Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___________________
The Age of Exploration and Colonization Unit Exam
Study Guide
Enduring Issues
Enduring Issue – An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have attempted to address with varying degrees of success.
Examples of Enduring Issues: Power, Conflict and Scarcity
Power – The influence or control over the behavior of people. You can see the effects of power in your relationships with your family and friends, and in schools, sports, business, and government.
Examples: lack of access to power, unfair distribution of power, shifts in power and authority, power struggles, relationship of ruler to ruled, ability of the people to have a voice in government.
Conflict – A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people, and even nations.
Examples: war, competition, armed struggle, resistance, invasions, disputes over land use, disputes over resources, ethnic disputes, religious disputes, disputes between social classes.
Scarcity – The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet.
Examples: lack of food, lack of natural resources, lack of housing/shelter, lack of clean water/water resources, lack of arable land.
Exploration
Motives for Exploration – reasons European explorers went in search of the “New World”
· Curiosity- Wealth- Search for new trade routes - Spread religious ideas
· Fame- National Pride- Discovery of foreign goods
Advancements in Technology – these advancements in navigation allowed for explorers to sail in search of undiscovered lands.
· Magnetic Compass- Traverse board- Quadrant- Caravel
· Astrolabe- Lateen sails- Accurate maps
“Old World” – Europe
“New World” – North and South America
Columbus – an Italian explorer who sailed and claimed “discovered” land for Spain. Columbus’ opinion and treatment of the indigenous peoples is an example of the enduring issue of power. As you can see by the excerpt below, Columbus views the indigenous peoples as simple and non-threatening. He viewed the Spanish as a more advanced people thereby giving him the power to take over their lands and force them to do as he wished.
Excerpt from Columbus’ Diary, 1492 (Source: Medieval Sourcebook)
“I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as the people here are simple in war-like matters, as your Highnesses will see by those seven which I have ordered to be taken and carried to Spain in order to learn our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held captive in the island. I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.”
Consequences of Exploration - Columbian Exchange
· The Columbian Exchange – the transfer of goods, technology, food, animals, diseases, people and culture between Europe and Africa and the Americas during the age of Exploration.
· Columbus’ voyage to the New World led to this exchange of goods.
· The Columbian Exchange led to the increase in trade between Europe and the Americas.
· The Columbian Exchange led to the decrease in Native American population due to the spread of diseases to the Americas and the forced enslavement of the indigenous peoples.
European Exploration of the Americas
· England, France, Spain and Portugal sent explorers to the New World.
· Spain sent the highest number of explorers to the New World.
· Most Spanish explorers sailed to South America.
· England and France both sent explorers to North America.
Mercantilism: an economic system in which the mother country gains wealth (gold, silver, raw materials) and power by controlling the trade of its colonies.
Triangle Trade: (Atlantic Slave Trade) a pattern of colonial commerce in which sugar, in the form of molasses, was shipped from the Caribbean to Europe, where it was distilled into rum. Rum was then used to purchase slaves in West Africa, who were shipped to the Caribbean and other locations in the Americas. Over time, New England replaced Europe's role in the triangle.
Middle Passage: The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. On the slave ships, Africans slaves were packed tightly below deck in dark, unsanitary conditions. Slaves were fed little and beaten often. Many slaves did not survive their journey to the new world.
Colonization
New Amsterdam – later renamed New York - New Amsterdam was founded in 1625 by the Netherlands. The majority of the population was Dutch. When England took New Amsterdam from the Netherlands, the British renamed it New York after the Duke of York.
Roanoke - The colony of Roanoke in North America was the first attempt by the British to establish a colony in North America. 112 settlers disappeared without a trace to their whereabouts. Many theories have been suggested regarding their disappearance.
Croatoan – a local Native American tribe on Roanoke Island. One theory suggests that the settlers left Roanoke settlement to live with the Croatoan tribe. This was believed because the word Croatoan was found carved in a tree when John White and his crew returned to the island.
Jamestown - Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America. It was founded in 1607 and served as the capital of the Virginia colony for over 80 years. The first year of settlement was hard and over half the settlers did not survive the first winter. John Smith introduced the “You don’t work, you don’t eat” policy.
Tobacco – When John Rolfe arrived at the Jamestown settlement, he suggested planting tobacco as a cash crop. A cash crop is a crop planted for the purpose of selling for profit instead of consumption by the grower. With the planting and sale of the tobacco, Jamestown became the first successful English settlement. Eventually the growth and sale of tobacco would represent the economy of the Southern region of the 13 colonies.
Colonial Regions – Characteristics/Features
Region
Geography
Economy
Region A
New England
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Cold Winters/mild summers
Thin, rocky soil
Short growing season
hills
Fishing
Trading
Manufacturing
Whaling
Timber
Could not develop into an agricultural society due to the rocky soil and short growing season
Region B
Middle
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Mild winters/warm summers
Large farmers
River valleys
Longer growing seasons
Textiles
Farming
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Had a combination of features from both the New England and Southern region allowing for a mixed economy (Farming and Manufacturing)
Region C
Southern
Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Warm, humid climate
Large plantations
Rich, fertile soil
Longest growing season
Plantation farming
Tobacco
Rice
Indigo
Cotton
Plantations will be the basis of the South’s economy
Slavery plays an important role in the economy of the South
Enduring Issue: Scarcity – When a region lacked certain goods, they exchanged goods with the other regions for the goods/resources they needed.
Colonial – Native American Relations
England – The English treated the Natives as inferior, believed they stood in the way of their God-given right to the land in America and tried to subject the Natives to their laws as they established their colonies.
French – The French were more concerned with controlling trade routes, with furs being the driving force. So instead of being competitors over living space, they were partners in trade. however the overhunting of the beaver caused an economic crisis for the Huron tribe and they were eventually defeated by the Iroquois tribe.
English-Native RelationsFrench-Native Relations
Name: ________________
____
_________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___________________
The Age o
f Explora
tion and
Colonizatio
n
Unit Exam
Study Guide
Enduring Issues
Enduring
Issue
–
An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have
attempted to address with varying degrees of success.
Ex
amples
of En
during
Issues:
Power, Conflict and Scarcity
Power
–
The influence or control over the behavior of people. You can see the effects of power in your
relationships with your family and friends, and in schools, sports, business, and government.
Examples:
lack of access to power, unfair distribution of power, shifts in power and authority, power struggles,
relationship of ruler to ruled,
ability of the people to h
ave a voice in government
.
Conflict
–
A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people,
and even nations.
Examples:
war, competition, armed struggle, resistance, invasions,
disputes over land
use,
disputes over
resources,
ethnic disputes, religious disputes, disputes between social classes
.
Scarc
ity
–
The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the
Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet.
Examples:
lack of food,
lack of natural resou
rces,
lack of housing/shelter, lack of clean water/water resources,
lack of arable land
.
Exploration
Motives for Exploration
–
reasons
European explorers went in search of the
“
New World
”
-
C
uriosity
-
Wealth
-
Search for new trade routes
-
Spread religious ideas
-
Fame
-
National Pride
-
Discovery of foreign goods
A
dvancements in Technology
–
these
advancement
s i
n n
avi
gation allowed for explo
rers to sail in
sea
rch of
undiscovered
lands.
-
Magnetic
Compass
-
Traverse board
-
Quadrant
-
Caravel
-
Astro
labe
-
Lateen sails
-
Accurate maps
“
Old World
”
–
Europe
“
New World
”
–
North
and
South America
Columbus
–
an
Italian explorer
who sail
ed
and claimed
“
discovered
”
land
for Spain.
Col
umbus
’
opinion
and
trea
tment of the
indigenous peoples i
s an example o
f the enduring issue of power.
As you can see by the exc
erpt
below,
Columbus v
iews the indigenous peoples as simple and non
-
threatening.
He view
ed the
Spanish as
a
more advanced
people ther
eby giving him the power to take over their lands and force th
em to do as he wished
.
Excerpt from Columbus
’
Diary, 1492 (Source: Medieval Sourcebook)
“
I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as
the people here are simple in war
-
like matters
, as
your Highnesses will see by
those seven which I have ordered to be taken and ca
rried to Spain
in order to learn
our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held
captive in the island.
I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased
.
”
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ___________________
The Age of Exploration and Colonization Unit Exam
Study Guide
Enduring Issues
Enduring Issue – An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have
attempted to address with varying degrees of success.
Examples of Enduring Issues: Power, Conflict and Scarcity
Power – The influence or control over the behavior of people. You can see the effects of power in your
relationships with your family and friends, and in schools, sports, business, and government.
Examples: lack of access to power, unfair distribution of power, shifts in power and authority, power struggles,
relationship of ruler to ruled, ability of the people to have a voice in government.
Conflict – A serious disagreement or argument. There can be conflict between individuals, groups of people,
and even nations.
Examples: war, competition, armed struggle, resistance, invasions, disputes over land use, disputes over
resources, ethnic disputes, religious disputes, disputes between social classes.
Scarcity – The state of not having enough of something. Everything we use in our daily life comes from the
Earth and there is a limited supply of resources on this planet.
Examples: lack of food, lack of natural resources, lack of housing/shelter, lack of clean water/water resources,
lack of arable land.
Exploration
Motives for Exploration – reasons European explorers went in search of the “New World”
- Curiosity - Wealth - Search for new trade routes - Spread religious ideas
- Fame - National Pride - Discovery of foreign goods
Advancements in Technology – these advancements in navigation allowed for explorers to sail in search of
undiscovered lands.
- Magnetic Compass - Traverse board - Quadrant - Caravel
- Astrolabe - Lateen sails - Accurate maps
“Old World” – Europe
“New World” – North and South America
Columbus – an Italian explorer who sailed and claimed “discovered” land for Spain. Columbus’ opinion and
treatment of the indigenous peoples is an example of the enduring issue of power. As you can see by the excerpt
below, Columbus views the indigenous peoples as simple and non-threatening. He viewed the Spanish as a
more advanced people thereby giving him the power to take over their lands and force them to do as he wished.
Excerpt from Columbus’ Diary, 1492 (Source: Medieval Sourcebook)
“I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as the people here are simple in war-like matters, as
your Highnesses will see by those seven which I have ordered to be taken and carried to Spain in order to learn
our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held
captive in the island. I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.”