Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 1 – Why Do People Migrate?Pgs. 78 - 85

1. Define emigration:

2. Define immigration:

Reasons for Migrating

3. What are push factors and pull factors?

4. Complete the chart below with specific examples of push and pull factors and where people are being pushed from and pulled to.

Push Factors Pull Factors

Economic

Cultural

Environmental

5. Define intervening obstacle:

6. Briefly describe the role of physical geography in examining intervening obstacles and migration.

7. Briefly describe the role of transportation in examining intervening obstacles and migration.

8. Briefly describe the role of political concerns/laws in examining intervening obstacles and migration.

Distance of Migration

9. Migration may be classified as either international or internal. What is the difference?

10. What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?

11. What types of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration (refugees)?

12. Briefly state what one would expect to occur, in terms of migration, in each stage of the demographic transition model, as it is applied to a migration transition.

MIGRATION TRANSITIONAs Applied to the Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 & 4

Characteristics of Migrants

13. Complete the following chart from the reading.

Characteristics of Migrants

Who?

Gender In the past…

Present trends…

Family Status? In the past & still today…

Recent changes…

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 2 – Where are Migrants Distributed?Pgs. 85 – 92

Global Migration Patterns

1. Read the section, and then make 5 summary statements regarding global migration patterns.

U.S. Immigration Patterns

2. Finish this statement: The world’s third most populous country (the U.S.) is inhabited overwhelmingly by…

3. In what stage of the Demographic Transition are most countries that send out immigrants?

4. Annotate the graph below from your reading of pages 86-88. Be sure to label all “peaks” and “valleys” (as indicated by arrows) as to where immigrants came from during that time or why there was a decline in immigration.

5. What are the 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?

6. What caused immigration from Latin America to the United States to increase?

7. Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the U.S. have not changed over time, what has changed here in the U.S.?

Impact of Immigration on the United States

8. Complete the chart below.

European Immigration

What were some of the causes of European immigration to the United States?

What were some of the important effects of European immigration to the U.S. and other world regions?

9. What are undocumented immigrants?

10. Where do most undocumented immigrants in the U.S. come from?

11. Read Destination of Immigrants Within the United States (pgs. 90-92) and annotate the map below. Be sure to indicate: Where are immigrants coming from? What states are those immigrants coming to?

12. Define chain migration:

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 3 – Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?Pgs. 92 – 95

Immigration Policies of Host Countries

1. What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?

2. How did they favor immigration from certain regions?

3. How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?

4. How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently?

5. U.S. immigration law gives preferences to three groups. Identify them.

6. Define brain drain:

7. Define guest worker:

8. Prepare notes on 3 case studies of immigration in the chart below.

Immigration to the U.S.: 3 Case StudiesCuba Haiti Vietnam

Cultural Challenges Faced While Living in Other Countries

9. Carefully read this section. Then, complete the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast attitudes in the U.S. and Europe toward immigrants.

U.S. Attitudes Toward Immigrants European Attitudes Toward Guest Workers

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 4 – Why do People Migrate Within a Country?Pgs. 95 – 100

Migration Between Regions of a Country

1. What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the U.S.?

2. What is the “population center” (see Figure 3-16)?

3. What was the first “intervening obstacle” which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?

4. What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?

5. Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?

6. How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?

7. For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?

8. Use the chart on page 97 to calculate the net growth or loss of U.S. regions for 2007. Name the region on the map and place the appropriate number in each region.

9. Make appropriate notes in the chart below on 5 specific examples/case studies of interregional migration.

Russia

Where? Why?

How?

Brazil

Where? Why?

How?

Indonesia

Where? Why?

How?

Europe India

Migration Within One Region

10. Define/describe each of the following terms, and summarize a single, important fact about its occurrence in the U.S.

Urbanization Suburbanization CounterurbanizationDefinition

Significant Factin U.S.

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 1 – Why Do People Migrate?Pgs. 78 - 85

1. Define emigration: Migration from a location

2. Define immigration: Migration to a location

Reasons for Migrating

3. What are push factors and pull factors? Push – something that causes someone to move out of their present location. Pull – something that attracts someone to a new location

4. Complete the chart below with specific examples of push and pull factors and where people are being pushed from and pulled to.

Push Factors Pull FactorsEconomic - Few job opportunities in

current location- Leaving Latin America or Asia

- Availability of more job opportunities in new location- Coming to U.S. or Canada

Cultural - Political Instability- Leaving Communist E. Europe

- Democracy- Education- Pulled toward Democracy in W. Europe

Environmental - Hazardous regions- Floodplains- Lack of water- Sahel in N. Africa

- Physically attractive regions (beaches, mountains, warm climates)- Coasts of Mediterranean- Florida

5. Define intervening obstacle: An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

6. Briefly describe the role of physical geography in examining intervening obstacles and migration. Oceans, mountains, deserts are environmental obstacles that can keep people from migrating

7. Briefly describe the role of transportation in examining intervening obstacles and migration. Before modern transportation people had to travel on horse or foot; modern transportation can cost a lot of money

8. Briefly describe the role of political concerns/laws in examining intervening obstacles and migration. Passports required to legally emigrate. Visas are required to legally immigrate.

Distance of Migration

9. Migration may be classified as either international or internal. What is the difference? International – permanent movement from one country to another. Internal – permanent movement within the same country

10. What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration? Economic push factors

11. What types of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration (refugees)? Cultural push factors

12. Briefly state what one would expect to occur, in terms of migration, in each stage of the demographic transition model, as it is applied to a migration transition.

MIGRATION TRANSITIONAs Applied to the Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 & 4- High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food- No permanent settlement

- People migrating from rural areas to cities in same country or another country

- People searching for economic opportunities- Mostly intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

Characteristics of Migrants

13. Complete the following chart from the reading.

Characteristics of MigrantsWho?

Gender In the past…19th & 20th centuries men were 55% of U.S. immigrantsPresent trends…21st century women are 55% of U.S. immigrants

Family Status? In the past & still today…Young adults between 25-39 without familiesRecent changes…More children are coming with their mothers

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 2 – Where are Migrants Distributed?Pgs. 85 – 92

Global Migration Patterns

1. Read the section, and then make 5 summary statements regarding global migration patterns.

- At global scale, Asia, Latin Am & Africa have net out-migration while N. Am, Europe & Australia have net in-migration

- 3 largest flows of migration: Asia Europe; Asia N. Am; Latin Am N. Am

- Global pattern shows migration from LDCs to MDCs- Migrants leave countries with low incomes and high NIR for countries

with job opportunities- U.S. has more foreign born resident than any other country (40 million

in 2010) & grows by 1 million every year

U.S. Immigration Patterns

2. Finish this statement: The world’s third most populous country (the U.S.) is inhabited overwhelmingly by…direct descendants of immigrants.

3. In what stage of the Demographic Transition are most countries that send out immigrants? 2

4. Annotate the graph below from your reading of pages 86-88. Be sure to label all “peaks” and “valleys” (as indicated by arrows) as to where immigrants came from during that time or why there was a decline in immigration.(1. N & W Europe; 2. Decline from Civil War; 3. Canada; 4. S & E Europe; 5. Decline from Great Depression & WWII; 6. Latin Am & Asia

5. What are the 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years? China, India, Philippines

6. What caused immigration from Latin America to the United States to increase? 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act

7. Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the U.S. have not changed over time, what has changed here in the U.S.? U.S. no longer sparsely settled; Not much unclaimed land left; U.S. not in an economic boom now

Impact of Immigration on the United States

8. Complete the chart below.

European ImmigrationWhat were some of the causes of European immigration to the United States?

What were some of the important effects of European immigration to the U.S. and other world regions?

- Decline in CDR- Population increase- Limited economic advancement

- Spread of European cultural heritage- Spread of Indo-European languages- Diffusion of economic/political structures- No regard for indigenous social traditions- Growing conflicts today

9. What are undocumented immigrants? People who enter the U.S. illegally without proper documentation

10. Where do most undocumented immigrants in the U.S. come from? Mexico

11. Read Destination of Immigrants Within the United States (pgs. 90-92) and annotate the map below. Be sure to indicate: Where are immigrants coming from? What states are those immigrants coming to?

To Cali – From: India, China, Philippines, Mexico, Vietnam

To Texas – From: Mexico

To Florida – From: Haiti, Cuba, Columbia

To New York – From: China, Dominican Rep.

12. Define chain migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality already migrated there

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 3 – Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?Pgs. 92 – 95

Immigration Policies of Host Countries

1. What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do? Established maximum limits on the number of people who could come to the U.S. from each country during a 1 year period (2% of their number)

2. How did they favor immigration from certain regions? European immigrants favored over Asian immigrants

3. How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws? Removed quotas from individual countries & replaced them with hemisphere quotas: 170,000 from eastern hem. & 120,000 from western hem.

4. How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently? 1978 – Hemisphere quota replaced by global quota of 290,000 & a maximum of 20,000/country. Presently – global quota of 620,000 with maximum of 7% from one country

5. U.S. immigration law gives preferences to three groups. Identify them. Families; skilled/talented workers; people from countries that have sent few people to U.S.

6. Define brain drain: Large scale emigration by talented people (draining those countries of skilled people)

7. Define guest worker: Citizens from poor countries to more developed countries in search of higher paying jobs.

8. Prepare notes on 3 case studies of immigration in the chart below.

Immigration to the U.S.: 3 Case StudiesCuba Haiti Vietnam

- Immigrants regarded as refugees in 60s- Most settled in Florida- 1980 flood of political prisoners, criminals & mental patients sought asylum in U.S.- U.S. allowed them to stay due to Communist ties to Soviet Union- As of 1987, 20,000 Cubans per year allowed

- Early 80’s migrated for economic advancement- U.S. didn’t allow them to stay- U.S. said Haitian gov’t wasn’t Communist- Eventually some Haitians let in- Still try to immigrate into U.S. for economic advancement

- After Vietnam Was in 1975 U.S. let in S. Vietnamese leaders who were vulnerable to persecution by Communist gov’t- Late 80’s people not seen as refugees, but economic immigrants & sent back- Economic pull greater than push of political persecution

Cultural Challenges Faced While Living in Other Countries

9. Carefully read this section. Then, complete the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast attitudes in the U.S. and Europe toward immigrants.

U.S. Attitudes Toward Immigrants European Attitudes Toward Guest Workers

U.S. Attitudes- Immigrants are inferior, inclined to crime, & resist assimilation- Ok with immigration to settle in frontier in 19th century

- Political programs to restrict immigration- Hostility in host country

European Attitudes- Acknowledge guest workers as temporary- Need is filled by guest workers starting businesses that are open when local businesses are closed

Chapter 3 Learning Guide – Migration

Key Issue 4 – Why do People Migrate Within a Country?Pgs. 95 – 100

Migration Between Regions of a Country

1. What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the U.S.? Internal migration to the American West

2. What is the “population center” (see Figure 3-16)? The average location of everyone in the country (center of population gravity)

3. What was the first “intervening obstacle” which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent? Appalachian Mountains

4. What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi? Building of canals

5. Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast? Settlers moving to California for Gold Rush & Great Plains seen as unfit for farming because of dry climate & rough sod

6. How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior? Land was sold to farmers to finance railroads & the farmer’s product was transported by rail to eastern customers

7. For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years? Job opportunities & environmental conditions

8. Use the chart on page 97 to calculate the net growth or loss of U.S. regions for 2007. Name the region on the map and place the appropriate number in each region.

9. Make appropriate notes in the chart below on 5 specific examples/case studies of interregional migration.

RussiaWhere? Far North (Siberia) Why? Rich in forests, fossil fuels,

minerals; construct steel mills; mines, hydroelectric power stations

How? Gov’t forced migration & eventually voluntary migration with higher wages, paid holidays, early retirement

BrazilWhere? Brasilia Why? Encourage movement away from

coast to interior; people looking for jobsHow? Gov’t established new capitol as Brasilia (inland); built gov’t buildings & houses to encourage migration; however, housing not affordable

IndonesiaWhere? Other less population islands Why? 2/3rds of population is on Java; to

populate other islandsHow? Gov’t gives one-way air ticket, 5 acres of land, materials to build home, seeds & pesticides for farming, food for survival

Europe India- From East & South to North & West- Looking for better economic opportunity (jobs)

- Interregional migration is restricted to protect ethnic identity, land & jobs

West – Net Loss; Mid West – Net Loss; North East – Net Loss; South – Net Gain

Migration Within One Region

10. Define/describe each of the following terms, and summarize a single, important fact about its occurrence in the U.S.

Urbanization Suburbanization CounterurbanizationDefinition Migration from

rural areas to metropolitan areas (cities)

Movement from cities to suburbs (areas surrounding cities)

Net migration from urban areas back to rural areas

Significant Factin U.S.

- Began in 1800s as part of Industrial Rev.- Between 1800 & 1920 urban population increased from 5% to 50%

- People move to suburbs for houses instead of apartments, better schools, area for family- Movement not economic driven

- Movement to rural areas on U.S. such as Rocky Mountain states- Escape frantic city life- Not always to farm