinitive is really impersonal (`persuasion to be exerted on her’)101 amābō (literally `I ill love [you]’) is often equivalent to `please.’102 sīs is a contraction of sī vīs (`if you will’)
"Difficile est," inquit Anna, "haec duo cōnfundere; sed experiar quidem: Ōlim erat vātēs, Difficult it-is said Anna these to to-combine but I-will-try indeed once was prophet
quī longē ā patriā in servitūtem dēductus erat. Diū apud rēgem peregrīnum maximō in who far from his-land into slavery brought-down had-been for-long-time in-court-of king foreign greatest in
honōre habēbātur. Sed prīncipēs eius cīvitātis, invidiā commōtī, quod advena apud rēgem honour was-held but chiefs of-that state by-jealousy moved because stranger with king
tantum grātiā valēbat,103 īnsidiās eī fēcērunt. so-much with-favour was-strong trap for-him made
Daniel in the Lions’ Den – Rubenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_-
_Google_Art_Project.jpg
"Vātēs deum patrium cotīdiē adōrābat, deīs autem aliīs exīstimābat nefās honōrem Prophet god ancestral daily used-to-adore to -gods however other thought wrong honour
habērī. Quārē inimīcī, quī haec omnia bene intellegēbant, rēgem dolō adortī, 'Semper to-be-paid therefore enemies who these-things all well understood king with-tricked approaching for-ever
vīvās, ō rēx!' inquiunt. 'Quod neque in terrīs neque in caelō est quisquam tēcum cōnferendus, may-you-live o king say because neither on earth nor in heaven is anyone with-you to-be-compared
cēnsēmus ut ēdictum prōpōnās, nē quis hīs trīgintā diēbus quemquam nisi tē adōret;
103 apud aliquem grātiā valēre = have influence with someone
we-consider that edict you-should-issue that-not anyone within-these thirty days anyone except you should-adore
sī quis aliter fēcerit, ad bēstiās damnātus estō.' If anyone otherwise will-have-done to wild-animals condemned let-him-be
"Rēx, quem dolus omnīnō fefellerat, honōre sibi habitō laetus, libenter id pollicitus est, King whom trick completely had-deceived with-honour to-him paid happy gladly that promised
atque ēdictum prōposuit. Tum sērō sēnsit sē ā prīncipibus circumventum esse; ēdictum enim and edict issued then too-late he-realised himself by chieftains trapped to-have-been edict for
rēgis semel prōpositum nec rescindī nec mūtārī poterat. of-king once issued neither be-rescinded nor be-changed could
"Omnia maerēns temptāvit, quō modō vātem cōnservāret, sed nihil reperiēbat; cumque All-things grieving he-tried by-which means prophet he-might-save but nothing he-was-finding and-when
prīncipēs convēnissent hominisque mortem postulārent, trīstīs vātem ad bēstiās damnāre chiefs had-assembled and-of-man death were-demanding sadly prophet to beasts to-condemn
coāctus est." compelled he-was
"Vah!" inquit Cornēlia. "Haec mihi vehementer displicent. Nōnne modo dīxī mē iam
Wah! said Cornelia these-things me dreadfully displease didn’t I just say me already
diū caedis sanguinisque taedēre?" for-a-long-time of-slaughter and blood tiredeness-to-affect
At Anna: "Manendum," inquit, "dum reliqua audiās. Vātēs interim nihil terrēbātur; But Anna necessary-to-wait said until rest you-hear Prophet meanwhile not-at-all was frightened
sed in spēluncam leōnum plēnam dēmissus, cum saxum magnum suprā collocātum esset nē but into cave of-lions full sent-down when stone great above positioned had-been lest
quā effugere posset, laudēs tamen clārē deō suō cantāvit. in-any-way escape he-could praises however clearly to-god his he-sang
"Iam rēx, vigiliīs dispositīs, animō maximē conturbātō domum sē contulerat, ubi nec Now king with-guards placed with-mind very-much disturbed home himself had-taken here neither
cibum capere nec somnō quiēscere potuit ; sed noctem tōtam sollicitus vigilābat. Cum diēs food to-take nor in-sleep to-rest he-was-able but night whole worried he-stayed-awake when day
dēmum illūxisset, ē lectō surrēxit et celeriter ad spēluncam pervēnit. Quō ubi ventum est,104 at-last had-dawned from bed he-rose and quickly to cave he-reached to-where when come it-is
vōce lamentābilī: 'Vērī deī vātēs,' inquit, 'adhūc vīvis?' in-voice sorrowful of-true god prophet he-said still are-you-alive
"Tum ē spēluncā audītā est vōx vātis: 'Semper vīvās, ō rēx! Salvus sum; nam deus Then from cave heard was voice of-prophet for-ever ay-you-live o king safe I-am for god
patrius nūntium mīsit, quī faucēs leōnum praeclūderet.' Quō audītō, rēx gaudiō ēlātus saxum of-fathers messenger sent who jaws of-lions could-shut with-this heard king with-joy elated stone
104 Impersonal passive of an intransitive verb.
āmovērī iussit; vātēsque incolumis ē spēluncā in lūcem redditus est." to-be-removed ordered and-prophet safe from cave into light restored was
"Eugē!" inquit Cornēlia. "Quam gaudeō rem ēventum tam fēlīcem habuisse!" Hooray said Cornelia how I-rejoice affair ending so happy to-have-had
At Sextus: "Quid factum est, obsecrō, illīs prīncipibus scelestīs, quī tantum dolum But Sextus what done was I-ask to-those chiefs wicked who so-great plot
frūstrā fabricātī erant?"in-vain devised had
"Omnēs," inquit Anna, "in vincula celeriter coniectī ūnā cum uxōribus līberīsque ad All said Anna into chains quickly thrown together with wives and-children to
bēstiās damnātī sunt. Quōs, ubi in spēluncam sunt dēmissī, leōnēs saeviter dīlaniāvērunt." beasts condemned were them when into cave they-were sent-down lions savagely tore-apart
Tum subitō: "Sed Stasimum mihi videor procul aspicere. Nōnne is est?" Then suddenly but Stasimus to-me I-seem in-distance to-sight surely him it-is
"Est profectō ipse," inquit Sextus; līberīque celeriter abiērunt, ut audīrent quid Is indeed himself said Sextus and-children quickly went-off so-that they-could-hear what
novī adlātum esset.of-new brought had-been
CAPUT VIII
Cum servī in nāvem cōnscendissent, Onēsimus ad Cornēlium accessit, et: "Crassus ille, When slaves onto ship had-climbed-up Onesimus to Cornelius came-up and Crassus that
ere,"inquit, "ad quem missī sumus, negōtiō cum quibusdam colōnīs haud procul habitantibus master said to whom sent we-were with-business with certain tenant-farmers not far-off living
contractō, hodiē māne rūs profectus est ut eōs convenīret, nec domum ante vesperum est undertaken today in-morning (to)countryside set-off so-that them he-could-meet and-not home before evening is
reditūrus." ging-to-return
"Male hercle nūntiās,105" inquit Cornēlius. "Iam hoc tantum reliquum est, ut hīc eius Badly by-Hercules you-announce said Cornelius Now this only left is that here his
reditum exspectēmus. Quārē tū, Stasime, abī, et Drūsillae nūntiā celeritāte iam nihil opus return we-should-await therefore you Stasimus go-off and to-Drusilla announce speed now no need
esse."106 to-be
Postquam abiit Stasimus, līberī Onēsimum circumstābant, cupidissimē rogantēs After went-away Stasimus children Onesimus kept-standing around very-eagerly asking
quantum aut quā faciē esset oppidum. Ille autem rēctā107 ad Annam profectus: "Quam how-large or what with-apearance was town he however straight to Anna having-started-out how
vellem," inquit, "Stasimum nostrum tū hodiē vidēre potuissēs!" I-could-wish he-said Stasimus our you today to-see had-been-able
"Quam ob rem, obsecrō?" inquit illa. "An108 iste vafer dēnuō lūdōs faciēbat?" What because-of thing I-beg (you) said she [Was] that rascal once-again games playing
"Et lepidissimōs," inquit Onēsimus. "Nam, ut ad hospitem109 vēnimus, summā cōmitāte And very-fine-ones said Onesimus for when to friend we-came greatest with-politeness
acceptī in ātriō sedēbāmus, dum quaererētur quam mox dominus reditūrus esset. received in atrium we-were-sitting while enquiries-were-made how soon master going-to-return was
"Cum ita morārēmur, subitō intrāvit servus rūsticus, quī nūper ē vlllā in urbem When thus we-were-delaying suffenly entered slave rustic who recently from [country]-villa into city
arcessītus erat. Ille raucā vōce: 'Quī hominēs estis?' inquit. Ac, priusquam ego respondēre summoned had-been he rough in-voice what persons aer-you said and before I to-reply
105 This idiomatic phrase is equivalent to `I’m sorry to hear that’ and not a comment on Onesimus’s abilities!106 Literally `nothing to be work with speed.’ The construction opus esse plus ablative is frequently used to expressthe need for something..107 rectā is short for rectā viā (`by the straight route’)108 An is used more often in questions in the sense of `or’ (e.g. Cupisne vīnum an aquam? `Do you want wine or water?’) but can also be, as here, a simple question marker with the same fintion as –ne.109 ad comitem (literally `to friend’ ) for `to the friend’s place.’
possem, Stasimus, sē magnum ferēns110: 'Ā rēge Indōrum,' inquit, 'nōs lēgātī sumus.' "I-could Stasimus nimself big carrying from king of-the-Indans he-said we ambassadors are
"Hahahae!" inquit Anna. "Quid tum fēcit iste rūsticus?" Ha-ha-ha said Anna whar then did that country-fellow
"Prīmō obstupefactus est," inquit Onēsimus. "Tum autem alia quaerere coepit, et At-first astounded he-was said Onesiomus Then however other-things to-ask he-began and
sermō huius modī īnstitūtus est: conversation of-this sort begun was
Servus. Dum hūc nāvigātis,111 multās terrās vōs vidēre oportuit. While here you-were-sailing many lands you to-see it-was-necessary
Servus. Cum hīc tempus terās, dē hīs rēbus mihi nārrā, sīs.112 Since here time you-are-spending about these things to-me narrate if-you-will
Stasimus. In Syriā ardor sōlis maximus est. Solstitiālī113 morbō ibi hominēs ut muscae In Syria heat of-sun greatest is of-summer-solstice from-disease there people like flies
pereunt. perish
Servus. Papae! Saepe nostrō in fundō sōl satis fervidus est, sed numquam tam exitiālis. Waa! Often our on farm sun enough hot is but never so lethal
Stasimus. Alternae arborēs sunt fulgurītae, bovēsque alternīs in sulcīs moriuntur. One-in-two trees have-been struck-by-lightning and-cattle one-in-two in furrows die
Servus. Haec vix crēdere possum! These-things scarcely to-believe I-am-able
Stasimus. Quīn etiam multa sunt mīrābiliōra, quae nōndum dīxī. Quōdam locō114 cymbā In-fact also many-things there-are stranger which not-yet I-have-said in-a-certain place in-skiff
vectī sumus ad caput amnis, quī dē caelō exoritur115 sub sōliō Iovis. carried we-were to head of-river which from heaven rises under throne of-Jupiter
Servus. Abī, mē lūdis. Etsī rūsticus sum, mē ita fallere nūllō modō potes. Go-away of-me you’re-making-fun although country-fellow I-am me thus deceive no in-way you-can
Pater meus in Syriā nātus est; eō praesente tanta mendācia dīcere nōn audērēs. Father my in Syria born was with-him present such-great lies to-speak not you-would-be-daring
Stasimus. Quīn etiam idem dīcam, sī avum tuum addūcere velīs. Nōnne vīs reliqua No still same-thing I-would-say if grandfather your to-bring you-wanted don’t you-want rest
110 I.e. putting on an air of importance111 Dum (while) is normally used with the present tense even when referring to past time.112 Sīs can be a contraction of sī vīs (`if you wish’) as well as the 2nd. person sing. subjunctive of sum.113 This adjective is used only with reference to mid-summer, although the English derivative `solstice’ is used for mid-winter also.114 Ablative phrases with locō frequently omit in which would be reuired with most nouns in prose.115 exoritur, though 4th conjugation, has a short i in the 3rd pers. sing., not the ī shown in the book.
audīre? to-here
Servus. Audiam vērō; sed nihil mē crēditūrum polliceor. I’ll-hear indeed but nothing me going-to-believe I-promise
Stasimus. Dum mediō marī iter facimus, saepe sub flūctibus mōnstra mīranda nantia While in-middel sea journey we-were-making often under waves monsters amazing swimming
vīdimus. we-saw
Sea monster on a Greek vase (6th. cent. B.C.)From https://resgerendae.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/ketos-vase.jpg
Servus. Sine dubiō multa tālia cēpistis, quae nunc vobīscum in nāvī habētis. Without doubt many such-things you-caught which now with-you in ship you-have
Stasimus. Nihil cēpimus. Sed diēs complūrēs plānē vidēre poterāmus serpentem Nothing we-caught but for- days several clearly to-see we-were-able serpent
maximum oculīs ārdentibus, qul nāvem sēscenta mīlia passuum116 sequēbātur. very-large with-eyes burning which ship for- six-hundred thousand paces kept-on-following
116 mīlle passuum, literally `a thousand paces’, i.e. one Roman mile. English `mile’ is a derivative though the Roman mile is though to have been only about 0.9 modern miles,
Servus. Exspectābat, crēdō, dum aliquis ē nāvī in aquam excideret, ut eius membrīs It-was-waiting I-believe until someone from ship into water fell so-that on-limbs
vēscerētur. it-could-feed
Stasimus. Ōlim bovem, quae forte mortua est,117 in mare iēcimus, eamque tōtam Once ox which by-chance dead is into sea we-threw and-it whole
mōnstrum illud ūnō morsū vorāvit. monster that one in-bite devoured
Servus. Apage tē! Tālia nōn diūtius audiam. " Away-with you such-things not longer I-will-hear
Sed iam redierant servī cēterī, quī nōs dē dominī negōtiō certiōrēs fēcērunt.118 Itaque But now had-returned slaves other who us about master’s business more-certain made and-so
statim ad nāvem discessimus." at-once to ship we-departed
Tum Anna, cum satis rīsisset: "Male metuō," inquit, "nē impudentiā suā Stasimus noster Then Anna when enough she-had-laughed badly I-fear said lest through-impudence his Stasimus our
in maximum malum aliquandō incidat.119 Sed certē est puer admodum rīdiculus." into very-great trouble some-time may-fall but certainly he-is boy quite funny
"Rēctē dīcis," inquit Onēsimus. "At nunc mihi abeundum est, ut ratiōnēs quāsdam Rightly you-say said Onesimus but now for-me necessary-to-leave it-is so-that accounts some
conficiam"; quō dictō, lēniter ad cameram ambulāvit. I-can-finish with-which said slowly to cabin he-walked
Līberī autem, quī cupidissimē eius verba audierant, adhūc prope Annam morābantur; Children however who very-eagerly his words had-heard still near Anna were-lingering
quam mox rogāvērunt ut sibi aliquid nārrāret. whom soon they-asked that to-them something she-might-tell
At illa: "Vōbīs līberis," inquit, "nihil umquam satis erit. Quid nunc audīre vultis?" But she for-you children said nothing ever enough will-be what now to-hear do-you-want
Tum Cornēlia: "Fābulīs dē virīs vestrae gentis maximē dēlector. Nōnne est aliud Then Cornelia by-stories about men of-your nation greatly I-am-delighted not is-there anything-else
eius modī, quod nōbīs nārrāre velīs?" of-this kinf which to-us to-tell you-would-like
"Dum verba Onesimī audiō," inquit Anna, "mihi in mentem vēnit cuiusdam vātis, While wprds of-Onesimus I-was-listening-to said Anna to-me into mind came of-a-certain prophet
quī Iōnās appellābātur. Is quoque multa mīranda in marī passus est."
117 Mortua est could also be translated `died; or `has died.’118 certiōrem.certiōrēs facere is rountinely used in the sense of `inform’.119 Literally `I m badly afraid, let him not fall.’ Latin expresses the wish rather than the prediction of the person who is afraid,
who Jonas was-called he also many amazing-things in sea suffered
"Dē hōc nārrā nōbīs, sīs," inquit Sextus. About him tell to-us if-you-will says Sextus
"Ōrāculō quōdam," inquit Anna, "Iōnās iussus erat Nīnivēn120 proficīscī, ut oppidānōs By-oracle a-certain said Anna Jonah ordered has-been to-Niniveh to-set-out so-that townsfolk
dē īra deī monēret. Cum autem eō iter facere nōllet, nāvem cōnscendit, quae about anger of-God he-might-warn since however to-there journey to-make he-was-unwilling ship he-boarded which
aliās in partēs proficīscēbātur.other to parts was-setting-out
Possible appearance of the royal palace at Ninevehhttp://looklex.com/e.o/nineveh.htm
"Mox ventō maximō mare turbātum est, ac brevī omnia hominibus mortem praesentem Soon by-wind very-great sea disturbed was and shortly all-things to-the-people death imminent
minārī vidēbantur. Iōnās autem somnō consopītus nihil audīvit, priusquam ā vectōribus cēterīs to-threaten seemed Jonah however in-sleep deeply-immersed nothing heard before by travellers others
excitātus est. awakened he-was
"Tum omnēs, ad vōta conversī, suum quisque deum precātī sunt ut ē perīculō tantō Then all to prayers having-turned own each one god prayed to that from danger so-great
ēriperentur. Postrēmō autem ūnus: 'Nihil hoc prōficit,'121 inquit. 'Sortēs, sociī, they-might-be-snatched finally however one nothing this is-of-use said lots comrades
120 Nineveh, capital of the later Assyrian Empire, was for around 50 years until its capture in 612 B.C. by an alliance of Babylonians, Perians and other subject peoples, the greatest city on earth. Its remains, on the Tigris opposite the modern city of Mosul in northern Iraq, were badly damaged while under occupation by `Islamic State’. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh 121 Literally `This profits nothing’
coniciāmus, sī forte ita cognōscere possīmus, cuius culpā in hoc tantum malum let-us-cast if by-chance to-learn we-might-be-able whose by-fault into this so-great trouble
inciderimus.' "122
we-have-fallen
Sortibus coniectīs, Iōnās est dēsignātus. Quem igitur in mare ēiēcērunt, ac tempestās With-lots cast Jonah was selected Him therefore into sea they-threw-out and weather
serēna statim cōnsecūta est. Īōnam piscis immānis vorāvit, sed tribus post diēbus in lītūs calm at-once followed Jonah fish enormous swallowed but three later days onto shore
incolumem ēiēcit." safe ejected
Jonah and the Whale (1621) by Pieter Lastmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah#/media/File:Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
"Hui!" inquit Sextus. "Mihi quidem etiam Stasimō maiōra tū fingere posse vidēris." Waa said Sextus to-me inteed even than-Stasimus bigger-things you to-make-up to-be-able seem
"Haec autem vēra sunt," inquit Annā īrā incēnsa.123 "Nihil amplius ā mē hodiē audiētis." These-things but true are said Anna with-anger burning
122 Perfect subjunctive in a reported question dependent on cognōscere. The short i in the termination –erimus, producing a form identical to the future perfect, had become standard in speech long before the 2nd. century A.D., in which the story is set, but poets could stil use the older (aunambiguously subjunctive) ending –erīmus.123 Literally `burnt’ (perfect participale)
Quae cum dīxisset, sē cum Lūciō in cameram recēpit.124 Which-things when she-had-said herself with Lucius into cabin took-back
Līberī igitur, ut potuērunt, hōrās diēī longās trahēbant. Sub noctem, cum iam Children however as they-were-able hours of-day long passed towards night when already
advesperāsceret, vōx canentis ē camerā ad eōrum aurīs adlāta est. "Audīte," inquit it-was-getting-dark voice of-someone-singing from cabin to there ears brought was Listen said
Cornēlia; "māter Lūcium iam consopīre cōnātur." Tum, ut omnēs tacentēs sedēbant, vōx Cornelia mother Lucius now to-put-to-sleep is-tring then as all keeping-silent were-sitting voice
Drūsillae plānē audīrī poterat: Of-Drusilla plainly be-heard could
"Nunc hominēsque labōre gravātōs, Now both-people with-labour weary
Nunc requiēs pecudemque vocat; Now rest and-herd calls
Omnia lēniter arva nigrēscunt, All gently dields darken
Silva simul sine murmure stat. Forest at-same-time without murmur stands
124 There is a well-known story of a seaman in the late 19th century who similarly survived inside a whale’s stomach but was blind when he was cut out. However, this appears to have been an invented tale and anyone in such a situation would probably have simply drowned or been dissolved inside the animal. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bartley 125 The lines all consist of three dactyls followed alternativey by one or two long syllables. Music for the lullaby is on pg.239 of the book.
Posterō diē hospes ad lītūs māne praestō erat; ubi cymbam condūxit, et ad nāvem celeriter On-next day friend at shore in-morning ready was there small-boat he-hired and to ship quickly
vectus est. Quī cum prīmum Cornēlium vīdit: "Salvē, Cornēlī," inquit. "Gaudeō tē hūcconveyed was He when first Cornelius he-saw Hi Cornelius said I-am-glad you to-here
incolumem pervēnisse. Dum Brundisiī morāberis, spērō tē apud mē in hospitiō futūrum; safely to-have-arrived while in-Brundisium you-will-stay I-hope you with me as guest will-be
immō fēcissēs melius, sī statim ad mē vēnissēs."Indeed you-would-have-done better if at-once to me you-had-come
Roman column marking the end of the Via Appia (Appian Way) which linked Brundisium (Brindisi) to the capital
Cui Cornēlius: "Benignē facis, Crasse, quī nōs tam cōmiter hospitiō accipere velīs. To-him Cornelius kindly you-do Crassus who us to courteously with-hospitality to-receive would-like
Ac libenter apud tē paulisper morābimur; sed mox Romam prōgrediendum erit."And gladly with you a-short-while will-stay but soon to-Rome necessary-to-go-on it-will-be
Quae cum dicta essent, Cornēlius, portōriō iam solūtō, Onēsimō imperāvit ut Drūsillae Which-things when said had-been Cornelius with-port-fee already paid to-Onesimus order-gave that to-Drusilla
nūntiāret omnia iam parāta esse. Quae, nōn multum mōrāta, cum Annā līberīsque ē camerāhe-annoubce all-things now prepared to-be She not much having-delayed with Anna and-children from cabin
ēgressa est; omnēsque cymbīs vectī harēnā optāta brevī potītī sunt. emerged and-all by-small-boats carried beach longed-for soon gained
Līberī, sī licuisset, libentissīmē in harēnā lūsissent. Sed pater properāre iussit, Children if it-had-been-allowed very-willingly in sand would-have-played but father to-hurry ordered
nē quid morae126 esset hospitī optimō, quī iam praeierat ad raedās, quās ad lītūs prōdūxerat, lest any delay there-should-be to-host excellent who now had-gone-ahead to chariots which to shore had-brought
quō celerius Cornēlius ceterīque veherentur ad vīllam suam, quae satis longē ab urbe aberat.so-that more-qickly Cornelius and-others should-be-conveyed to villa his which quite far from city was-away
A reconstructed Roman country villa at Longen in the Rhineland
Quō cum ventum esset, līberī gaudiō ēlātī discurrērunt, ut bovēs, ovīs, cēteraque omnia There when come it-had-been children with-joy elated ran-off so-that cattle sheep and-other-things all
vidērent, quae in fundō habēbantur. Brevī autem revocātī sunt, ut cibum caperent; nam they-could-see which on farm were-kept soon however called-back they-were so-that food they-could-take for
126 quid morae: literally `anything of delay’
imprānsī ē navī ēgressī erant.without-having-lunch from ship disembarked they-had.
Post prandium Cornēlius ad urbem redīre coāctus est, ut quaedam cūrāret, priusquam After lunch Cornelius to city to-return forced was so-that certain-things he-could-manage before
Rōmam iter tendere inciperet. Līberī interim omnēs in partēs per fundum dēnuō errābant; to-Rome journey to-make he-began children meanwhile all in directions through farm continually were-wondering
sed postrēmō defessī sē recēpērunt in umbram arborum, ubi Anna servābat Lūcium, quī but finally tired-out themselves took-back into shade of-trees where Anna was-looking-after Lucius who
sēcum in herbā lūdēbat.on-own in grass was-playing
Tum Sextus: "Spērō, Anna cāra," inquit, "tē nōn adhūc nōbīs īrātam esse propter ea Then Sextus I-hope Anna dear says you not still with-us angry to-be because of those-things
quae ego heri imprūdēns dīxī. Lūdendō nōs iam dēfessī sumus. Nōnne vīs aliquid nārrāre dē which I yesterday unwisely said from-playing we now tired-out are Don’t you-wish something to-tell about
bellātōribus aut dē rē quāvīs aliā?" warriors or about thing any-you-like other
At Anna: "Heri īrā incēnsa sum," inquit, "quod ea, quae nārrāveram, in sacrīs librīs But Anna yesterday with-anger burning I-was said because the-things which I-had-related in sacred books
nostrīs scrīpta sunt. Sī eōs lūdibriō habitūrus es, nihil posthāc vōbīs nārrābō." our written are if them as-laughing-stock going-to-take you-are nothing after-this to-you I-will-tell
"Nolī timēre," inquit Sextus. "Omnīnō nihil ita habēbimus." Don’t be-afraid said Sextus at-all nothing in-that-way we-will-take
"Tum," inquit Anna, "aliquid nārrāre cōnābor: Priscīs temporibus gēns nostra in Aegyptō Then said Anna something to-relate I-will-try in-former times nation our in Egypt
retinēbātur sub dūrō imperiō rēgis illīus regiōnis, cīvibusque meīs labōrēs multī et gravēs was-kept under harsh rule of-king of-that region and-on-compatriots my labours many and heavy
impositī sunt. Cotīdiē laterum numerum certum coquere coactī, postrēmō sunt iussī laterēs imposed were daily of-bricks number certain to-make forced finally they-were ordered bricks
etiam sine stipulā cōnficere." even without straw to-make
"Rēgem quam inhūmānum!" inquit Cornēlia. "Quō modo hominēs miserrimī tantam King how inhumane said Cornelia how people very-wretched such-great
At Anna: "Diū nōn habēbant quid facerent. Sed postremō inter eōs exortus est dux, But Anna for-long-time not they-had what they-could-do but finally among them arose leader
Moysēs appellātus, quī eīs persuāsit ut clam fugerent, et in terram longinquam migrārent."
Moses called who them persuaded that secretly they-should-flee and into land distant migrate
The Israelites crossing the Red Seahttp://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-goshen-red-sea.htm
"Quid fēcit rēx," inquit Cornēlia, "cum haec audīvisset?" What did king said Cornelia when these-things he-had-heard
"Ille," inquit Annā, "ut prīmum cognōvit nostrōs effūgisse, exercitum in ūnum locum He said Anna when first he-learned our-people to-have-escaped army into one place
cōgī iussit, et quam celerrimē cum equitibus profectus est ut fugientēs exciperet." to-be-gathered ordered and as-possibly as-quickly with cavalry he set out so-that those-fleeing he-could-catch
At Cornēlia: "Spērō eum consequī nōn potuisse." But Cornelia I-hope him to-catch-up not to-have-been-able
"Mox audiēs," inquit Annā. "Dum exercitus rēgius cōgitur, nostrī advēnērunt ad mare Soon you-will-hear said Anna while army royal was-being-assembled our-people arrived at sea
angustum, quod iter plānē occlūdēbat. Sed forte tum ventus maximus, subitō coortus, aquam narrow which route clearly was-blocking but by-chance then wind very-great suddenly having-arisen water
tantā vī reppulit, ut via lāta per undās pateret; quā omnēs incolumēs ad lītus ulterius with-such-great force pushed-back that way broad through waves lay-open by-which all safe to shore further
pervēnērunt."127
reached
"Optimē factum!" inquit Sextus. "Interim quid faciēbat rēx?" Very-well done said Sextus meanwhile what was-doing king
127 The Hebrew phrase yam suf (ַים-סּוף), traditionally translated `Red Sea’, may actually have meant `Sea of Reeds’ and could refer to some other body of water or to a marshy area as well as to the Red Sea itself. Whilst one theory holds that a storm surge of the the type described in this passage might actually have occurred, most scholars consider the whole Exodus narrative unhistorical (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea)
Tum Anna: "Rēx, cum eōdem pervēnisset, viam per mare patefactam attonitus vīdit. Quā Then Anna king when to-same-place had-arrived way through sea laid-open amazed saw by-which
autem ut ipse cum suīs trānsīre cōnātus est, ventō subitō dēficiente, aqua in locum rediit, however as he-himself with own-men to-cross tried with-wind suddenly failing water into place returned
rēxque ūna cum equitibus suīs marī submersus est." and-king together with cavalry his in sea submerged was
"Ad ūnum omnēs," inquit Annā. "Nostrī autem interim ad loca dēserta properābant; ubi To [last]one all said Anna our-men however meanwhile to places deserted kept-hurrying where
multōs annōs errāvērunt, dōnec pervēnērunt in regiōnem, ubi ego nāta sum." many years they-wandered until they-arrived in region where I born was
"Ibi tandem spērō omnia eīs ēvēnisse fēlīciter," inquit Cornēlia, "et post tantōs There finally I-hope all-things for-them to-have-turned-out happily said Cornelia and after so-many
labōrēs eōs placidā pāce quiēvisse." labours them in-calm peace to-have-rested
Sed Anna: "Longē aliter rēs ēvēnit. Nam Palaestīnī, gēns bellicōsissima, tum eam terram But Anna far differently thing turned-out for Palestinians nation most-warlike then that land
incolēbant; quibuscum multōs annōs bella atrōciter sunt gesta. Postrēmō autem hāc regiōne inhabited with-whom for-many years wars terribly were waged finally however of-this region
Dum haec nārrantur, accessit Pūblius. Quem cum rīdentem animadvertisset, Sextus: While these-things were-being-told came-up Publius whom when smiling he-had-noriced Sextus
"Quid est, frāter?" inquit. "Sī quid novī128 factum est, nobīs dīc, obsecrō." What is-it brother asked if anything new don has-been to-us say I-beg
Tum Pūblius: "Modo in viā obvius fuī129 cuidam hominī, quī tantō aere aliēnō130 Then Publius just-now on way I-met a-certain man who by-so-great debt
opprimēbātur, ut omnia bona sua vēndere vellet. Itaque auctiōnem ubīque conclāmābat." was-oppressed that all goods his to-sell he-wanted and-so auction everywhere he-was-proclaiming
"Quō modō auctiō conclāmābātur?" inquit Cornēlia. In-what way auction was being-proclaimed asked Cornelia
"Hoc modo," inquit Pūblius: 'Auctiō fīet māne diē tertiō. Vēnībunt servī, supellēx, in-this way said Publius auction will-happen in-morning on-day third will-be-sold slaves furniture
fundī, aedēs; omnia vēnībunt praesentī pecūniā. Vēnībit uxor quoque, sī quis ēmptorfarms house all-things will-be-sold for-ready cash will-be-sold wife also if any buyer
"Hominem īnfēlīcem!" inquit Annā. "Verī simile131 est eī esse uxōrem procācem. Sī ita Man unfortunate said Anna probable is to-him to-be wife nagging if thus
rēs sē habet, crēdō eum omnia vēndere velle, ut aliquō exsulātum abeat." situation itself has I-believe him all-things to-sell to-wish so-that to-some-place to-live-in-exile he-could-go-away
Iam autem tempus cēnae erat. Itaque omnēs libenter ad tēcta sē recēpērunt, cum interim Now however time for-dinner was and-so all gladly to house themselves while meantime
Pūblius saepius sēcum: "Ab ōvō usque ad mālā."132 Publius quite-often to-himself from egg right-up to apples
"Quid tēcum totiēns loqueris, Publī?" inquit Sextus. What to-yourself so-many-times are-you-saying Publius asked Sextus
"Dīcō mē tam male ēsurīre," inquit Pūblius, "ut etiam serpentium ōva edere possim." I’m-saying myself so badly to-be-hungry said Publius that even of-serpents eggs eat I-could
"Vah!" inquit Cornēlia. "Cūr puerī tam foeda semper comminīscuntur? Tālia nōn diūtius Waah said Cornelia why boys such disgusting-things always think-up such-things not longer
audiam." Quae cum dīxisset, celeriter intrō praecucurrit. I-will-hear whicg-things when she-had-said quickly inside she-ran-ahead
Interim pater, Brundisiō reversus, sēcum addūxerat quendam L. Torquātum, familiārem Meanwhile father from-Brundisium having-returned with-himhad-brought a-certain Lucius Torquatus close-friend
veterem, quī forte in oppidō sē obtulerat133; cui, etsī in Siciliam properābat, Cornēlius old who by-chance in town self had-presented whom although to Sicily he-was-hurrying Cornelius
facile persuāserat ut ūnam noctem morārī vellet, quō134 melius amīcitia prīstina eaily had-persuaded that one nioght to-delay he-should-be-willing so-that better friendship former
renovārētūrcould-be-renewed
131 vērī simile: literally `like true thing’. This and similar phrases (vērī similiter, `probably’, etc.) were also sometimes written as single words.132 Eggs were often served as starters at Roman dinners and fruit at the end.133 sē offerre (literally `to offer oneself’) is equivalent to `turn up’134 quō is used instead of ut if the purpose clause includes a comparative adjective or adverb.
CAPUT X
Posteā, mēnsīs remōtīs, cum lūmina accēnsa essent, Torquātus, quī iam sermonī Afterwards with-tables removed when lights lit had-been Torquatus who now for-conversation
vacābat, ab omnibus interrogātus est dē itineribus suīs; nam longē et lātē terrā marīque iter was-free by all interrogated was about journeys his for far and wide on-land and-sea journey
solēbat facere, ac multa iūcunda et mīrābilia nārrāre poterat. he-was-accustomed to-make and many interesting and strange-thiongs to-narrate was-able
Ac Pūblius: "Sī nūper," inquit, "per mare septentriōnāle nāvigāstī,135 nōs docē, sīs, num And Publius if recently said through sea northern you-have-sold us tell please if
ea vēra sint, quae apud Tacitum leguntur dē illō latere mundī."136
those-things true are which in Tacitus are-read about that side of-world
"Ego vērō," inquit Torquātus, "nūper iter maximum sub septentriōnēs137 fēcī; ac magna I indeed said Torquatus recently jouney very-great under the northern-stars made and great
ex parte vērā esse eā repperī, quae apud Tacitum sunt." In part true to-be those-things I-have-found which in Tacitus are
The Plough (Big Dipper)https://www.pinterest.com/pin/336362665904987039/?lp=true
"Vērēne igitur dīcuntur diērum spatia ibi maiōra esse quam in Italiā?" inquit Pūblius. Correctly therefore are-said of-days lengths there greater to-be than in Iraly asked Publius
135 nāvigāstī is a contraction of nāvigāvistī136 Publius is referring to Tacitus’s Germānia, which was written at the end of the 1st century A.D., about 40 years before the time at which the novel is set (138 A.D.)137 The noun septentriōnēs (literally `the seven waggoners’) refers to the constellation known in Britain as the Plough and in America as the Big Dipper and forming part of the larger Great Bear constellation. The adjective septentriōnālis, -e thus means `northern’.
"Ita vērō," inquit Torquātus. "Quīn etiam in Britanniā noctēs interdum tam sunt brevēs, Yes indeed said Torquatus Indeed even in Britain nights sometimes so are short
ut in extrēmā parte īnsulae vix fīnem et initium diēī internōscere possīs. Ac sī nūbēs nōn that in furthest part of-island scarcely end and beginning of-day distinguish you-could and if clouds not
officiant,138 quīdam adfirmant sōlis fulgōrem per noctem tōtam aspicī posse, neque eum get-in-way certain-people claim of-sun brightness through night whole be-seen can and-not it
occidere et surgere, sed velut transīre."139 to-set and to-rise but as-it-were to-transit
"Pāpae!" inquit Sextus. "Nōlim diēs tam longōs esse. ' Puerīne ibi ad sōlis occāsum in Wow said Sextus I-wouldn’t-like days so long to-be are-boys there till sun’s setting in
lūdō retinentur?"school retained
"Apud Britannōs," inquit Torquātus rīdēns, "puerī equitant, et armīs mīlitāribus Among Britons said Torquarus smiling boys ride-horses and with-weaplons military
exercentur. Ibi haec studia maximō in honōre sunt."are-trained there these studies greatest in honour are
"Puerōs fēlīcēs!" inquit Sextus. "Exīstīmō mē aliquandō in illam īnsulam beātam Lucky boys said Sextus I-think myself some-time to that island blessed
migrātūrum." going-to-migrate
The aquilifer leads Caesar’s troops ashore in Kent, in late August, 55 B.C.
138 The subjunctive is used because the sī clause is within a reported statement,139 The `Midnight Sun’, of course, occurs only within the Artic Circle. At John O’Groats, the most northerly point of the Brtish mainland, the shortest night lasts 6 hours 23 minutes.
"Ego vellem adfuissem,"140 inquit Pūblius, "cum Caesar prīmum Britanniam attigit. I would-like to-have-been-present said Publius when Caesar first Britain reached
Quantā fuit virtūte ille signifer,141 quī in flūctūs dēsiluit suōsque in hostēs dūxit!" With-what-great was courage that standard-bearer who into waves jumped and-own-men into enemy led
"Rēs ibi hodiē longē aliter sē habent," inquit Torquātus. "Nullī bellātōrēs barbarī, in Things there today far differently themselves have said Torquarus no warriors barbarian on
lītōre congregātī, advenās harēnā prohibent. Sed ubīque tūtō mercātōrēs commeant ultrō shore gathered strangers from-beach keep-off but everywhere safely merchants travel to
citrōque."and-fro
"Aliāsne quoque in partēs iter nūper fecistī?" inquit Cornēlius. Have-other also to parts josurney recently made asked Cornelia
"Maximē vērō," inquit Torquātus. "Ē Britanniā profectus, usque ad Suionēs142 pervēnī. Most-certainly indeed said Torquatus from Britain setting-out right-up to Suiones I-reached
Ibi quoque noctēs tam brevēs sunt ut sōlis fulgor stēllās obscūret. Quīn etiam aliquōs audīvī, There also nights so short are that of-sun brightness stars obscures indeed even some I-have-heard
cum dīcerent sē sōlis currum ē marī ēmergentem audīsse,143 atque fōrmās quoque when they-said themselves of-sun chariot from sea emerging to-have-heard and shapes also
equōrum vīdisse et capitis radiōs." 144 of-horses to-have-seen and of-head rays
"Illud est maius quam ut ego crēdam," inquit Sextus. "Tūne, pater, tālia crēdis?" That is more than that I could-believe said Sextus Do-you father such-things believe
"Illud quidem vix crēdibile est," inquit Cornēlius. "Sed, Torquāte, cum loca tam multa That indeed scarcely believable is said Cornelius but Torquartus since places so many
adieris, age nunc, itinera tua ōrdine audiāmus." Quā cohortātiōne inductus, Torquātus you-have-been-to come-on now journeys your in-order let-us-hear by-which urging influenced Torquatus
140 Literally `I would wish I would have been’141 Referring to the aquilifer (`eagle carrier’) of the 10th Legion, who jumped into the water when his comrades were hesitating. The incident is related by Caesar himself (Dē Bellō Gallicō, IV: 25) and the text and translation are included in the BRITANNIA ROMANA presentation (britannia.ppt) available at https://linguae.weebly.com/latin--greek.html A fuller extract from Caesar’s account of the invasion is included in the AP selections (see https://linguae.weebly.com/caesar.html) 142 The Suiones were a North Germanic tribe and the name is probably related to old Norse Sviar, from which `Swede’ derived and which may itself come from proto-Germanic *sweba (`free, independent’) or *gwesion (`kinsmen’). The Suiones may at this time have lived on the islands off the coast north of present-day Stockholm and on the Aland islands which are today Swedish speaking but politically part of Finland, See Kemp Malone, `The Suiones of Tacitus’, The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 46, No. 2 (1925), pp. 170-176 https://www.jstor.org/stable/289144?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 143 audisse: short for audīvisse144 Referring presumably to the rays depicted around Apollo’s (or Sol/Helius’s) had. The myths variously equate Apollo himself with the sun or view the latter as a separate deity. Sextus and Cornelius’s scepticism is particularly well justified as the sun appears to set into the Atlantic rather than rise from it!
ōrdinem exposuit itinerum suōrum, ab eō tempore exōrsus, quō eum novissimē vīderant. sequence set-forth of-journies his from that time starting at-which him last they –has-seen
Baltic region showing location of the Aland Islandshttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Baltic_Sea_map.png
Iam autem līberīs erat tempus cubitum eundī; ac Sextus et Cornēlia perinvītī cum mātre But now for-children was time to-bed of-going and Sextus and Cornelia very-unwilingly with mother
in conclāvia proxima sē recēpērunt. Tum Sextus: "Perrārō, māter, tū aliquid nōbīs nārrās. into rooms neighbouring themselves withdrew then Sextus very-rarely mother you anything to-us tell
Minimē somnīculōsī sumus, et libentissimē ā tē fābulam audiāmus."Not-at-all sleepy we-are and most-gladly from you story we-would-hear
"Sī paucīs verbīs contentī eritis," inquit Drūsilla, "dē leōne fābulam vōbīs nārrābō." If with-a-few words content you-will-be said Drusilla about lion story to-you I-will-tell
"Euax!" inquit Sextus. "Spērō rem fore cruentam, ut Cornēliā arte dormiat." Hurrah said Sextus I-hope story going-to-be bloody so-that Cornelia soundly can-sleep
"Nolī timēre, Cornēlia," inquit māter. "Nihil sanguinis effundētur." Don’t be-afraid Cornelia said mother no blood will-be-shed
"Sanguinis iactūram145 ego dolēō," inquit Sextus; "sed audiāmus."of-blood loss I am-sorry said Sextus but let-us-listen
Tum Drūsilla: "Ōlim, cum Rōmae spectācula ēderentur magna, et multae bēstiae Then Drusilla once when at-Rome shows were-being-put-on great and many beastd
145 Sextus means, of course, the absence of bloodshed from the story
immānēs in harēnam immitterentur, quīdam hominēs miserī, capitīs damnātī, ēlectī erant, huge into arena were-being-sent certain men wretched to-death condemned chosen had-been
quī cum hīs mōnstrīs dēpugnārent;146 in quibus erat servus, quī Androclēs appellābātur.147 who with these monsters might-fight among whom was slave who Androcles was-called
"Maximē cōnspicuus in harēnā erat leō eximius, quī aliās bēstiās omnēs vīribus et Very conspicuous in arena was lion enormous who other beasts all in-strength and
magnitūdine corporis longē superābat, quīque terrificō fremitū oculōs omnium spectātōrum in size of-body far surpassed and-who with-terrible roaring eyes of-all spectators onto
sē saepe convertit. Is leō, cum Androclem aspexisset, prīmō quasi admīrāns paulisper stetit, himself often turned this lion when Androcles it-had-noticed first as-if in-wonderment for-a-while stood
tum lēniter et placidē ad eum accessit; deinde caudam mōre canum clēmenter et blandē then slowly and calmly to him approached then tail in-manner of-dogs gently and coaxingly
movēre coepit, ac postrēmō manūs hominis perterritī linguā suā permulcēbat.to-move began and finally hands of-man terrified with-tongue its began-stroking
tam mīrābiliter ēī pepercisset. Tum Androclēs rem mīrandam nārrāvit. so strangely him had-spared then Androlces story amazing told
"Nam, ut dīcēbat, multō ante in Āfricā fuerat, cum dominus eam prōvinciam For as he-said much earlier in Africa he-had-been when master that province
prōcōnsulārī imperiō obtinēret; cuius crūdēlitāte coāctus in loca dēserta postrēmō refūgit, ubi with-proconsular power held whose by-cruelty compelled into places deserted finally he-fled where
"Brevī autem, subitō experrēctus, sēnsit leōnem ingentem in spēluncam intrāsse. PrīmōSoon however suddenly having-awoken he-realised lion huge into cave to-have-entered
perterritus spem omnem salūtis dīmīsit; tum autem animadvertit leōnem claudum esse ex terrified hope all of-safety he-abandoned then however he-noticed lion limping to-be from
spīnā magnā, quae in pede dēfīxa erat. from-thorn large which in foot thrust had-been
"Interim bēlua lēniter accessit et sublātum pedem ostendit, quasi hominis opem ita Meanwhile beast slowly approached and raised paw showed as-if man’s help thus
146 Subjunctive relative clause of purpose where English would use an infinitive (` they had been chosen to fight’).147 The story of Androcles and the lion was included by the Hellenized Egyptian scholar Apion (c.25 B.C. – A.D. 46) in his lost work Aegyptiaca (`Wonders of Egypt’) and survived because the Roman writer Aulus Gellius (c.125 – 180 A.D.) reproduced it in his literary miscellany Noctes Atticae (Bk. V: 14) . Apion, who claimed to have witnessed the event in the arena, was an Alexandrian best known for Homeric scholarship and for polemics against the Jews (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apion). The story is retold in simple Latin by Justin Bailey in one of his Latin Listening Project videos (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2wYN3q2138)
peteret. Tum Androclēs, quamvīs perturbātus, spīnam dētrāxit; et deinde per triennium et he-was-seeking then Androcles although alarmed thorn pulled-out and then for three-years both
homō et leō in spēluncā habitāvērunt, cum interim leō cottīdiē vēnātum abīret, et homō, quī man and lion in cave lived whilst meantime lion every-day to-hunt left and man who
ignis cōpiam habēret nūllam, carnem merīdiānō torrēret sōle. of-fire means-of-making had no meat in-midday use-to-roast sun.
Androcles extracting the thornhttps://www.eileenogrady.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Androcles-and-the-lion.jpg
"Sed ōlim Androclēs, quī forte ē spēluncā exierat, ā mīlitibus comprehēnsus ad But once Androcles who by-chance from cave had-gone-out by soldiers seized to
dominum Rōmam missus est; ubi, ut fugitīvus, ad bēstiās est damnātus. Quō modō factum est [his] master to-Rome sent-out was where as a run-away to beasts he-was condemned in-this way it-happened
ut leō, quī quoque interim captus erat, in harēnā amīcum prīstinum laetus agnōsceret." that lion who also meanwhile captured had-been in arena friend old happily recogmised
Dum haec nārrantur, Pūblius, quī librum quendam quaerēbat, in conclāve intrāverat, While these-things were-being-told Publius who book a-certain was-looking-for into room had-entered
et ille: "Cum tālia dē bestiīs audiō," inquit, "admoneor dē verbīs poētae Vergilī, quī cecinit and he since such-things about beasts I-hear said I-am-reminded about words of-poet Virgil who sang
quam mīrandae rēs futūrae essent, cum iterum aetās aurea in terrās rediisset: "148
what wonderful things going-to-be were when again age golden to the-lands had-returned
148 The quotation is of lines 21-2 from Virgil’s 4th Eclogue (pastoral poem),written in 40 B.C. which imagines a golden age arriving sfter the civil wars. Many Christian writers have linked the poem with Isaiah’s prophecies of the Messiah but there is no evidence that Virgil was aquainted with these and the poet might have had in mind a child of Octavian himself, of his sister or of C.Asinius Pollio, a consul of that year, to whom the poem was dedicated. For detailed discussion see Conington’s commentary at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175010811340;view=1up;seq=77
'Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae Themselves with milk home will-bring distended she-goats
Ūbera, nec magnōs metuent armenta leōnēs.'149
Udders nor great will-fear herds lions
" Ac Cornēlia: "Et ego admoneor," inquit, "dē fābulā, quam Anna nūper dē vāte nārrāvit, And Cornelia and I am-reminded said about story which Anna recently about prophet told
quī incolumīs in spēluncā leōnum plēna noctem perēgit." Tum, cum grātiae matrī actae who safe in cave 100 of-lions full night passed then when thanks to-mother paid
essent, līberī cubitum150 iērunt.had-been children to-bed went
149 The case endings show that distenta is to be taken with ūbera and magnōs with leōnēs.150 cubitum is the supine of cubō (cubāre, cubuī), `recline’, `lie asleep’ used with a verb of motion to express purpose. The liireral translation would thus be `went to lie down to sleep;.
CAPUT XI
Prīma lūcē, cum Crassō bonō et Torquātō "valē" dīxissent, viātōrēs Appiā via Tarentum versus At-first light when to-Crassus good and Torquatus goodbye they-had-said travellers by-Appian Way Tarentum towards
profectī sunt; atque ante sōlis occāsum iter vīgintī mīlium passuum151 cōnfēcerant.
set-out and before sun’s setting jorney twenty of-thousands of-paces had-completed
Posterō diē longē progressī erant ā vīcō, ubi noctem proximam ēgerant, cum subitō rota On-next day far adavanced they-had from village where night previous they-had-spent when suddenly wheel
solūta est. Quārē Stasimus ad vīllam haud procul est remissus, ut inde opem peteret. came-off therefore Stasimus to villa not far was sent-back so-that from-there help he-could-seek
Ubi omnēs ē raedīs dēscendērunt, līberī per prāta lūdēbant laetī, cum interim Drūsillā When all from carriages desceded children all-over meadows started-playing happily while meantime Drusilla
et Anna cum Lūciō sub arboribus prope viam sedēbant. Tum Cornēlia: "Sine, sīs, māter," and Anna with Lucius under trees near road were-sitting then Cornelia allow please mother
inquit, "Annam nōs comitarī, dum paulō līberius vagāmur. Nam prāta undique flōrum said Anna us to-accompany while a-little more-freely we-wander for meadows on-all-sides of-flowerx
pulcherrimōrum plēna sunt, quōs carpere volō." most-beautiful full are which to-pick I-want
The Via Appia near RomePhoto by Carole Reddato ( https://www.ancient.eu/image/3055/via-appia/)
151 A thousand paces equalled one Roman mile, hence the derivation of the word `mile’ itself.
"Fīat," inquit Drūsilla. "Sed cavēte nē longius abeātis.152 Nam latrōnēs hīc vagārī Alright said Drusilla but be-careful not to-far to-go-away for bandits here to-prowl
dīcuntur; neque vōs vī auferrī volō. Interim ego hīc in umbrā cum Lūciō morābor." are-said nor you by-force to-be-carried-off I-want meanwhile I here in shade with Lucius will-remain
Sextus autem, quī flōrēs minimī faciēbat, circumspicere coepit, quō modo tempus Sextus however who flowers not-at-all valued to-look-around began what-way time
commodius tereret,153 ac subitō aspexit Onēsimum, quī prope segetem consopītus humī154 more-conveniently he-could-pass and suddenly sighted Onesimus who near crops sound-asleep on-ground
iacēbat supīnus. was-lying on-his-back
Quārē fūrtim aggressus, repente magnā vī lapidem in segetem iēcit. Quō sonō audītō, Therefore stealthily havng-approached suddenly with-great force stone into crops he-threw with-which sound heard
Onēsimus exsiluit et: "Quid factum est, Sexte?" inquit. "Stasimusne iam ē vīllā rediit?" Onesimus leapt-up and what done was Sextus said Has-Stasimus already from villa returned
"Brevī aderit," inquit Sextus. "Sed ego, cum forte tē hīc consopītum iacēre aspexissem, Soon he-will-be-here said Sextus but I when by-chance you here sound-asleep tobe-lying had-seen
anguem ingentem per segetem hūc repentem vīdī, cuius oculī sanguine et ignī suffūsī erant, snake huge through crops to-here creeping saw whose eyes with-blood and fire suffused were
maxima habenda est, quod ego tam opportūnē adfuī." greatest to-be-given are because I so opportunely came-on-scene
A Roman raeda (wagon with a removable canvas top)http://www.vroma.org/~araia/raeda.html
"Anguis vestīgium nūllum inveniō," inquit Onēsimus, quī iam fustī segetem magnā cum
152 Literally: `be careful so that you may not…’153 i.e began looking aorund to see how he might…’ The clause is in the subjunctive as a reported question within the main sentence.154 humī is in the locative. This noun is one of three non-place-names that are regularly used in this case, the others being rūs (>rūrī, in the countryside) and domus (> domī, at home).
Of-snake trace no I-find said Onesimus who now with-stick crop great with
cūrā scrūtābātur; "neque vērō ego dormiēbam, cum tū lapidēs iēcistī. Oculōs tantum wirh-care was-prodding nor ideed I was-sleeping when you stones threw eyes only
condideram, quia clārior erat lūx." I-had-shut because rather-bright was light
"Quō modō igitur accidit," inquit Sextus, "ut tē tam quiētum tenērēs?" In-what way therefore did-it-happen said Sextus that yourself so quiet you-were-keeping
At ille: "Audiēbam," inquit, "quid in segete avēs loquerentur." But he I-was-listening-to he-said what in crops birds were-saying
"Quid est hoc quod ā tē audiō?" inquit Sextus. "Num avēs loquī possunt?" What is this which frok you I-hear said Sextus surely-not birds to-speak are-able
Et Onēsimus: "Sīc trāditum est," inquit. "Id saltem quōdam in lībrō lēgī." And Onesimus thus handed-down it-has-been said that at-least a-certain in book I-read
Tum: "Oho," inquit Sextus. "Numquam suspicābar tē quoque fābulās nārrāre posse. Dīc Then Oho said Sextus never I-suspected you also stories to-tell to-be-able speak
mihi, sīs, dē avibus, quae loquī possunt." to-me please about birds which speak can
"Ōlim," inquit Onēsimus, "erat avīs, quae in segetibus nīdum suum habēbat.155 Pullī Once said Onesimus was bird which in crops nest her had chicks
nōndum volāre potuērunt; quārē māter cotīdiē ībat cibum quaesītum.156 Quae cum abīret, not-yet to-fly were-able therefore mother daily went food to-look-for she when was--leaving
semper pullōs iubēbat, sī quid novī fieret, id animadvertere, ut sibi, cum redīsset, always chicks used-to-order l if anything of-new should-happen to-notice so-that to-her when she- had-returned
nūntiārent.they-might-tell
"Diū nihil novī accidit; sed postrēmō dominus segetum ad locum accessit, ubi nīdus For-long-time nothing of-new happened but at-last owner of-crops to place came-up where nest
latēbat, et fllīō vocātō: 'Vidēsne,' inquit, 'frūmentum iam esse mātūrum? Quārē abī statim, wad-hidden ane with-son called do-you-see said corn now to-be ripe therefore leave at-once
amīcosque nostros rogā ut ad frūmentum metendum nōs crās adiuvent.' Haec ubi dīxit, and-friends our ask that for corn being-reaped us tomorrow they-help these-things when he-said
discessit. he-left
"Mātrī, cum redīsset, pullī perterritī omnia nārrāvērunt, ac vehementer eam ōrābant ut To-mother when she-had-returned chicks terrified all-things told and stongly her begged that
155 This story, usually referred to as `The Lark and the Farmer’, is one of Aesop’s fables and survived in different ancient sources. See http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/325.htm156 The supine (here from quaerō, -ere, quaesīvī, quaesītum) expresses purpose after a verb of motion.
statim tūtum in locum dēdūcerentur. Illa autem eōs otīōsō animō esse iussit: 'nam,' inquit, 'sī at-once safe into place they-be-led-away she however them at-ease with-mind to-be told for she-said if
amīcōrum operam dominus exspectat, nec crās frūmentum metētur, neque hodiē necesse est ut of-friends work owner is-waiting-for neither tomorrow corn will-be-reaped nor today necessary is that
vōs in alium locum dēdūcam.' You into other place I-take-away
"Posterō diē dominus māne in agrīs praestō erat. Sōl fervet, it diēs, amīcī autem nūllī On-next day owner in-morning in fields ready was sun is-hot goes-on day friends however no
veniunt. Tum ille rūrsus fīlīō : 'Abī,' inquit; 'cognātōs et adfīnēs rogā, ut crās prīmā lūce ad come then he again to-son go-off he-said relatives and in-laws ask that tomorrow at-first light for
metendum adsint.'reaping they-be-present
"Haec quoque matrī pullī nūntiant; illa autem eōs hortātur ut sine metū sint. Nec rēs eam These-things also o-mother chicks tell she however them encourages that without fear they-be nor thing her
fefellit; nam cognatī et adfīnēs nihilō alacrius ad metendum vēnērunt.157 deceived for blood-relatives and in-laws in-no-way more-enthusiastically for reaping came
"Quārē fllīō dominus īrātus: 'Valeant,' inquit, 'amīcī et propinquī. Tū autem crās Therefore to-son owner angry fare-well said friends and relations you however tomorrow
"Haec ubi ex pullīs māter audīvit: 'Tempus est abeundī,' inquit; 'nam sine dubiō id These-things when from chicks mother heard time it-is for-leaving she-said for without doubt that
nunc fīet, quod ille dīxit.' " now will-happen which that-man siad
"Ista certē est fābula īnsōlīta," inquit Sextus; "nec satis intellegō, quō illa pertineat. that-of-yours certainly is story unusual said Sextus nor enough I-undertand to-what it is-relevant
Quid significat, obsecrō?" What doess-it.mean I-beg[-you]
"Tribus verbīs,"158 inquit Onēsimus, "fābula haec docet: 'Suam quisque rem optimē In-three words said Onesimus story this teaches their-own each-one affair best
cūrat'; nam neque amīcī nec propinquī dominum segetum tantī faciēbant, ut frūmentum eius looks-after for neither friends nor relatives owner of-crops so-highly valued that corn his
metere vellent. Sed nunc eāmus; nam raeda, ut vidētur, paene refecta est." to-reap were-willing but now let-us-go for carriage as it-seems almost repaired is
Quōs cum appropinquantēs animadverteret, Drūsilla omnīs in partēs sollicita prōspicere Them when approaching she-noticed Drusilla all in directions worried to-look
coepit, sī forte vidēret Cornēliam et Annam, quae iam diū aberant. Illae autem
157 More idiomatically: `showed no more enthusiasm.’ 158 i.e. `to put it briefly’
began if by-chance she-might-see Cornelia and Anna who now a-long-time had-been-away they however
arboribus tum contēctae sunt; sed brevī manibus plēnīs rediērunt. by-trees then concealed were but soon with-hands full returned
Drūsilla, cum violās līliaque candida vīdisset, rīdēns: "Metuēbam," inquit, "nē vōs in Drusilla when violets and-lilies white she-had seen smiling I-was-afraid said that you ito
eundem cāsum incīdissētis, quō Prōserpina ablāta est." same situation had-fallen in-which Proserpina taken-away was.
At Drūsilla: "Mātrī eius saltem satis malī ēvenit. Nam ōlim, cum Prōserpina, ut flōrēs But Drusilla to-mother of-her at-least enough of-bad happened for once when Proserpina so-that flowers
carperet, ūna cum puellls aliīs per prāta vagārētur sinumque complēvisset, subitō ē she-might-pick together with girls other through meadows was-wandering and-lap had-filled suddenly from
terrā ēmersit Plūtō, rēx īnferōrum, quī eam in currum suum sustulit. earth emerged Pluto king of-underworld who her into chariot his took-up
"Illa perterrita prīmō comitēs mātremque semel atque iterum vocāvit. Sed frūstrā; nam She terrified at-first comrades and-mother once and again called but in-vain for
deus in colla equōrum, nōmine quemque hortātus, habēnās excussit, rapidēque cum puellā the-god onto necks of-horses by-name each urging-on rains shook and-swiftly with girl
āvectus est." carried-away was
"Rem quam indignam!" inquit Cornēlia. "Ad īnferōsne puella īnfēlīx dēscendere coācta Thing how disgracefull said Cornelia to underworld girl unlucky to –descend forced
est?" was
"Ita vērō," inquit Drūsilla; "nam etsī nymph Cyanē raptōris curruī obstāre est cōnāta, Thus indeed said Drusilka for although nymph Cyane abductor’s chariot to-obstruct tried
Plūtō scēptrō terram maximā vī percussit, ictūque viam in Tartara fēcit, quā statim equī Pluto with-sceptre earth wirh-very-great force struck and-by-blow path into Tartarus made by-which at-once horses
et currus ē cōnspectū ablatī sunt. and chariot out-of sight carried-away were
"Tum per orbem terrārum longē et lātē māter maestissima vagāta est, neque usquam Then over circle of-lands far and wide mother very-sad wandered and-not anywhere
vestīgium fīliae āmissae reperiēbat, priusquam in fonte Cyanēs zōnam puellae forte trace of-daughter lost she-found before in spring of-Cyane girdle of-girl by-chance
animadvertit. Atque haud multō post ā nymphā Arethūsa certior facta est fīliam iam Plūtōnis she-noticed and not much later by nymph Arethusa more-certain made was daughter now of-Pluto
uxōrem esse et rēgīnam īnferōrum."
wife to-be and queen of-underworld
Cyane tries to stop the abduction of ProserpinaChristoph Schwarz (c.1548–1592)
"Ego quidem," inquit Cornēlia, "istī puellae nōn invideō; nec montēs aureōs merear, I indeed said Cornelia that girl not I-envy nor mountains of-gold would-I-take
ut in loca tam taetra ac terribilia dēscendam." so-that into places so dreadful and terrible I-should-go-down
Dum haec aguntur, omnia ad iter faciendum parāta sunt. Celeritāte iam erat Whilst these-things were-being-done all-things for journey being-made prepared were for-speed now was
opus; nam nox suberat, viaeque omnēs latrōnibus īnfēstae. Equī autem, morae impatientēs, need for night was-coming-on and-roads all by-bandits infested horses however of-delay impatient
libenter raedās dūcēbant; ac viātōrēs, etsī mox tenebrae incēdere coepērunt, tamen longē et gladly carriages were-pulling and travellers although soon darkness to-fall began still far and
lātē prōspicere poterant; nam, ut est apud Horātium Flaccum:159
wide to-see were-able for as is in Hoaratius Flaccus
"Nox erat et caelō fulgēbat lūna serēnō."160 Night it-was and in-sky swas-shining moon clear
Sed omnēs cūrā magnā sunt levatī, ubi dēnique moenia Tarentīna161 vīdērunt et in
159 i.e. Horace. The hexamter is line 1 ofEpodes 15 and the whole poem can be heard sung at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmrT2OCG12U 160 The dative endings show that serēnō goes with caelō.161 Tarentum (modern Taranto, capital ot the province of Apulia) was a Greek city, believed to hve ben founded in 706 B.C. by Spartan colonists. It was at one tme the major port in southern Italy but
But all frm-care great were relieved when finally walls Tarentine they-saw and into
urbem receptī sunt.city received were
Remains of the temple of Poseidon at Tarentumhttps://www.ancient.eu/image/7050/archaic-columns-tarentum/
CAPUT XIĪMultō māne Onēsimus ad portum missus est, ut quaereret, num quae nāvēs SyrācūsānaeEarly in-morning Onesimus to harbour sent was so-that he-might-enquire if any ships Syracusan
declined I importance after its conquest by Rome in 272 B.c. and the development of Brundisium.
nūper eō appulsae essent; nam Cornēlius litterās inde missās spērābat.recently to-there brought had-been for Cornelius a-letter from-there sent was-hoping-for
Sicily showing the location of Syracusehttp://www.robertvandermeer.nl/greeksicily.html
Sextus, cum haec mandāta audīret, patrī: "Mihi videor," inquit, "dē Syrācūsīs ōlim Sextus when these instructions he-was-hearing to-father to-myself I-seem said about Syracuse once
audīvisse. Nōnne est oppidum Siciliēnse?"to-have-heard not? is town Sicilian
"Rēctē dīcis," inquit pater. "Maxima est urbs, ubi tyrannus Dionȳsius162 multōs annōs Rightly you-say said father very-great is city where tyrant Dionysius many years
rēgnāvit. Ibi Archimēdēs quoque aetātem ēgit."reigned there Archimedes also lfe spent
"Nōndum dē Archimēde audīvī," inquit Sextus. "Eratne ille bellātor clārissimus?"Not-yet about Archimedes I-have-heard said Sextus Was? he warrior very-famous
At pater: "Minimē vērō," inquit. "Sed artīs geōmetricae et numerōrum perītissimus163 But father in-no-way indeed he-said but in-art of-geometry and of-mathematics most-skilled he-was
in fact scarcely anything-else he-cared-about and-when Syracuse by Romans was being-stormed ao erat ille
studiīs suīs intentus, ut fremitum et clāmōrēs mīlitum dissonōs nōn audīret, sed
162 Dionysius I, previously a successful general against Carthage, was tyrant (absolute ruler) of Syracuse from 405 to his death in 367. Though he made Syracuse the most powerful western Greek city, his harsh control at home rested on his employment of mercenaries rather than popular support. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse163 Literally `most famous of geometric art and of numbers.’ Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C.) was both an engineer and a brilliant mathematician, several of whose works have survived. His tomb at Syracuse was discovered by Cicero when serving as quaestor (financial administrator) in Sicily in 75 B.C. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes The Romans attacked Syracuse during the 2nd Punis War for fear it was about to join their Carthaginian enemies.
was he on-studies his intent that noise and shouting of-soldiers discordant not he-heard
interim in terrā līneās radiō scrīberet sēcūrus."meanwhile on ground lines with-rod was-writing free-of-care
"Bene certē eī erat, quī ita mala bellī oblīvīscī posset,"164 inquit Sextus. Good certainly for-him it-was who thus evils of-war to-forget was-able said Sextus
"Rēs autem haud fellciter ēvenit," inquit Cornēlius. "Nam mīles vagus, qul praedandīStory however not happily ended said Cornelius For soldier wandering who of-looting
causā in aedēs inrūperat, strictō gladiō eum interrogāvit, quisnam esset. Ille autem nihilfor-sake-od into house had-burst with-drawn sword him asked who he-was he however nothing
respondit, sed prōtēctō manibus pulvere:165 'Nolī,' inquit, 'circulōs meos turbāre.' Quō replied but covered with-hands dust do-not he-said circles ny disturb with-which
audītō, mīles, cum sē derīdērī putāret, Archimēdem gladiō percussit." heard soldier since himself to-be-made-fun-of he-thought Archimedes with-sword struck
Death of Archimedeshttps://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Death/DeathIllus.html
"Cāsum quam atrōcem!" inquit Sextus.Misfortune how terrible said Sextus
164 The subjunctive is used here in a relative clause of chacteristis. Sextus thinks it was lucky for Archimedes to be the kind of person who could remain oblivious of war around him.165 i.e. he stretched his hands out to protect the diagram he had drawn in the dust.
"Sīc omnibus vīsum est," inquit pater; "et dux Rōmānus166 suīs dīligenter praecēperat, Thus to-all it seemed said father and leader Roman to-his-men carefully had-given-orders
nē quis hominī tam doctō nocēret, etsī ille machinīs maximā sollertiā perfectīs victōriae that-nobody to-man so learned should-do-harm even-if he with-engines with-greatest skill built victory
Rōmānōrum multum obstiterat. Sed iam ego et Pūblius abitūrī sumus, ut theātrum of-Romans much had-obstructed but now I and Publius about-to-leave are so-that theatre
īnspiciāmus. Vīsne tū nobīscum īre?" we-may-look-at do-you-wish with-us to-go
"Maximē vērō," inquit Sextus. "Quam mox proficīscēmur Very-much indeed said Sextus How soon will-we-set-off?
"Pūblium iam diū exspectō," inquit Cornēlius; "atque opportūnē nunc accēdit. Publius already for-long-time I-have-been-expecting said Cornelius and conveniently now he’s approaching
Adde gradum, Publī; abīre volō." Speed up Publius to-leave I-want
"Invītus tibi in morā fuī," inquit Pūblius; "sed Stasimus iste scelestus coquum Unwillingly for-you in delay I-was said Publius but Stasimus that rogue cook
lūdificābat, et paulum āfuit quīn167 sēriō inter sē pugnārent. Abīrē noluī priusquam omnia was-makinf-fun-of and close-thing-it-was that not seriously with each other they-fought to-leave I-didn’t want before all-things
compōnerentur." were-settled
"Rēctē fecistī, mī fīlī," inquit Cornēlius, "atque tē laudō. Sed nunc properandum est, ut Correctly you-acted my son said Cornelius and you I-praise but now necessary to-hurry it-is so
hīc adsīmus, cum Onēsimus ē portū redībit." Quae cum dicta essent, alacrēs profectī sunt.here we-can-be-present when Onesimus from harbour returns this when said had-been briskly they set-off
Ad theātrum ubi perventum est,168 Pūblius et Sextus fundāmenta maxima et To theatre when arrived it-was Publius and Sextus foundations huge and
spectāculōrum169 amplitūdinem satis mīrarī nōn potuērunt, et Sextus: "Vix motū terrae," tiers-of-seats size enough to-be-wondered at not were-able and Sextus hardly by earth quake
inquit, "mōlem tantam cēnseō commovērī posse." said mass so-great I-consider to-be-shifted to-be-able
At pater: "Rēs certē ita sē habet. Sed alibī interdum subsellia tam temere īnstitūta sunt, But father matter certainly thus itself has but elsewhere sometimes seats so hastily installed have-been-
ut magnā cum clāde spectātōrum corruerent. Velut Fīdēnīs amphitheātrum ligneum īnstrūxit that great with fidaster of-spectators they-collapsed just-as at-Fidenae amphitheatre wooden constructed
166 This was was Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of Rome’s greatest generals, who fought in both the 1st and 2nd Punic Wars and against the Gauls. He lost a battle to Hannibal in southern Italy in 209 B.C. and died in an ambush the following year. See https://www.ancient.eu/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus/167 paulum āfuit..quīn (`it was little distant that not..’) with subjunctive = `it was narrowly avoided”168 Impersonal passive construction, functionally equivalent to French `Quand on est arrivé’.169 spectāculum usually means `show’ but can also be used for the spectators’ seats.
quīdam Atīlius, quī neque fundāmenta solida subdidit, neque firmīs nexibus trabēs coniūnxit; a-certain Atilius who neither foundations solid put-underneath nor with-firm links beams joined
cumque multitūdō omnis generis eō convēnisset spectāculōque gladiātōrum intenta esset, and-when multitude of-every sort there had-gathered and-to-show of-gladiators attentive was
subitō subsellia concidērunt; quō cāsū quīnquāgintā mīlia hominum aut vulnerāta aut suddenly seats fell-down in-which accident fifty thousand people either wounded or
"Pāpae!" inquit Pūblius. "Proelium atrōx vix plūs malī intulisset." Aiyaa said Publius battle terribly scarcely more evil would-have-brought
"Nōn sine causā hoc dīcis," inquit Cornēlius. "Faciēs enim urbis totīus mūtāta est, atque, Not without reason this you-say said Cornelius face for of-city whole changed was and
ut antīquitus post proelia fierī solēbat, sīc tum domūs cīvium nōbilium patuērunt et fōmenta as in-olden-times after battles to-happen was-accustomed thus then homes of-citizens noble lay-open and medicine
170 The collapse of the wooden amphitheatre at Fidenae in 27 A.D. is discussed in great detail from an engineering perspective at https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/physicshp/7/ and the resulting visual reconstruction can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tMl7BLiu4s The author suggests the death toll was around 37,000. The figure of 50,000 casualties is from Tacitus (Annnals, IV: 62) whilst Suetonius (Life of Tiberius 62) gives a total of 20,000, The stadium had apparently been erected I a hurry after the lifting of a ban on gladiatorial games by Tiberius (emperor from 14 to 37 A.D.)
ac medicī passim praebitī sunt. Interim hominēs metū pallidī inter acervōs cadāverum and doctors everywhere provided were meanwhile men with-fear pale among heaps of-corpses
dēmenter uxōrēs, līberōs, cognātōsque quaerēbant." madly wives children and-relatives were-seeking
Scaenae frons (background structure) and proscaenium (stage area) of the Roman theatre at Orange in southern France
https://www.crystalinks.com/rometheaters.htmlAt iam Sextus: "Quid, obsecrō," inquit, "est nōmen illī mūrō, quī tam altē ēminet?" But now Sextus what please said is name for-that wall which so high sticks up
"Prōscaenium171 vocātur," inquit pater. "Cuius ē fastīgīō Rōmae Nerō imperātor saepe Proscenium it-is-called said father of-this from top in-Rome Neto emperor often
lūdōs spectāvit. Cumque pantomīmī aemulī inter sē pugnārent, ille signifer simul games watched and-when mime-artists rival among themselves were-fighting he as-standard-bearer at-same-time
et spectātor proelīō aderat; atque ad manūs172 ubi ventum erat lapidibusque et subselliōrum and spectator in-battle was-present and to hands when come it-had and-with-stones and of-benches
fragmentīs contendēbant, tum et ipse multa iaciēbat in populum, atque ōlim etiam pieces they-were-fighting then also himself many-things he-started-throwing at the-people and once even
praetōris caput graviter vulnerāvit." of-praetor head seriously he-wounded
171 Strictly speaking, the prōscaenium was the stage and the structure behind it, which Cornelius is clearly referring to, was the scenae frōns. Confusion has arisen becaue of the use of the term `prosceniun arch’ for the framing structure at the front of the stage in many modern theatres.172 i.e fighting with their hands
"Lūdum lepidum!" inquit Sextus. "Vellem adfuissem, ut hominēs discurrentēs vidērem!" Game splendid said Sextus I-wish I-had-been-there so-that people running-off I-could-see
"Immō rem foedam, mī fīlī, et imperiō Rōmānō indignam," inquit Cornēlius. To-the-contrary thing disgraceful my son and of-empire Roman unworthy said Cornelius
"At," inquit Pūblius rīdēns, "imperātor ille, nisi fallor, nōn numquam173 ea sparsit in But said Publius smiling emperor that unless I’m-mistaken not never those-things scattered onto
populum, quae nēmō invītus reciperet, etsī iniecta erant." the-people which nobody unwillingly would-receive even-if thrown-at [them] they-had-been
"Vērum dīcis," inquit Cornēlius; "nam Lūdīs Maximīs174 populō dōna grātissima Truth you-speak said Cornelius for at the-Ludi Maximi to-the-people gifts most-pleasing
"Multī hominēs, crēdō," inquit Pūblius, "capita sua libenter praebeant vulneranda, Many people I-believe said Publius heads their gladly would-provide for-wounding
Statue from Asia Minor showing Nero crowned by his mother Agrippinadummodo aurum et gemmae prō tēlīs sint." provided gold and jwels for weapons were
173 Sometimes written as one word (nōnnumquam) and equivalent to `sometimes’174 The Ludi Maximi or Ludi Romani were celebrated in September, supposedly in commemoration of an early roman victory over a their Latin neighbours. They included gladiator shows and also dramatic performances
"Lūdōs aliquōs spectāre pervelim," inquit Sextus. "Nē histriōnēs quidem in scaenā Games some to-watch I-would-really-like said Sextus not actors even on stage
umquam vīdī. Nōnne spectācula lepida et iūcunda sunt?" ever I-have-seen Surely shoews splendid and enjoyable are
"Interdum et rīdicula," inquit pater. "Velut erat Fūfius quīdam, quī ōlim partēs mātris Sometimes also ridiculous said father for-example there-was Fufius a-certain who once part of-mother
dormientis agēbat. Brevī in scaenam prōcessit umbra fīlī inhumatī, quī mātrem ōrabat ut sleeping was-playing soon onto stage advanced ghost of-son unburioed who mother begged that
corpus sepelīret. Sed Fūfius, quī forte ēbrius erat, iam rē vērā dormiēbat; quārē neque umbram (his)body she-bury but Furius who by-chance drunk was now really was-sleeping thus neither ghost
audīre poterat nec quidquam respondit. Quō animadversō, spectātōrēs omnēs ūna vōce prō to-here he-was-able nor anything he-replied this having-been-noticed spectators all with-one voice for
umbrā vociferatī sunt: 'Māter, tē appellō.'"175 ghost shouted mother you I-am-calling
"Hahahae!" inquit Sextus. "Hoc certē lūculentum fuit." Ha-ha-ha said Sextus this certainly charming was
"Sed," inquit Cornēlius, "it diēs. Abeāmus igitur, sī forte Onēsimus iam ē portū But said Cornelius goes-on day Let’s-leave therefore in-case by-chance Onesimus now from harbour
redeat." is-returning
Ubi ad deversōrium ventum est, ā Drūsillā certiōrēs factī sunt Onēsimum nōndum When to inn came it-was by Drusilla informed they-were Onesimus not-yet
rediisse, et Cornēlius: "Multae nāvēs, ut opīnor," inquit, "nūper hūc appulsae sunt; et to-have-returned and Cornelius many ships as I-think said recently here docked have-been and
verī simile est Onēsimum aliquantō diūtius āfutūrum. Quārē omnibus, ut cuique libet, likely it-is Onesimus somewhat longer going-to-be-away so for-all as to-each it-pleases
Quae cum dicta essent, aliī in aliam partem176 discessērunt omnesWhich-things when said had-been in-various-directions departed all
175 The anecdote is told by the poet Horace (65-8 B.C.) in Satires II, 3, ll.60-62.176 Literally `others in other direction’, i.e. some in one direction, others in another.
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