MP 2 Quarterly Exam Study Guide 7.3/7.4 1. During diffusion, when the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will a. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell. b . stop moving across the membrane. c . continue to move across the membrane in both directions. d . move across the membrane to the inside of the cell. 2. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes water to move ______________ (into/out of) the cell. The fresh water surrounding the cell would be considered _________________ (hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic). 3. When submerged in a hypertonic solution, an animal cell will react by _________________ (bursting/shriveling) because water will move __________________ (into/out of) the cell. 4. What is the main difference between passive and active transport? 5. What is ATP? 6. Describe the process of diffusion.
Transcript
MP 2 Quarterly Exam Study Guide
7.3/7.4
1. During diffusion, when the concentration of molecules on both sides of a
membrane
is the same, the molecules will
a. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell.
b. stop moving across the membrane.
c. continue to move across the membrane in both directions.
d. move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.
2. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the
osmotic pressure
causes water to move ______________ (into/out of) the cell. The fresh water surrounding the
cell would be considered _________________ (hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic).
3. When submerged in a hypertonic solution, an animal cell will react by
_________________
(bursting/shriveling) because water will move __________________ (into/out of) the cell.
4. What is the main difference between passive and active transport?
5. What is ATP?
6. Describe the process of diffusion.
7. This type of passive transport involves the assistance of a membrane
protein-
______________________
8. Diffusion will occur across a membrane until ________________________ is
reached.
9. Describe osmosis.
10. What are aquaporins?
11. Two main types of active transport are endocytosis and exocytosis.
Compare and contrast
each type.
12. What are the two types of endocytosis? Describe each.
13. Once equilibrium is reached, the solutions on both sides of a cell membrane
would be
considered _____________________ (hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic).
14. Define homeostasis:
15. Which means of particle transport is shown in the figure below?
___________________________
16. Which means of particle transport is shown in the figure below?
_________________________
17. The cells of multicellular organisms are ______________________ to perform
different tasks.
18. Describe each of the terms below and provide an example of each.
Tissue-
Organ-
Organ system-
Cell-
19. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism
from the
simplest level to the most complex level?
a. cell, tissue, organ system, organ
b. organ system, organ, tissue, cell
c. tissue, organ, organ system, cell
d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system
20. Cells within a multicellular organism communicate by chemical signals. In
order to receive
and respond to a certain chemical signal, a cell must have a ________________ for that chemical.
Chapter 8
Please label the following diagram using the terms from the word bank.Thylakoids Calvin Cycle CO2 O2
Granum Light NADPH ADPStroma H2O ATP
Light Dependent Reaction
Sugar NADP+
15. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? (Use words and chemical symbols.)
16. Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
12.
4.
14. 13.
10.
9.
8.
7.
11. 6.
5.
3. 2.
1.
17. In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
18. How many membranes does this organelle have?
19. What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
20. Where does each reaction take place?
21. What do the water molecules get split up into in the light reactions?
22. What is a waste product formed in the light reactions? (We need it to survive!)
23. What two products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle?
24. What is produced as a result of carbon dioxide fixation (conversion of one carbon compound to another) in the Calvin cycle?
Using the diagram below, please answer the following questions.
25. What pigments are involved in photosynthesis?
26. What colors does chlorophyll a absorb the best?
27. What colors does chlorophyll b absorb the best?
28. What is the abbreviation for all the colors of the visible light spectrum?
29. Why do plants appear green?
30. Which molecule has more energy ATP or ADP?
31. How is energy released from a molecule of ATP?
32. Draw a diagram of ATP and ADP. Label the adenine, ribose, and phosphates.
33. Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. Provide examples.
34. Label the following diagram of the light reactions of photosynthesis using the terms from the word bank. Some of the terms you will use more than once. You will have to draw in some of the parts.
Stroma Thylakoid Membrane ATP Synthase Electron Transport Chain 1
Light H+ ATP Electron Transport Chain 2
ADP NADP+ NADPH WaterOxygen Thylakoid Space Photosystem 1 Photosystem 2
35. Label the parts of the chloroplast using the terms in the word bank below.Granum Thylakoid Space/Lumen Outer MembraneStroma Thylakoids Inner Membrane
36. Use the terms from the following word bank to label the diagram below. Some of the terms will be used more than once.
CO2 ADP NADPHATP NADP+ Sugar
A.B.
C.
D.E.
F.
Chapter 9
1. How do organisms get the energy that they need?
2. ________________________________________ are examples of organisms that carry out Photosynthesis. ________________________________________ are examples of organisms that carry out Cellular Respiration.
3. Photosynthesis occurs in the ____________________________ (organelle) and Cellular Respiration occurs in the ________________________________ (organelle).
4. Define Calorie.
5. Define the words aerobic and anaerobic.
6. What molecule must be present for aerobic respiration to occur?
7. What type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, yields the most energy?
8. What is the equation for respiration? Write it in symbols and in words. Above the equation label the reactants and the products.
9. List the three stages of respiration? Include the following a) where it occurs b) if it is aerobic or anaerobic c) the total # of ATP molecules produced.
_____________________ a) __________________ b) __________________ c) _______ _____________________ a) __________________ b) __________________ c) _______ _____________________ a) __________________ b) __________________ c) _______
10. What is the total number of ATP molecules from the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration?
11. Draw and label a mitochondrion with the following: Outer membrane, inner membrane, matrix, and intermembrane area.
12. List the 2 electron carriers that are a part of Cellular Respiration/Fermentation and what they convert into.
13. What molecules are formed from glucose during glycolysis? How many of each? _____________________ - _____________ _____________________ - _____________ _____________________ - _____________
14. Tally up the total amount of ATPs, NADHs, CO2s and FADH2s generated per glucose molecule (REMEMBER, there are 2 ‘turns’ of Krebs cycle because each glucose molecule produces 2 pyruvic acid molecules)?
ATP ____________ NADH ____________ CO2 ____________ FADH2 ____________
15. Where does the ETC occur?
16. List the steps of the ETC.
17. What 2 molecules are formed at the end of the ETC?
18. What molecule passes through ATP synthase to make it spin?
19. When ATP synthase spins, what happens to ADP?
20. List a few examples of organisms or habitats of organisms that are likely to carry out anaerobic respiration?
21. Where does fermentation occur?
22. Why is fermentation important?
23. When does fermentation occurs and under what conditions?
24. What are the two types of fermentation? Write each of the equations in symbols and in words. Above the equations label the reactants and the products.
25. How do each of the types of fermentation play a role in the lives of humans? Lactic Acid- Alcoholic Fermentation-
26. How do we satisfy our energy needs differently during a sprint or a long run?
Chapter 10
1. As a cell becomes larger which increases at a faster rate: surface area or volume?
2. What does the rate of waste production in cell depend on surface area or volume?
3. Why do cells need to divide?
4. Describe asexual reproduction. Provide an example(s).
5. Describe sexual reproduction. Provide an example(s).
6. What is the name of the process by which a cell divides into 2 daughter cells?
7. How is a chromosome arranged in a prokaryotic cell? How is it arranged in a
eukaryotic cell?
8. Label the structure to the right and the parts labeled A and B.
9. The main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, B, C, and D in the
figure below. Name these events.
10. What is interphase? What phases are a part of this
portion of the cell cycle and what happens in each?
11. Describe and draw or be able to recognize each of the parts of the M phase-prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.
12. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
13. What is the difference between cell division in plant cells vs. animal cells?
14. How are each of the following structures involved in the cell cycle?
a. Chromatid-
b. Centromere-
c. Centrioles-
d. Spindle-
15. What family of proteins in eukaryotes regulates the cell cycle?
16. What are the three categories of regulating proteins?
17. When skin breaks, what do cells at the edge of the injury do?
18. What is apoptosis?
19. What is the difference between cancer cells and healthy cells?
20. Compare and contrast benign and malignant cancers?
21. Which diagram below, A or B, shows cancer cells? How do you know?
22. What does is mean if cancer cells metastasize?
23. What are some possible sources of gene defects that can lead to cancer?
24. What gene is often found damaged or defective in most cancer cells?
25. What are some of the possible treatments for cancer?
26. What does differentiation mean?
27. What are stem cells? What are the two types?
28. What is a benefit to stem cell research?
29. Why do some people view stem cell research as controversial?
11.4
Answer the questions below using the diagram to the right.
1) What is the structure to the right called? ____________________
2) What are the structures labeled A? ____________________
3) What is the structure labeled B? _______________________
Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the concept map showing the process of meiosis.ChromatidsCrossing over
Haploid reproductive cellsHomologous chromosomes
Meiosis IISexual reproduction
AB
includes results in
which which which which involves separates separates unite during
Compare/Contrast Table - Comparing Cell Processes
Mitosis MeiosisFunction Growth; regeneration of new cellsLocation in the Body All body (somatic cells)
Number of Daughter Cells Four
Change in Chromosome NumberNumber of Phases Four
Number of Cell Divisions One
Difference in DNA Between Parent Cells and Daughter Cells
Homologous chromosomes assort independently so each gamete has a unique combination of alleles.
Fill in the Blanks
Multicellular, sexually reproducing organisms have basically two types of cells: body cells, which are also called ______________________________ cells and sex cells, which are known as __________________________.
Species have a characteristic number of chromosomes called the __________________________ number,
which is typical of most body cells. This number is represented by the symbol 2 ______. Gametes must have ______________________ the number of chromosomes which is called the ________________________ number and is symbolized as _______. When two sex cells unite, the first cell is diploid. The diploid cell will divide through the process of _________________________ to form a multicellular organism.
Meiosis
Meiosis I
True or False - If the answer is ‘false’ correct the necessary word or words to make the statement true.
_________ - Meiosis is the process of forming sex cells.
_________ - Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome.
_________ - Eukaryotes have an even number of chromosomes in their cells.
_________ - Pairs of matching chromosomes in organisms are called homozygous chromosomes.
Matching - Stages of MeiosisNumber the following diagrams of the first meiotic division in the proper order. Label each phase correctly as prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I or telophase I.
Number the following diagrams of the second meiotic division in the proper order. Label each phase correctly as prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II or telophase II.
