CIVIL RIGHTS PART 1:APARTHEID IN SOUTH

AFRICA

I will be applying for a teacher program in South Africa either this summer or the next. Let’s learn why.

South Africa: Capital: PretoriaBiggest city: JohannesburgCoolest City: Cape Town (The Cape of Good Hope has the MOST Great White sharks in the world. They like the cold waters there. Morons still go surfing there every day and every few months one gets eaten!) But if I go cage diving with Great White’s, I’m smart!

Language: Afrikaans (combination of Dutch and English)Money: Rand ($1.00 = 14 Rand)

Apartheid (pronounced A –part-eyed) means SEGREGATION. Apartheid started in 1949 and separated white Europeans from black South Africans everywhere; schools, hospitals, even citizenship. Just like Jim Crow laws here in America. South Africa had Apartheid until 1994 when Nelson Mandela was let out of prison and was then elected the first black President of South Africa ever. He died in 2013.

South Africa was colonized by the Dutch and then by the English in the 1600’s-1700’s. Why did they want South Africa so badly? GOLD!!!!!!! and DIAMONDS!!!!

South Africa is the #1 gold producer in the world In 2015 South Africa mined 300,000 pounds of GOLD!!!! Gold costs $1000 per ounce That’s $84,000,000,000 at retail value. Of course the peasants see NONE of that money and the miners are

basically treated like slaves!!!! But the commercials are so nice! Every KISS begins with…………….

The average wages for a gold or diamond miner in Africa is $1.50 per day, and if you are in war zone, then you are essentially a slave!

South Africa has 12% of the world’s DIAMONDS South Africa found $1.2 billion worth of diamonds in 2015 Almost ALL of that money goes to private companies (South Africa only

got to keep about $10 million!) The biggest company is De Beers in London and u can see their

diamonds in those Jared commercials. The movie ‘Blood Diamond’ is a 4 Star movie and should be requisite viewing for every human on the planet.

The largest diamond ever found was 3000 carats and weighed 621 grams or 1.5 POUNDS!!! It was big enough to make 115 diamonds and make 115 brides SO HAPPY!!!!!

It was found in 1905 by accident, 18 feet underground The most expensive diamond in the world is the “HOPE DIAMOND”. It is

kept in the Smithsonian. It is a blue diamond and costs $350 million! It can send 20,000 students to college for free but it’s shiny so we won’t let it!

**Don’t you find it funny that humans fight over shiny rocks I do!

The Tower of London has the Koh-i-Noor diamond which they “borrowed” from India and is considered priceless.

Kobe Bryant gave his wife a rare pink diamond worth $3 million after he got caught cheating on her with a girl from Colorado. Ah love! It can’t be bought!

The Dutch (Holland) and the English took over South Africa as part of the whole European colonization of the African continent.

These are the countries that colonized Africa:Belgium- The Congo (the amputations started)England: Ghana, Egypt, Kenya, Somalia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sierra Leone (Blood Diamond), South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, Uganda, Tanzania, ZimbabweFrance: Mali, Algeria, Chad, the Sudan, Togo, the Ivory Coast (elephants), Djibouti, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia

(Ivory, gold, oil, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, palm oil, salt, copper, uranium)

PART 1: Nature and characteristics of discrimination

Definition 1. “Petty Apartheid” vs “Grand Apartheid” legislation

Grand Apartheid: The Big One. Means ur not even a citizen!! - U cannot vote- U cannot live in the same neighborhoods as whites- U R NOT a real citizen

Black South Africans accounted for 90% of the population but could only live in, buy or rent houses in 7-8% of the area. Imagine that for a second: there are 12,000,000 black South Africans and maybe a 1 million whites, and yet the latter is COMPLETELY in charge.

To add insult to injury, they then get the Land Act of 1913 AKA: the Bantustan System. You could not even ENTER the white areas without a pass! You had to live in what were called BLACK TOWNSHIPS. These township had inferior buildings, inferior schools, inferior plumbing, inferior waste and sanitation removal etc.

PROBLEMS WITH THE SLUMS1. You didn’t own the land on which your house was built.2. The sanitation gave way to cholera and dysentery; the 2 main waste related diseases.3. Lack of water and nor pressure in the pumps. (lack of water will be one of the MAIN

problems of the 21st century)4. People were creating their own electrical lines by plugging in to the public one…which

is….very…dangerous5. Gangs….crime….gangs….crime!!!!!

In fact, u were a citizen of those townships, not even South Africa. But you were STILL under South African legal and police jurisdiction.

Whites could not marry blacks and blacks could not even sleep with whites (Don’t 4get that interracial marriages were only made legal here in the United States in 1967!) You were CLASSIFIED according to the tests found below and if u were of mixed races, YOU COULD NOT MARRY!!!!

“CLASSIFICATION”You were also “CLASSIFIED”: You were either “BLACK, “WHITE” OR “MIXED” and this is how they classified you:

Characteristics of the person's head hair Characteristics of the person's other hair (pubic hair) Skin color Facial features Home language and especially the knowledge of Afrikaans

Area where the person lives, the person's friends and acquaintances Employment Socioeconomic status Eating and drinking habits

The MIXED MARRIAGES ACT of 1949 made it illegal to form a union between “EUROPEANS” and “NON-EUROPEANS”!! And in 1968 they modified the law to ANNUL the unions of people who were married in other countries, thinking they could get away with it.

** Remember the guy in “Free State of Jones” who was 1/8 black and so couldn’t marry a white woman in Mississippi in 1960!

If you worked in a White Area, you were given a PASS CARD to travel

Petty Apartheid: Like segregation in the USA (Stared in 1949). Based on skin color as determined with the skin test above. It had to do with facilities, like here in the United States, not voting or marriage or citizenship)

- Separate schools separate libraries- Separate water fountains separate movie theatres- Separate hospitals separate restaurants

Worst Slum in South Africa as part of the Bantusta System: Soweto where Nelson Mandela was born in Johannesburg

- 100,000 people in a few square miles- The worst slum in the world today is Calcutta (1 toilet=350 people)- Soweto was close and eventually the pot boils over and u get violence.

Soweto Uprising: June 1976 - Mass protests erupted over the government's policy to enforce education in

Afrikaans rather than their native language. - Police opened fire in on 10,000 students marching - 23 people died on the first day

I don’t think we here in the United States can appreciate the SLUM LIKE conditions of these “black townships”. The sewage, the crime, the filth, no one should be forced to live like this. You could see how these conditions

could drive a peoples to violence, especially if they outnumber their overseers 5-1. And that’s exactly what they did with the most important man, a man who would start out as a simple lawyer, but would eventually be imprisoned for 30 years for terrorist activity: NELSON MANDELA!

NELSON MANDELA (Tribe name: Madiba)

(Mandela's father Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and his paternal

great grandfather was king of the Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe. Timeshia Burke will pronounce his name in class)

Eventually Nelson Mandela became a pacifist like MLK, Mohandas Gandhi, or Jesus. But he wasn’t always that way. In the 1960’s he advocated for a violent overthrow of the government because he thought the only way to get rid of Apartheid was through acts of civil disobedience, crime, and terror. Kind of like Malcolm X here in the states, although Malcolm X NEVER EVER participated in violent, explosive terrorist activity. Eventually Mandela was caught and convicted of “sabotage, terrorist activity and sedition”. It was 1964 and he was 23 years old. There were bombings of electrical plants, explosive devices near factories, and the bigger the bang…the more attention Mandela got. Eventually, in the early 60’s the South African police finally got to his hideout and arrested him and all his friends.

It was the best thing that ever happened to him! It was known as the Rivonia Trial of 1963-1964

Mandela was sent to the infamous Pollsmoor Prison on Robben Island off the coast of South Africa. It is an island prison with no escape: one way in-one way out. Kind of like our Alcatraz. The conditions were brutal. Oppressive heat in the summer and bone chilling cold in the winter. All with just a thin lice infested blanket to sleep on. And it wasn’t just Mandela that was sent to prison or only Mandela that was fighting: there were Indians, Jews, whites, yellow, blue, red, rainbow and the rest!

But it was in this physical prison that he was able to break out of the prison of his mind. It was in this prison that he was finally able to get rid of all his hate, his aggression, his anger, and eventually his call for violence.

In 1990, Mandela was finally released from prison. The President of South Africa was a guy named de Klerk (a Calvinist Christian if u can believe it). Mandela immediately called for non-violence.

There were so many in his party that were still crying out for blood that Mandela had to act!!! He even had to chill his wife out, Winny. She wanted blood too but Mandela and MLK both knew the same thing: you catch more flies with honey than you do with vinegar, and a war with the whites will lead not to end of inequality, but slaughter!!!!!!!!!

Mandela DID NOT want a war with the whites. As Morgan Freeman states in Invictus : “They still control the police, the banks and the government”. We MUST work together. (‘Invictus’ starring Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman. Another 4-Star requisite film!)

Unfortunately, what started to happen was Civil War and Mandela had to go on love television to calm the people down. We will watch Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom.

HIS ADVICE: CHILL OUT AND…VOTE!!! (Timely advice for us here in the US, no?!)On APRIL 27TH, 1994 THEY DID JUST THAT!!!

In 1994, South Africans got what they had always wanted: ONE MAN=ONE VOTE. And of course, they elected Nelson Mandela. Even then, the people wanted to get rid of the South African Rugby Team and change their name, and Mandela said “NO!”

SOME ACTVISTS AGREED WITH MANDELA : Albert Luthuli

- A South African teacher- He was awarded the 1960   Nobel Peace Prize  for his role in the non-violent struggle

against apartheid. In fact, he was the first African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.- He was the head of the African National Congress which wanted the all white

government out, but wanted to do it non-violently.- He used to be head of the ZULU tribe, which controlled South Africa for hundred of

years.

Original Zul leader: Shaka Zulu: a guy named SHAKA, who was head of the Zulu Tribe. Hence, his name was SHAKA ZULU.

Fun Fact: His father’s name was Senzangakhona Ka Jama. Tiffany Farella will Pronounce it!

The African National Congress (ANC);

It’s the current government of South Africa but was basically banned for terrorist activity during Apartheid.

- It was also Nelson Mandela’s party before and after Apartheid, and when he became Prez in 1994. The current Prez, (also part of the ANC) is Jacob Zuma and he has 3 wives!!! His Health Minister said u can cure AIDS br drinking orange juice.

The ANC was actually started in 1912 and was completely non-violent. But then in 1960 the Sharpeville Massacre happened and they became a guerrilla and terrorist organization (depending upon your definition of terrorism). Then they became the MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe—“Spear of the Nation”) and that’s when Mandela started advocating for blowing stuff up!

** The Sharpeville Massacre: March, 1960 - At the police station of one of the townships

- 5000-7000 black protesters- The cops fired- 69 dead!..............................The ANC becomes violent!

The SHARPEVILLE MASSACER was caught on camera, however, and the world got to see the oppression black South Africans were experiencing. Eventually, many countries started to BOYCOTT South Africa, but NOT the United States. Even in the 1980’s Ronald Reagan REFUSED to boycott the country for apartheid. (Great scene from the movie Lethal Weapon 2 with Mel Gibson and Danny Glover)

So the ANC followed the same path that Mandela followed. It started out non-violently, turned into an aggressive violent organization advocating for a “by any means necessary” approach, and the finally accepted truth and reconciliation following Mandela’s release from prison and election to the Presidency in 1994.

Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa:South Africa faced an interesting choice after Apartheid ended in 1994: persecute those in the government responsible for Apartheid, or move on????

Mandela chose “moving on” as a way of healing. He felt it served no one’s purpose to seek revenge on the government.

So they went with the “Truth and Reconciliation” approach: (VERY INTERESTING) Any white person who admitted to their wrongdoing would be pardoned and the country could move on. There would be no prison, no riots, no death squads, just peace and progress. They are dealing with this in Chile right now because of all the killing Nixon’s man Augusto Pinochet did in the 70’s. Israel chose the Nuremberg Trials to convict ex-Nazi Party members. The oldest was just convicted in Germany. He is 95 years old and was a prison guard at Auschwitz. An interesting debate, no?! This was known as Truth and Reconciliation

There were other groups, however.- the South African Communist Party (SACP) - Formed in 1912- Made ILLEGAL in 1921- Part of the ANC but not the whole thing- Most just stayed with the ANC but some aligned with the Soviet Union- Reagan refused to boycott South Africa while Apartheid was going on- Many begged the US to impose trade sanctions on the ONLY country in the world that still practiced segregation in the 1980’s, but Reagan said no!!

Protests and action

- Non-violent protests: Bus boycotts: The 1957 Alexandra bus boycott in Johanessburg (Protested newer and more expensive bus fares)

(Is this where MLK go the 1955 Montgomery Bud Boycott with Rosa parks????)

The bus boycott lasted from January to June 1957. At its height, 70,000 township residents refused to ride the local buses to and from work. For many people this daily journey to downtown Johannesburg was a twenty-mile round trip (CAN U IMAGINE MAKING A 20 MILE ROUND TRIP IN THE NAME OF PROGRESS?!)

The bus companies and local economy were losing A LOT of money. And money talks and %^&*%$ walks!

The protesters WON and the Chamber of Commerce went back to the old bus fares!

** The NBA and NCAA made North Carolina reconsider their transgender bathroom laws*** The NOW (National Organization of Women) made Channel 4 and the Master’s Gold Tournament reconsider letting women into the private golf club in Augusta, GA.

money talks and %^&*%$ walks!

VOCAB. TERMS for the DBQ

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGNIn 1951 it was the BIGGEST non-violent protest against Apartheid in history.

- Would go into White-Only areas- Would burn the PASS CARDS necessary to travel back and forth.- 2000 were arrested and refused to defend themselves in Court.

They made the South African government imprison them.- Bus boycotts

*Very little is written about the influence this had on MLK, but I can assure you it was substantial. The world eventually saw the horrors of Apartheid and non-violence saved that country.

FREEDOM CHARTERThe Freedom Charter was the core principle of the entire South African Congress Alliance: the African National Congress (ANC) and its allies - the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. What was its core principle?------------ The People Shall Govern! Kind of like our Declaration of Independence, no?!

1948: Apartheid starts

1994: Apartheid ends 2013: Mandela dies (95 years old)

ASSIGNMENTSSouth Africa will NEVER be an essay, only a DBQ.

Here are the terms u will need to study when the time comes. Please write a DEFINITION for each one.

A. Nature and characteristics of discrimination - Petty Apartheid vs. Grand Apartheid- Classification- Townships- Bantustan system

B. Non violent protests: bus boycotts, Freedom Charter, defiancecampaign

C. Violence: armed struggle and the Sharpeville massacreRivonia trial and ANC imprisonment

D. Key Guys 1. Mandela2. Albert Luthili3. ANC4. South African communists5. Spear of the Nation6. De Klerk7. Truth and Reconciliation

Thinking Question: Do u think the Truth and reconciliation Approach was the right way to go?

**The BEST book on South Africa I have ever read is ‘A Rainbow in the Night’ by Dominque LaPierre.

Other books by LaPierre:- He interviews the Nazi general who refused Hitler’s order

to burn Paris down- He interviews Gandhi’s assassins

- He wrote the best history of Jerusalem I have ever read, O Jerusalem

IB DBQSouth Africa will NEVER be an essay, only a DBQ.

This is what IB DBQ’s look like: 4 questions in 60 minutes.Question 1: Political Cartoon (5 minutes)1b. Paragraph (5 minutes)

Question 2: Compare and Contrast 2 documents (10 minutes)

Question 3: OPVL for 2 documents (15 minutes)

Question 4: Short ½ page essay (25 minutes)

The KEY is you have to finish it in 60 min. and not a minute more!

The other 4 parts of Civil Rights will be ESSAYS:2.Civil Rights USA

3. Feminism 4.Hispanic-Americans

5.Native-Americans 6.Hippies

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