Chapter 4. Thomas R. Unruh, James B. Wooley. 1999. Molecular methods in classical biological control. Pages 57-85. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: molecular markers, genetic material, nuclear DNA, ribosomal RNA, mitochondria DNA, molecular variation, enzyme polymorphism, techniques for studying DNA, the polymerase chain reaction, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP), DNA fingerprinting: minisatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), DNA sequencing, heterologous sequence and primer design, seeking variation for population studies, microsatellites: the cool new tool for population genetics, applications in biological control, systematics, biotypes, intraspecific phylogeography, interpretation of genetic distances, genetic distances among taxa, population biology, population structure, gene flow, and mating systems, colonization, inbreeding, and postcolonization adaptation, genetic mapping, ecological markers