Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Table of Contents: Unit 9.9 o 9.9a The Renaissance was influenced by the diffusion of technology and ideas. The Islamic caliphates played an important role in this diffusion. o 9.9b The Reformation challenged traditional religious authority, which prompted a counter reformation that led to a religiously fragmented Western Europe and political conflicts. This religious upheaval continued the marginalization of Jews in European society. o 9.9c Absolutist governments emerged as Western European and Russian monarchs consolidated power and wealth. o 9.9d The development of the Scientific Revolution challenged traditional authorities and beliefs o 9.9e The Enlightenment challenged views of political authority and how power and authority were conceptualized. Back to the NV Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Main Table of Contents 9.9a The Renaissance was influenced by the diffusion of technology and ideas. The Islamic caliphates played an important role in this diffusion. Commercial Revolution During the rise of capitalism in Europe, merchants and bankers began to establish (1) systems based on bartering (2) rules that forbid loans to the wealthy (3) quotas to control production (4) insurance companies and joint stock companies Development and expansion of banking, insurance companies, and stock exchanges were essential to the system of (1) feudalism
Transcript
Global History Regents Exam Question Bank
Table of Contents: Unit 9.9
o 9.9a The Renaissance was influenced by the diffusion of technology and ideas. The Islamic caliphates played an important role in this diffusion.
o 9.9b The Reformation challenged traditional religious authority, which prompted a counter reformation that led to a religiously fragmented Western Europe and political conflicts. This religious upheaval continued the marginalization of Jews in European society.
o 9.9c Absolutist governments emerged as Western European and Russian monarchs consolidated power and wealth.
o 9.9d The development of the Scientific Revolution challenged traditional authorities and beliefs
o 9.9e The Enlightenment challenged views of political authority and how power and authority were conceptualized.
Back to the NV Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Main Table of Contents
9.9a The Renaissance was influenced by the diffusion of technology and ideas. The Islamic caliphates played an important role in this diffusion.
Commercial RevolutionDuring the rise of capitalism in Europe, merchants and bankers began to establish
(1) systems based on bartering (2) rules that forbid loans to the wealthy (3) quotas to control production (4) insurance companies and joint stock companies
Development and expansion of banking, insurance companies, and stock exchanges were essential to the system of
The development of banking during the Commercial Revolution in western Europe was significant because it
(1) provided capital resources to merchants for investment (2) allowed peasant farmers to finance the construction of new homes (3) enabled the proletariat to challenge the bourgeoisie (4) created pensions for retired workers
What was one result of the European Commercial Revolution?
(1) a decline in the spice trade (2) the destruction of the papacy (3) the development of capitalism (4) an increased reliance on bartering
How did the Commercial Revolution change economic practices in Europe? (1) The manorial system was established. (2) A capitalist economy was developed. (3) The Church became a major economic power. (4) Colonies were granted independence.
What was one result of the Commercial Revolution in Europe? (1) decrease in the size of the middle class (2) expansion of the manor system (3) development of financial institutions (4) wider use of the barter system
During the European Middle Ages, guilds were created to (1) obtain better working conditions in factories (2) standardize goods and prices (3) regulate the money supply (4) increase competition
Between 1300 and 1600, which economic system began to develop as a result of the transformation in global trade?
Which period in European history is most closely associated with the emergence of trade fairs, the founding of guilds, and the creation of the Hanseatic League?
(1) Age of Pericles (2) Commercial Revolution (3) Age of Reason (4) Glorious Revolution
Which revolution in Europe is most closely associated with the rise of capitalism, the formation of guilds, and the growth of banking systems?
Which heading best fits the partial outline below?
I. _________________________________ A. People become more aware of the outside world. B. Merchant and craft guilds help commercial centers grow into
cities. C. Trade routes develop to supply the growing demand for new products. D. Monarchs centralize control and increase their power.
(1) Seljuk Turks Dominate Europe (2) Democracy Ends in Eastern Europe (3) Feudalism Declines in Western Europe (4) Religion Becomes Powerful Force in Europe
Which revolution led to the concept of banking, the creation of guilds, and the development of capitalism in Europe?
Which heading best completes the partial outline below?I. _________________________A. Market system B. Profit incentive C. Entrepreneurs
(1) Forms of Government (2) Characteristics of Capitalism (3) Structure of the Guild System (4) Elements of Culture
RenaissanceWhich geographic factor contributed to the rise of the Renaissance in Italian city-states?
(1) mountainous terrain of the Alps (2) location near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea (3) navigable waters of the Danube River (4) ease of travel on the Northern European Plain
Which term is defined as a Renaissance movement characterized by independent thought and a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture?
A key feature of European Renaissance culture was (1) an outlook emphasizing classicism, secularism, and individualism (2) a reliance on the Pope and his knights to maintain political stability (3) a shift in production from the domestic system to the factory system (4) a way of thinking stressing humility and Christian faith
Which philosophy that was developed during the Renaissance is associated with a shift in focus away from religious subjects toward more secular subjects?
• The world view shifted from other-worldly to secular. • Greek and Roman ideas were revived. • Improvements were made to the printing press. Which occurrence is most closely associated with these aspects of the Renaissance?
(1) Gothic cathedrals became the focal point of town activities. (2) Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope. (3) Galileo Galilei published information about a heliocentric universe. (4) Emperors used the Twelve Tables to bring about Pax Romana.
A reason the Renaissance began in the Italian city-states was that they (1) rejected the power of the papacy (2) were unified by Garibaldi (3) had wealth gained from trade with Constantinople (4) prevented guilds from functioning
During the Renaissance, humanist philosophers emphasized the importance of (1) individualism (2) absolutism (3) religious salvation (4) technological advancements
What was one ideal of Renaissance humanism? (1) training as a knight and practicing chivalry (2) obeying divine right monarchs and the church (3) living apart from the world and taking monastic vows (4) investigating areas of interest and fulfilling one’s potential
One reason the Renaissance began in Italy was that Italian city-states (1) defeated the Spanish Armada (2) were unified as a nation under the Pope (3) were unaffected by the Commercial Revolution (4) dominated key Mediterranean trade routes
Humanism during the Italian Renaissance was focused on (1) the affairs of the church (2) self-sufficiency (3) the importance of the individual (4) political theories
What was a major characteristic of the Renaissance in Europe? (1) Secular achievements were emphasized. (2) Suffrage was granted to men and women. (3) Most literature was written in Arabic.
(4) Most ancient Greek and Roman ideas were rejected.
One way in which 14th-century Mali in Africa and 14th-century Venice in Italy are similar is that both
(1) were land-locked city-states (2) developed economies based primarily on agriculture (3) became wealthy and powerful as a result of trade (4) were centers for Islamic learning
• Literacy rates rise. • Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated. • Secular ideas spread. Which innovation led directly to these developments?
(1) printing press (2) astrolabe (3) paper currency (4) caravel
Which period in European history is most closely associated with Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo, William Shakespeare, and Nicolaus Copernicus?
(1) Early Middle Ages (2) Renaissance (3) Age of Absolutism (4) Enlightenment
Which statement best expresses an idea held by many Renaissance humanist philosophers?
(1) People should study worldly subjects as well as sacred matters. (2) Governments should establish overseas empires. (3) Individuals should withdraw from the world and study religion. (4) Scholars should dedicate themselves to the study of life after death.
Which factor best characterizes the art of both ancient Greece and the Renaissance?
(1) emphasis on the human form (2) focus on biblical themes (3) dominance of landscape paintings (4) influence of the West African tradition
Document 1
. . . In the Middle Ages to praise man was to praise God, for man was a creation of God. But Renaissance writers praised man himself as a creator. They played down the sinfulness he was born with and emphasized his ability to think and act for himself, to produce works of art, to guide the destiny of others. They freed man from his pegged place in the medieval hierarchy, halfway between matter and spirit, and allowed him to roam at will, through all the levels of being, sometimes identifying himself with the brutes, sometimes with the angels. He was seen as the ruler of nature—the lord, although not the Lord, of creation.
This new vision of man sprang from a heightened awareness of self. Medieval men had been preoccupied with searching their souls, but Renaissance men were much more intrigued with exploring, and indeed parading, their own personalities. Petrarch is a perfect example. Although his serious interests centered on his work in discovering and editing ancient texts, Petrarch was also interested in himself. In his letters, designed for posterity [future generations] as well as his friends, he left a record of his reactions to love affairs and friendship, to mountains and the flowers in his garden. They are an intellectual and emotional self-portrait, the first since antiquity [ancient times]. . . .
Source: John R. Hale, Great Ages of Man: A History of the World’s Cultures: Renaissance, Time-Life, 1965 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January, 2009.
In what way did man’s view of the world change between the European medieval period and the Renaissance according to John R. Hale?
Document 2Leonardo da Vinci studied the anatomy of the human body while he was apprenticed to Andrea del Verrocchio. To learn about the body, he dissected and studied human corpses. Da Vinci was interested in the structure and the function of the various parts of the human body. His drawings reflect what he learned as he studied.
According to this document, state one of Leonardo da Vinci’s contributions to science.
Document 3. . . It was as an artist that Leonardo attempted the fusion of anatomy with medical science through [the scientist] della Torre. This attempt was itself a great peak reached from those first modest beginnings of anatomy in the botegas [works] of Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio. The renaissance of anatomy could never have occurred without those long, distasteful hours of adventurous dissection and patient drawing. Without this artistic surge for knowledge the medical professors of anatomy, droning [speaking] their prosings [thoughts] from a tainted Galenic text [medical book written by Galen], could never have found a way of recording Galenic anatomical errors, let alone their corrections. . . .Source: Kenneth D. Keele, “Leonardo daVinci’s Influence on Renaissance Anatomy,” Medical
History, October 1964 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January, 2009.
What are two impacts of Leonardo da Vinci’s work according to Kenneth Keele?
Machiavelli
Base your answer to question 45 on the statement below and on your knowledge of social studies.
… I conclude, then, returning to being feared and loved, that since men love at their convenience and fear at the convenience of the prince, a wise prince should found himself on what is his, not on what is someone else’s; he should only contrive to avoid hatred, as was said.
This statement is taken from the written work of (1) John Locke (2) Niccolò Machiavelli (3) Adam Smith (4) Ignatius Loyola
In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli was most concerned with (1) the use of political power (2) the expansion of church authority (3) government regulation of the economy (4) equality and justice for all
Which statement is consistent with the ideas of Niccolò Machiavelli? (1) Democratic principles should be followed faithfully. (2) The law should be subject to the will of the leader. (3) Human rights should be respected in all countries. (4) Markets should operate with little governmental interference.
Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince as a guide to success in (1) family life (2) politics (3) economic undertakings (4) scholarship
In The Prince, Machiavelli advises rulers to (1) seek the approval of the people (2) establish and maintain power (3) promote openness in government (4) learn and follow the commandments of the church
Base your answer to question __ on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies
. . . . I conclude, therefore, with regard to being feared and loved, that men love at their own free will, but fear at the will of the prince, and that a wise prince must rely on what is in his power and not on what is in the power of others, and he must only contrive to avoid incurring hatred, as has been explained. . . .
This passage is most closely associated with the ideas of (1) Pope Urban II (2) Niccolò Machiavelli (3) John Calvin (4) Thomas Malthus
TechnologyThe impact of the printing press, astrolabe, and caravel on 16th-century Europe demonstrates the ability of technology to
(1) limit which ideas can be transmitted (2) redefine human understanding of the world (3) reinforce established traditional beliefs (4) exploit new sources of energy
• The introduction of gunpowder helped bring an end to feudalism. • The printing press played an important role in causing the Reformation.
These statements best reflect the idea that (1) environmental changes can affect human society (2) contact with other societies can lead to conflict and war (3) economic change can be slow and almost unnoticed (4) technological advances can lead to major change
Document 1a
According to these documents, how were books made before the development of the Gutenberg press?
Document 2
Source: Stephen Krensky, Breaking Into Print, Before and After the Invention of the Printing Press, Little, Brown and Company, 1996 (adapted) from NYS Global History and Geography
Regents Exam, August, 2005.
Based on this document, state two advances in printing technology that took place between 500 and 2000.
Document 3. . . Gutenberg’s methods spread with stunning rapidity. By 1500 an estimated half million printed books were in circulation: religious works, Greek and Roman classics, scientific texts, Columbus’s report from the New World. An acceleration of the Renaissance was only the first by-product of the Gutenberg press. Without it, the Protestant movement might have been stillborn [failed], as well as the subsequent political and industrial revolutions. Gutenberg, however, got none of the glory. His brainchild [idea] bankrupted him; the year his Bible was published, a creditor took over his business. Little more is known of the inventor — in part because he never put his own name into print. . . .Source: Robert Friedman, ed., The Life Millennium: The 100 Most Important Events & People of The Past 1,000 Years, Time, 1998 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam,
August, 2005.Based on this document, state two effects of Gutenberg’s invention.
9.9b The Reformation challenged traditional religious authority, which prompted a counter reformation that led to a religiously fragmented Western Europe and political conflicts. This religious upheaval continued the marginalization of Jews in European society.
One major effect of the Protestant Reformation on western Europe was the (1) decline in religious unity (2) increased power of the Catholic pope (3) reduction in religious wars (4) increase in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church
• Johannes Gutenberg • King Henry VIII • John Calvin Which event in European history was most directly influenced by these individuals?
One result of the Protestant Reformation was (1) fewer challenges to Church authority (2) a decline in religious unity in western Europe (3) the disbanding of the Jesuit order (4) a weakening of the Inquisition
One way in which Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy are similar is that both
(1) emphasize the importance of the Bible (2) caused the Thirty Years War (3) challenge the authority of the Catholic Church (4) helped to unify Christendom
Which situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church?
(1) passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII (2) death sentence given to Joan of Arc (3) Reconquista of Spain conducted by Ferdinand and Isabella (4) establishment of the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola
One impact Gutenberg’s printing press had on western Europe was (1) the spread of Martin Luther’s ideas (2) a decrease in the number of universities (3) a decline in literacy (4) the unification of the Holy Roman Empire
Base your answers to questions __ and __ on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Speaker A:
The chief problem with the Roman Catholic Church is the practice of selling indulgences. The only way for Christians to receive salvation is through faith alone.
Speaker B:
If Christians want to be saved, they should perform good deeds and ask for forgiveness of sins. The granting of indulgences allows Christians to be excused for their sins.
Speaker C:
It is true that the Bible, and not members of the clergy, is the ultimate source of religious truth. However, God has already decided who will be saved and who will not.
Speaker D:
Since the Pope does not agree with my position, I have decided to separate from the Roman Catholic Church. I am now not only the head of England but also of the Anglican Church.
Which speaker most closely reflects the ideas of Martin Luther? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Which speaker best supports the idea of predestination taught by John Calvin? (1) A (2) B(3) C (4) D
Which statement about the Protestant Reformation is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) German princes revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor. (2) Membership in the Catholic Church declined in northern Europe. (3) European religious unity was disrupted by the newly established religions. (4) Henry VIII led a stronger religious reform movement than Martin Luther
did.
Which individual’s work had the greatest impact on the spread of Martin Luther’s ideas?
(1) Galileo Galilei (2) Niccolò Machiavelli (3) William Shakespeare (4) Johannes Gutenberg
Martin Luther was primarily dissatisfied with the Roman Catholic Church because he (1) thought the church lacked structure (2) disagreed with the sale of indulgences (3) blamed the church for not curing people who had the plague (4) believed that kings should have more power to appoint clergy
What was one cause of the Protestant Reformation? (1) revolt by the Moors in Spain (2) passage of the Act of Supremacy in England (3) call for the Council of Trent by Pope Paul III (4) corruption among high officials of the Catholic Church
One similarity between Martin Luther and Henry VIII is that they (1) argued against the establishment of a theocratic state (2) protested against the ideas of the Enlightenment (3) died during the Reign of Terror (4) challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church
Which situation is considered a cause of the other three? (1) Religious unity declines throughout Europe. (2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation begins.
(3) The power of the Roman Catholic Church decreases. (4) Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses.
• Martin Luther stresses the central role of faith. • The belief of predestination spreads throughout Switzerland. • The Council of Trent clarifies the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. These statements describe ideas and events that
(1) brought religious unity to Europe (2) shaped the Reformation and the Counter Reformation (3) ended the Glorious Revolution (4) expanded the importance of the Orthodox Church
• Pope Leo authorizes the sale of indulgences, 1515 • Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses, 1517 These events are most closely associated with the
(1) Protestant Reformation (2) Crusades (3) Age of Reason (4) Puritan Revolution
9.9c Absolutist governments emerged as Western European and Russian monarchs consolidated power and wealth.
Louis XIV strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by (1) centralizing control (2) granting democratic reforms (3) practicing religious toleration (4) reducing the size of the bureaucracy
Historians frequently portray Louis XIV’s construction of the palace of Versailles and Peter the Great’s building of the city of Saint Petersburg as
(1) shrines to religious beliefs (2) monuments to personal rule (3) examples of colonial architectural influences (4) efforts to isolate and protect the ruler
One way in which Peter the Great, Louis XIV, and Philip II are similar is that each (1) supported missionary efforts of the Roman Catholic Church (2) sought to centralize power by limiting the power of the nobility (3) fought to block the establishment of British colonies in the Western
Hemisphere (4) challenged feudal practices by emancipating serfs
What happened in Russia as a result of actions taken by Peter the Great? (1) Russia was weakened by French invasions. (2) Catholicism was adopted as the state religion. (3) The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed. (4) Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its territories
One similarity in the rule of Akbar the Great and the rule of Elizabeth I is that both leaders implemented policies that encouraged
(1) compulsory education (2) military disarmament (3) voter participation (4) religious toleration
One way in which the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great are similar is that both leaders
(1) promoted the emancipation of serfs (2) strengthened the role of the Duma and centralized royal power (3) shared their power with the Russian Orthodox Church (4) pursued a policy of westernization and expansion
Which form of government is associated with the reigns of Suleiman the Magnificent, Akbar the Great, and Peter the Great?
Which writer opposed political absolutism? (1) Niccolò Machiavelli (2) James I (3) Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (4) John Locke
One way in which Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Philip II are similar is that they
(1) attempted to colonize the Americas (2) supported democratic reforms in their countries (3) tried to make Christianity the dominant religion of Asia (4) controlled large empires at the height of their power
One reason the Russian Empire was difficult to unite was that it (1) had many diverse ethnic groups (2) possessed limited natural resources (3) served as a crossroads for trade (4) lacked a navy
One similarity in the policies of Louis XIV and of Suleiman the Magnificent is that both leaders
(1) expanded their empires in the Americas (2) encouraged the growth of democracy (3) increased the power of their central governments (4) abolished the bureaucracy
One way in which King Louis XVI of France and Czar Nicholas II of Russia are similar is that both
(1) were executed by revolutionaries
(2) were known as great military leaders (3) advocated religious reform (4) supported the emancipation of serfs
One way in which Akbar the Great, Ivan the Terrible, and Louis XIV are similar is that they were all
Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Louis XIV are all rulers associated with
(1) natural rights (2) filial piety(3) religious toleration (4) absolutism
One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of
(1) political stability and religious tolerance (2) religious conquest and persecution (3) isolationism and cultural stagnation (4) modernization and political disunity
A DEO REX, A REGE LEX — “the king is from God, and law is from the king.” — James I
This quotation best reflects the concept of (1) constitutional monarchy (2) separation of powers (3) equal representation (4) divine right rule
What was a key characteristic of an absolute monarchy in the 16th and 17th centuries?
(1) centralized governmental authority (2) increased political rights for peasants and serfs (3) freedom of religion (4) a system of checks and balances
A main goal of the monarchs of Europe during the Age of Absolutism was to (1) establish legislative bodies (2) centralize political power (3) improve the quality of life for the peasant class (4) expand the role of the Catholic Church
Louis XIV and Peter the Great would most likely agree with the expression (1) “government should leave businesses alone” (2) “countries should settle differences without war” (3) “do not question government authority”
(4) “all men are created with natural rights”
Which form of political leadership is most closely associated with Ivan the Terrible, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Philip II of Spain?
(1) democratic (2) absolutist(3) communist (4) theocratic
One way in which Sulieman the Magnificent, Akbar the Great, and Louis XIV are similar is that each was
(1) an important religious reformer (2) a supporter of laissez-faire practices (3) a leader of independence movements (4) an absolute monarch
A common goal of Philip II of Spain and Louis XIV of France was to (1) spread Calvinism (2) promote political revolutions (3) maintain absolute power (4) isolate their nations
• Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe. • England defeated the Spanish Armada. • William Shakespeare wrote his play Richard III. These events occurred during the reign of
(1) Charlemagne (2) Elizabeth I (3) Peter the Great (4) Suleiman the Magnificent
One way in which Peter the Great and Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) are similar is that they sought to
(1) gain a warm-water port (2) adopt western-style reforms (3) limit the role of women in society (4) return to traditional values
Document 1
Source: NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June, 2012.
Based on the characteristics shown in this document, what is the overall goal of an autocrat?
Document 4
… On August 8, 1700, Peter made his historic decision to declare war on Sweden, in order to open a road* from Russia to the West by the conquest of the Baltic littoral [coastal region]. He had secured the collaboration of Poland and Denmark, but his alliance with these two rivals of Sweden was to prove ineffectual. With nothing to rely on but his own forces, Peter was defeated at Narva by the valiant Swedish King, Charles XII. Refusing to be discouraged by this defeat, Peter raised and equipped new armies; he put immense effort into creating a good artillery; he worked with his own hands on the construction of the frigates [ships] that were to give him mastery of the Baltic. Then his disciplined and well-trained regiments seized the mouth of the Neva [River] and entrenched themselves along the coveted [desired] littoral. On June 27, 1709, in a battle at Poltava, he put his great adversary, Charles XII, to flight.…
Source: Constantine de Grunwald, “A Window on the West,” in Christopher Hibbert, ed., The Pen and the Sword, Newsweek Books (adapted) from NYS Global History and Geography
Regents Exam, June, 2012.
*road: a place less enclosed than a harbor where ships may ride at anchor
According to Constantine de Grunwald, what was Peter the Great hoping to accomplish with his war on Sweden?
According to Constantine de Grunwald, what was one action taken by Peter the Great to overcome his defeat at Narva?
Document 5… In 1722 the establishment of the Table of Ranks brought to its logical conclusion a process that had been evolving for three centuries. It imposed obligatory lifelong state service on all ranks of the nobility. It established fourteen equivalent grades in the military, naval, and civil service and required that even princes of the most exalted families should begin at the lowest grade and work their way up the ladder. The Table of Ranks offered the privileges of nobility to anyone who performed state service and made service to the state the principal basis for privilege.…Source: Peter Brock Putnam, Peter, The Revolutionary Tsar, Harper & Row, Publishers from
NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June, 2012.
According to Peter Brock Putnam, in what way did the introduction of the Table of Ranks attempt to reduce the influence of the old aristocracy?
Document 6
… How great an effect did Peter have upon Russia? When he came to the throne, Russia was an insignificant state. He made it into a great power feared by all. At his accession [assumption of the throne] Russia had no armed forces except for the inefficient and untrustworthy Streltsy [hereditary military units]. When he died, there was a professional army of 210,000 men. He created a navy out of nothing, leaving behind him a fleet of forty-eight ships-of-the-line and many smaller vessels.… Peter signally [noticeably] failed to create the large, thriving middle class that Russia needed. In spite of the most strenuous efforts, Russia’s commerce and industry remained dependent upon the Tsar, so that when he died, there were not enough wealthy, far-sighted traders and industrialists to develop what he had begun. This lack of private initiative and enterprise was to remain one of Russia’s greatest social weaknesses until the Communist Revolution of 1917.…
Source: Michael Gibson, Peter the Great, Wayland Publishers from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June, 2012.
According to Michael Gibson, what were two effects Peter the Great’s rule had on Russia?
Document 1a
Document 1b. . . A year later, in January 1700, Peter transformed persuasion into decree [law]. With rolling drums in the streets and squares, it was proclaimed that all boyars [Russian nobles], government offi cials and men of property, both in Moscow and in the provinces, were to abandon their long robes and provide themselves with Hungarian or German-style caftans. The following year, a new decree commanded men to wear a waistcoat, breeches, gaiters, boots and a hat in the French or German style, and women to put on petticoats, skirts, bonnets and Western shoes. Later decrees prohibited the wearing of high Russian boots and long Russian knives. Models of the new approved costumes were hung at Moscow’s gates and in public places in the city for people to observe and copy. All who arrived at the gates in traditional dress except peasants were permitted to enter only after paying a fi ne. Subsequently, Peter instructed the guards at the city gates to force to their knees all visitors arriving in long, traditional coats and then to cut off the coats at the point where the lowered garment touched the ground. “Many hundreds of coats were cut accordingly,” says Perry, “and being done with good humor it occasioned mirth [humor] among the people and soon broke the custom of wearing long coats, especially in places near Moscow and those towns wherever the Tsar came.”. . .
Source: Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World, Alfred A. Knopf from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January, 2008.
Based on these documents, state two ways Peter the Great tried to control the actions of his people.
Document 2
. . . Peter’s military reform would have remained an isolated incident in Russian military history had it not left a distinct and deep impression on the social and intellectual composition of all Russian society, and even influenced future political developments. The military reform itself made necessary other innovations, first to maintain the reorganised and expensive military forces, and then to ensure their permanency. The new recruiting methods, by spreading military obligations to classes hitherto [up to this time] exempt, and thus affecting all social classes, gave the new army a more varied composition, and completely altered existing social relationships. From the time that noblemens’ serfs and servants joined the new army as ordinary recruits instead of only as menials or valets [servants], the position of the nobility, which had been preponderant [dominant] in the old army, was completely changed. . . .
Source: Vasili Klyuchevsky, translated by Liliana Archibald, Peter the Great, St. Martin’s Press from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January, 2008.
According to Vasili Klyuchevsky, what was one way Peter the Great attempted to control the Russian people?
According to Vasili Klyuchevsky, what was one effect Peter the Great’s reform had on the Russian nobles?
Document 3Emergence of “Dual Russia”
The Petrine [Peter’s] Reform is often seen as the main cause and the starting point of the irrevocable [unalterable] split of Russian society into two parts. Peter’s reforms transformed the upper levels of Russian society while the masses remained largely unaffected by them. Peter had forced the nobility to acquire technical knowledge of Western Europe and to adopt European styles of dress and manners. An increasingly Europeanized education of the upper classes brought with it a familiarity with the philosophies and theories of the Enlightenment. Soon many Russian nobles even preferred to speak the languages of Western Europe (particularly French and German) to Russian. By the nineteenth century their world was European in dress, manners, food, education, attitudes, and language, and was completely alien to the way of life of the Russian popular masses. . . .
Source: Alexander Chubarov, The Fragile Empire: A History of Imperial Russia, Continuum from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January, 2008.
According to Alexander Chubarov, what was one long-term effect Peter the Great’s reform had on the upper classes of Russian society?
Document 7How Louis Kept the Nobles in Order
…That it might be amusing for the nobles to obey the king, Louis built a splendid new royal residence at Versailles, near Paris, where he established the most
brilliant court ever known in Europe. The most influencial nobles were encouraged, and even commanded, to leave their castles in the country, where life at best was dull, and to come and live with the king at Versailles. Here the king provided amusements for them, and here he could keep his eye on them. The nobles could not well be discourteous or disobedient to the king while they lived in his house and ate at his table. Almost without knowing it, Louis’s noble guests fell into the habit of trying to please him. The king’s manners were imitated, his words repeated. All smiled when the king smiled, all were sad when the king was sad, “all were devout when the king was devout, and all were sorry not to be ill when the king was ill.” If a noble at court displeased the king, he was sent back to the country to live in his own house, in which case everyone felt—and he did too—that he was in deep disgrace.…
Source: Carl L. Becker, Modern History, Silver, Burdett and Company from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June, 2012.
According to Carl Becker, what was one way that Louis XIV attempted to control the nobility?
Document 8… More and more Louis tried to impose uniformity in religious affairs. In the 1680s he intensified persecution of Protestants; his actions made the edict [of Nantes] nothing but a scrap of paper. Finally in 1685 he declared that the majority of French Protestants had been converted to Catholicism and that therefore there was no need for the edict. It was revoked. Now Louis launched a reign of terror. He refused to allow French Protestants to leave the country. He promised that those who remained could worship privately, free of persecution, but never kept the promise. Their churches were torn down, their gatherings forbidden, their children made to attend mass. The Waldensians in Savoy were massacred, and six hundred Protestants “caught making assemblies” were executed. Perhaps two hundred and fifty thousand fled abroad to escape persecution.…
Source: Milton Meltzer, Ten Kings and the Worlds They Ruled, Orchard Books from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June, 2012.
According to Milton Meltzer, what was one action Louis XIV took in an attempt to control the Protestants in France?
Document 9In this excerpt, Barbara Tuchman is commenting on the effects of Louis XIV’s policy toward the Huguenots.
… Recent [1960s and 1970s scholarly] studies have concluded that the economic damage done to France by the Huguenot [French Protestants] emigration has been overrated, it being only one element in the larger damage caused by the wars. Of the political damage, however, there is no question. The flood of anti-French pamphlets and satires issued by Huguenot printers and their friends in all the cities where they settled aroused antagonism to France to new heat. The Protestant coalition against France was strengthened when Brandenburg entered
into alliance with Holland, and the smaller German principalities joined. In France itself the Protestant faith was reinvigorated by persecution and the feud with Catholics revived. A prolonged revolt of the Camisard Huguenots in the Cévennes, a mountainous region of the south, brought on a cruel war of repression, weakening the state. Here and among other Huguenot communities which remained in France, a receptive base was created for the Revolution to come.…
Source: Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam, Alfred A. Knopf, 1984 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June, 2012.
According to Barbara Tuchman, what was one political consequence of Louis XIV’s policy toward the Huguenots?
Byzantines and Russia (to be moved to Unit 9.5)The early eastern European Slavic civilization at Kiev adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and certain styles of art and architecture as a result of
(1) wars with Japan (2) conquests by Mongol invaders (3) visits to western European countries (4) trade with the Byzantine Empire
The introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet and Orthodox Christianity to Russia is most closely associated with
(1) Viking conquests (2) Byzantine missionaries (3) Alexander the Great’s armies (4) Ottoman expansion
The Byzantine Empire influenced the development of Russia by (1) preventing Mongol invasions (2) destroying the power of the legislature (3) establishing the potato as a staple food (4) introducing Eastern Orthodox beliefs
In what way did the rivers of Russia influence its history? (1) They provided a network for trade between the Byzantine Empire and
Russia. (2) They allowed Japan to defeat Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. (3) They were used by Napoleon to invade Russia. (4) They gave the Mongols a route to conquer Russia.
The Russian Orthodox Church developed as a result of Russia’s cultural interactions with which group?
(1) Byzantines (2) Muslims (3) Vikings (4) Huns
• Cyrillic alphabet adopted for use in Russia.
• Russians accepted the teachings of the Orthodox Christian Church. • Onion-shaped domes dotted the skyline of Kievan Russia. Which term is most closely associated with these statements?
(1) ethnocentrism (2) interdependence(3) cultural diffusion (4) colonialism
The early Russian civilization adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and different styles of art and architecture through contact with
(1) traders from China (2) conquering Mongol invaders (3) Vikings from northern Europe (4) missionaries from the Byzantine Empire
9.9d The development of the Scientific Revolution challenged traditional authorities and beliefs
• Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe • Newton’s law of gravitation • Descartes’ belief in truth through reason
This set of ideas from the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to (1) view humankind’s place in the universe (2) support the core beliefs of the church (3) authenticate historical facts (4) verify civil liberties
One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both
(1) led to increased power for royal families in Europe (2) sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science (3) questioned traditional values and past practices (4) promoted nationalistic revolutions in eastern Europe
New scientific knowledge and understandings that developed during the Scientific Revolution were most often based on
(1) observation and experimentation (2) church law and faith (3) superstition and ancient practices (4) geometric formulas and astrology
One way in which the contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton are similar is that each
(1) challenged the heliocentric theory of the universe (2) based his work on Enlightenment principles of social contract (3) practiced observation and experimentation in his work (4) supported the work of the Inquisition
Base your answer to question __ on the illustration below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which individual supported the theory represented in this illustration? (1) Socrates (2) Ptolemy(3) Dante (4) Galileo
Galileo Galilei and Sir Issac Newton are most closely associated with (1) initiating religious reforms (2) leading political revolutions (3) conducting investigative experiments (4) engaging in foreign conquests
Base your answer to question 46 on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which historical period is most closely associated with these achievements? (1) Pax Romana (2) Age of Alexander the Great(3) European Middle Ages (4) Scientific Revolution
Which individual is correctly paired with an individual who further developed his ideas?
(1) Pope Urban II → Martin Luther (2) Nicolaus Copernicus → Galileo Galilei (3) Hernando Cortez → Simón Bolívar (4) Louis XVI → Maximilien Robespierre
Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate? (1) The existence of natural laws was rejected. (2) Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe. (3) New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy. (4) The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.
Which change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther? (1) increasing the sale of indulgences (2) installing statues of saints in churches (3) saying the mass in Latin so the faithful would learn it (4) printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it
Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution? (1) social stability and economic self-sufficiency (2) observation and experimentation (3) technology and military expansion (4) scarcity and interdependence
Document 1
The Copernican Model: A Sun-Centered Solar SystemThe Earth-centered Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy held sway on [governed] Western thinking for almost 2000 years. Then, in the 16th century a new idea was proposed by the Polish astronomer Nicolai Copernicus (1473–1543). The Heliocentric System In a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (that was published as Copernicus lay on his deathbed), Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. Such a model is called a heliocentric system. The ordering of the planets known to Copernicus in this new system is illustrated in the following figure, which we recognize as the modern ordering of those planets. . . .
Source: The Copernican Model: A Sun-Centered Solar System, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Tennessee from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam,
January 2011. Based on this document, how was Copernicus’s theory of heliocentrism different from Ptolemy’s ideas about the universe?
Document 2This is an excerpt from a letter written by Galileo Galilei in 1615 to the Grand Duchess Christina defending his approach to science.Some years ago, as Your Serene Highness well knows, I discovered in the heavens many things that had not been seen before our own age. The novelty of these things, as well as some consequences which followed from them in contradiction to the physical notions commonly held among academic philosophers, stirred up
against me no small number of professors — as if I had placed these things in the sky with my own hands in order to upset nature and overturn the sciences. They seemed to forget that the increase of known truths stimulates the investigation, establishment, and growth of the arts; not their diminution [lessening] or destruction. Showing a greater fondness for their own opinions than for truth, they sought to deny and disprove the new things which, if they had cared to look for themselves, their own senses would have demonstrated to them. To this end they hurled various charges and published numerous writings filled with vain arguments, and they made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properly, and which were ill suited to their purposes. . . .
Source: Galileo Galilei, “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)” from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2011.
According to Galileo, why is the search for truth important? Which document did Galileo’s opponents use to support their opinions?
Document 3. . . At first, the discoveries of Copernicus and Galileo upset many Europeans. Over time, however, a new way of thinking about science emerged. Scientists began to observe the world around them and to develop ideas about why things happened. They did experiments to test these ideas. This new way of thinking was called the scientific method. . . .
Source: Guide to the Essentials of World History, Prentice Hall, 1999 (adapted) from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2011.
Based on this excerpt and diagram from Guide to the Essentials of World History, what is one way Copernicus, Galileo, and others influenced how scientists work?
Document 4
. . Gradually scientists came to challenge more and more what the ancients [past
civilizations] taught. They came to develop new, better methods of finding out how things worked. Mathematical knowledge increased and helped them to reason. They began to think up experiments to check on their ideas in a methodical way. The scientific revolution had begun. Many men were needed to bring this about. These men came from every part of Europe. They wrote books to explain their ideas. The printing press made it possible to produce thousands of copies which found their way all over Europe. Scientists were able to learn from one another and give one another new ideas. So the Scientific Revolution was not the work of Englishmen, or Frenchmen, or Italians alone. It was the work of Europeans. And, as we have seen, even they did not do it all by themselves. The Chinese, the Indians, the Persians, and the Arabs all gave something before it came about. Today this is not hard to understand, because men and women from all over the world add to scientific knowledge and so help one another. . . .
Source: Peter Amey, Scientific Revolution, Greenhaven Press from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2004.
Based on this document, state two changes resulting from the Scientific Revolution.
Document 5
. . . Assumptions 1. There is no one center of all the celestial [heavenly] circles or spheres [planets]. 2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere. 3. All the spheres [planets] revolve about the sun as their mid-point, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe. . . .
Source: Nicholas Copernicus, The Commentariolus, (1510) Source: Edward Rosen, Three Copernican Treatises, Columbia University Press from NYS Global History and Geography
Regents Exam, January 2004. State one scientific belief of Copernicus that is being described in this passage.
Document 6. . . As in Mathematicks, so in natural philosophy, the investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis [scientific method], ought ever to precede the method of composition. This analysis consists in making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions from them by induction [reason], and admitting of no objections against the conclusions, but such as are taken from experiments, or other certain truths. For hypotheses [theories] are not to be regarded in experimental philosophy. And although the arguing from experiments and observations by induction be no demonstration of general conclusions; yet it is the best way of arguing which the nature of things admits of, and may be looked upon as so much the stronger, by how much the induction is more general. And if no exception occur from phenomena [facts], the conclusion may be pronounced generally. But if at any time afterwards any exception shall occur from experiments, it may then begin to be pronounced with such exceptions as occur. By this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the forces producing them; and in general, from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones, till the argument
end in the most general. This is the method of analysis [scientific method]: and the synthesis [combination of parts] consists in assuming the causes discovered, and established as principles, and by them explaining the phenomena proceeding from them, and proving the explanations. . . .
Source: Sir Isaac Newton, Opticks, 1718 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2004.
According to this document, why is the scientific method important?
9.9e The Enlightenment challenged views of political authority and how power and authority were conceptualized.
Which heading best completes the partial outline on British history below?
I. ________________________________ A. Magna Carta B. Glorious Revolution C. Bill of Rights
(1) Rise of Absolutism (2) Beginning of Socialism (3) Challenges to Papal Power (4) Evolution of Parliamentary Democracy
Which institution became stronger and limited the monarchy in order to end absolutism in England?
(1) banks (2) Parliament (3) universities (4) Anglican Church
Which idea is central to John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government? (1) A government’s power comes from the consent of the people. (2) Predestination will determine who will go to heaven. (3) Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth. (4) The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves.
The primary purpose of the Magna Carta (1215) was to (1) limit the power of King John (2) install Oliver Cromwell as dictator (3) justify the Glorious Revolution (4) charter the British East India Company
Oliver Cromwell led the Puritan Revolution in England in response to the (1) passage of the Bill of Rights (2) autocratic rule of the king (3) implementation of mercantilism (4) defeat of the Spanish Armada
One similarity between the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights is that both documents
(1) set up a two-party political system (2) placed limits on the power of the monarch (3) established the right to inherit the throne (4) guaranteed equal rights for all citizens
Which statement represents a key idea directly associated with John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government?
(1) Freedom of speech should be denied. (2) The king’s power on Earth comes from God. (3) All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property. (4) Individuals acting in their own self-interest will achieve economic success.
The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights led the English government to develop a political system in which
(1) rulers were responsible to the people (2) religious authorities controlled the lawmaking process (3) the power of the monarch came from God (4) the individual was denied a trial by jury
Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the improvement of society through the (1) teachings of the church (2) use of reason (3) development of absolutism (4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy
The English Bill of Rights and the political philosophy of John Locke both support the idea of a
(1) coalition government (2) fascist dictatorship (3) Marxist dictatorship (4) limited government
What was a major effect of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights on Great Britain?
(1) The power of the monarch was limited. (2) Ireland revolted against the monarchy. (3) Parliament was abolished. (4) A renewed interest in Greek and Roman culture developed.
Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Speaker A:
I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it.
Speaker Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.
B:
Speaker C:
Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.
Which historical period is best represented in the ideas expressed by these speakers?
(1) Enlightenment (2) Counter Reformation(3) Age of Exploration (4) Early Middle Ages
Which historical figure expressed ideas that are most similar to those of Speaker B? (1) Thomas Malthus (2) John Locke (3) Peter the Great (4) Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688 were key events in English history because they resulted in
(1) creating alliances with France (2) defeating Protestant nobles (3) limiting the power of the monarchy (4) annexing territory
Many Enlightenment philosophers used reason to (1) reinforce traditional beliefs (2) strengthen religious authority (3) reveal natural laws (4) encourage censorship
According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to (1) protect the natural rights of individuals (2) serve the monarch (3) create overseas settlements (4) stimulate the economy
Which document established the principle of limited monarchy in England? (1) Twelve Tables (2) Magna Carta(3) Act of Supremacy (4) Balfour Declaration
• Parliament offered the throne to King William and Queen Mary. • Catholic King James II fled England for France. • Parliament agreed to joint rule with the monarch. These events are most closely associated with the
(1) Crusades (2) French Revolution (3) Glorious Revolution
(4) Reconquista
In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke wrote that the purpose of government was to
(1) keep kings in power (2) regulate the economy (3) expand territory (4) protect natural rights
Which heading best completes the partial outline below?
I. _____________________________A. Writings of Thomas Hobbes B. Divine right theory C. Centralization of political power D. Reign of Louis XIV
(1) Beginning of Global Trade (2) Growth of Democracy in Europe (3) Rise of Absolutism (4) Age of Exploration
Which document limited the power of the English monarchy during the Middle Ages? (1) Magna Carta (2) Twelve Tables (3) Justinian Code (4) Rig Veda
According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to (1) protect natural rights (2) fight territorial wars (3) ensure the wealth of citizens (4) redistribute land
One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that
(1) absolute monarchies should continue (2) the punishment should fit the crime (3) individual rights should be denied (4) governments should be based on the consent of the people
What was a major result of the Glorious Revolution? (1) Napoleon was restored to power. (2) England further limited its monarchy. (3) Oliver Cromwell became the leader of England. (4) The Spanish Armada was defeated.
Document 4
Source: NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2011.
Based on the information in this graphic organizer, state two specific rights that John Locke believed all humans have.
