neeraj1999.files.wordpress.com · Web viewOur knowledge of science has increased a lot in the...

How CRISPR will affect the way millennials have babies in the future 1

How CRISPR will affect the way millennials have babies in the future.

Neeraj Konathan Renganathan

Florida International University

6110730


Abstract

The way that babies are born will change in the future with this new breakthrough tool called

CRISPR. It is a very simple tool that was taken from bacteria, they used it as protection from

incoming virus attacks. Since then it has been used to experiment many human-like creatures, it

has been found that it can edit or fix out a specific genetic error and edit it out and replace it with

a fixed one, this a very inexpensive way of fixing medical problems like cancer. But since it can

change anything genetic, it has been much debated about if it will be used to change the key

feature of babies before they are born. The future babies are going to from the college kids of

this generation a survey was done among college students in a south Florida university. The

results when analyzed indicated that majority of students were against it and will not use in their

lives or children’s lives if they are no real problems it can fix. The results were closely analyzed

with other sources and major health problems which it can solve using CRISPR, in the end,

people’s opinion and knowledge of the topic is very vague and even though there is a very less

majority if people willing to try it, the number will only increase in the future.


Introduction

Our knowledge of science has increased a lot in the previous century, we have come from using

superstitious remedies for our body problems to using cellular level healing to heal our body.

Our perception of science in recent years and discoveries at various levels of it has encouraged

us to find and delve in deeper and discover it all. We have established three branches in science

which will allow for an easier specialization in it. One branch which has seen major development

in is biology and we have used it to increase our life expectancy from 40 years to 80 years, which

is a two-fold increase and because of this our population boomed and increased from 2 billion

from 1800 to 7 billion in the early 2000s. One new discovery which will again help us survive

longer and maybe even modify our body like you do your house before you buy it. Since we

found that DNA is the blueprint for life, we have tried to modify it and use it to control our

actions on the human body, recently it has been proved to be possible with a new method called

CRISPR which stands for “Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats”. This

mechanism was first observed in prokaryotes (single-celled organisms) mainly bacteria where

when attacked by foreign organism they cut out the DNA the foreign has placed inside the

bacteria, this mechanism was very specific and was performed naturally with 90 percent

accuracy (Vidyasagar 2018). This, when applied to human genetically caused problems, can help

us solve it in a very efficient and precise way. CRISPR doesn’t any have anything scarce or rare,

all of the materials needed to make it happen are widely available and thus the treatment can be

performed in a cheap way. CRISPR is thought to help cure problems faced by humanity right

now like cancer and Alzheimer’s. That maybe be the direct goal for humanity, but our indirect

goals have always been more popularized due to its being a more profitable business. In this

case, it is customization of babies, this paper aims to bring awareness to this current generation


by giving them ample information about the treatment. This paper also hopes to bring to light the

opinion or views about this treatment from college students. This was done through the means of

creating an anonymous survey using google docs, the results were then analyzed and discussed

and compared with similar research and a conclusion was formed. The paper can be broken

down into three major parts Introduction, methods and discussion, and conclusion.

Background information.

All of us who have gone through the education system in our lives may have heard of the term

genetic engineering. All of us are unique in many ways, what makes us unique is the core

material found in our body called DNA. It is nothing, but a bunch of sugars lined up in a

different way in each of us. The majority of us sequence at which they are lined up is very good

and normal, but for some others, they are different and may cause some shortcomings, some

people are not born with limbs or are born blind. For many years we knew what had caused these

problems, but none of us knew how to solve it. In 2012 all of that was going to change as a new

technique had been discovered to battle all of these things and would take humankind to another

level. The name of the technique was revealed to be CRISPR, “Clustered Regularly Interspaced

Short Palindromic Repeats”. CRISPR to put it into layman’s terms is like a doctor for your

genes, if your genes have some defects then the CRISPR, which has two main components Cas9,

the endonuclease, and the guide RNA. The guide RNA will specifically target the defect in the

gene and then effectively edit out the defect (CRISPR Cas9 Genome Editing, n.d.). This outlines

the basic function of CRISPR, with this tool we can totally edit out diseases like Zika, HIV and

many others. All of this at a very affordable price. This will prove very useful in other parts of

the world like Africa where health care is very difficult to access.


Why is CRISPR a breakthrough in biology? 1. The precision of the gene editing 2. The cost-

effectiveness of it. The method which was previously noted to be close to CRISPR was ZINC

Fingers, which was very difficult to engineer and could cost up to 5000$ (Ledford, CRISPR the

disruptor, 2015). Scientists have been able to edit genes but were very limited to the lab

environment not completely manageable to everyone, CRISPR is moving at a very fast pace and

the scientists who are performing the research are abandoning their previous research and

jumping onto CRISPR. This may cause incomplete data for future experiments and research.

Since CRISPR is very accurate the scientists are ignoring the risks it may pose.

In the future, many of us may have kids and if the option is available to us then we might even

make some changes to our baby. Genetic defects can be edited out, but after editing out the

defect the person who was supposed to turn out different will be just like everyone, imagine if

Helen Keller was cured of her deafness and blindness in her childhood, would she have turned

out like the same brilliant author she would have had if she did not have the defects? This is not a

reason to stop science, we wouldn’t have come this far we had taken into consideration these

things. Tampering with the natural order will not produce repercussions now, but later on in the

future. As Daniel Sarwitz mentions in his article about scientists and CRISPR:

“Scientists are not elected. They cannot represent the cultural values, politics, and interests of

citizens — not least because their values may differ significantly from those of people in other

walks of life” (Sarwitz, 2015). All of this tells us that even though some of us will not view

CRISPR as the natural way there is no stopping its development. But that uncontrollable pace it

is going in will cause problems in the future.

The people reading about this technique will have their own bias and view about how it will

impact the world. More than half of the world population follows a religion, 84 percent to be


exact follow religion (Harper, 2012), so it is safe to assume that at least some of them will have

an influence on whether to use this technique. Majority of the 84% are Christians and they are

very adhering to their religion, but Christianity is also an evolving religion and they try to adapt

to the very popular trends of the world, when asked about if they would be willing to use genetic

editing or any other treatment (Rev. Kevin FitzGerald, 2017), other religion will not be so

aligned with this view and may not be straightforward, but the majority of the decision will be

from the people and the situation and this paper will help those people take a well-informed

decision.

The people reading this paper will ask, why should I worry about this because this technology is

still in its first phase and by the time we settle down this will be mainstream and almost used

everywhere. Babies are the huge step, but small things like altering a flower or fruit are

everywhere, whatever we eat will be altered in some way or other. If we do this to animals, then

the ripples of that will influence the whole ecosystem and collectively change the wildlife as we

know it now (Schapitl, 2018). All of us need to understand what we can change and what we

can’t change.

The gap in my research is trying to fill is that teenagers right now will be able to make a virtuous

decision on why they should alter their babies or why they should not. My research paper will

help them understand the process, its advantages, and disadvantages. My paper will show in

detail the history of this process and the pace of its development, it will also take a survey on the

people in a university and analyze the decision. One might wonder that since this is an upcoming

new technology then it should have been covered by major media outlets. You are right there

was media outrage in the beginning, but people want immediate results, and this cannot happen


with technologies such as CRISPR, it needs time to grow and it can only be brought to near

perfection with trial and error and time. This might not be interesting for the

millennials who do not have biology as their course (Sara A. Mehltretter Drury, 2018), but like it

or not they are going to come to use it in the future and this paper will help them do that and

make it interesting along the way.

Methods

The methods that best suits my topic and which will provide the most information is conducting

a survey. I will use google forms to conduct my survey and collect data. The research question I

will is “How genetic engineering will influence the way millennials have babies in the future”.

Many factors influence the way people are going to have kids in the future, the main factor is

going to be whether they are going to have kids in the future, because if they are not going to

have kids then it is not going to be a viable survey. After this question, I can get an important

answer laid down and can start going in detail about the next part of the survey. The next part

will be about asking them if they had wished to change something in their life such as skin color,

hair color or physical appearance of their body. This will allow me to anticipate an answer to

incorporate and build a connection if they are willing to do this on themselves, will they do it on

their kids someday. This builds my next question as to ask them will they change any physical

aspect of their children like their eye color etc. The next question builds upon this question by

asking if they would change any mental aspect of their childlike intelligence, which will

influence the way they perform in their education life. The next question turns the tables a little

and asks for weather if given the opportunity to change their child’s sex, is that a step they are

willing to take.


Informed Consent Form

“How CRISPR will affect the way millennials will have babies in the future”.

The following information is provided to help you make a informed decision on whether or not

to participate in the survey. At any point in the survey if you have any questions please do not

hesitate to ask. The purpose of this paper is t find out how many people will accept “CRISPR” a

breakthrough feat in genetic engineering that allows people to genetically change their

offspring’s looks, intellect and body features.

The paper will examine:

1. What motivates people to use this treatment in the future.

2. Why they should do this or should not do this when they are parents.

3. The steps and procedures involved in the treatment.

4. What advantages and disadvantages will this yield for you.

In this paper, many biological and scientific terms describing sexual features may be used, the

purpose of this is to just understand the concept in clear detail. No negative meaning is intended.

The information gained from this study will help us understand the benefits/ losses from

performing this treatment. It will also provide us with information on when to use this study. The

paper will allow for in depth explanation of a study which could potentially change the world

someday and why you should think twice before choosing it.

PARTICIPATION: You can participate in this venture by providing answers to a series of

question posted on this Blog page https://wordpress.com/posts/neeraj1999.wordpress.com. (you

do not have to login or provide any identifying information, nor are you required to sign this

https://wordpress.com/posts/neeraj1999.wordpress.com


Informed Consent form). You can answer the question in detail or just limit it to yes/no.

Unfortunately, there is no reward or gift provided if you participate in this study. All the entries

will remain anonymous and you are encouraged to use a pseudonymous name. You are also

required not to mention your university name anywhere in the answers. Be honest there is no

right or wrong answers and just be yourself.

If participating, you may choose to contact me through email or meet up in person after class at a

location of your choice. Please choose a quiet place like the library for example. Your

participation in this study is voluntary. You are free to decide not to participate in this study or to

withdraw at any time without adversely affecting your relationship with the researcher and

without fear of having your information/identity revealed. If you choose to participate, you may

withdraw at any time by notifying the Project Director, Dr. Marlen Harrison [email protected].

Upon your request to withdraw, you may also request to have all information pertaining to you

destroyed. If you choose to participate, all information will be held in strict confidence and no

attempt to reveal your responses and identity to others will be made.

This project has been approved by Program director and instructor Dr. Marlen Harrison.

VOLUNTARY CONSENT FORM: I have read and understand the information on the form

and I consent to volunteer to be a subject in this study. I understand that my responses are

completely confidential and that I have the right to withdraw at any time. I have received an

unsigned copy of this informed Consent Form to keep in my possession. I understand that I may

use a pseudonym or my initials instead of my name.

mailto:[email protected]


Questions for survey.

1. At any point in your life did you feel like changing something about yourself like hair

color or skin color?

2. Would you consider changing your child’s skin color or any other physical aspect?

3. Will you consider altering your child’s intelligence to perform better in educational

aspects of his/her life.

4. Would you consider changing your child’s sex if you had the opportunity to do so in a

cheap way.

5. Would you consider this treatment for altering genetic transferred illness like blindness or

any other STD’s?

6. Overall would you consider at least trying this treatment once on your children or even

yourself?

7. You can say something here if you want to good or bad about CRISPR.

All responses of the survey are on the scale of 1-10 and responses will be anonymous.

Results

The mean of finding out if people wanted to use CRSIPR in their lives or their children lives is

can be done in the efficient way of conducting a survey. The survey was detailed with short

questions which are mostly of the scale of 1 to 7 and one question asked them what they think

about the treatment as a whole and their view on it. The question was aimed at college students

because they are the most likely generation to have kids in the future and asking them about the

treatment will provide insights if they are willing to use it in their future lives. The questions are


clear and will indicate if the respondents are likely to use, in the middle (undecided), and

unlikely to use. The survey was answered by 23 students and the results were analyzed, for

weather they want change something in their children or even themselves.

The study was conducted in a south Florida based university with high number of students

having basic scientific knowledge. Refer to the methods section for the full list of questions. Let

us analyze all the questions.

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13wzk9S7c9s1B_3gZylQmO1zhVzSakKpJnEWDcH-

Rz5Q/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13wzk9S7c9s1B_3gZylQmO1zhVzSakKpJnEWDcH-Rz5Q/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13wzk9S7c9s1B_3gZylQmO1zhVzSakKpJnEWDcH-Rz5Q/edit?usp=sharing





Please refer to the link above to see all the charts and tables for each question.

1. The first question asked if they wanted to participate in the survey and the reply received

by was 100% of the people responded yes to taking the survey,


2. The second question asked if any of them wanted to change anything in their body, a few

examples given was change in skin color and hair color. The responses were 43% of the

respondents chose 7 which is most likely to change, and with the latter being chosen an

17%. The people who were undecided or somewhere in the middle were a combined and

the percentage was 34%.

3. The third question asked if the participants would see themselves having kids in the

future. About 17 of the participants chose strongly yes with the percentage coming

around 73%. The rest of the participants stayed well below the 5% range

4. The next question asked if they would like to change their children’s skin or any other

physical appearance. The participants who disagreed strongly were 18 in number and

their percentage was 78% the rest of the participants combined coming to the percentage

of 21%, 3 of the participants were in the middle.

5. This question asked if they were willing to change their child’s educational ability or

enhance their intelligence using CRSIPR. The responses were 34% disagreeing with the

method and 13% strongly agreeing with the method. Participants who were undecided or

in the middle were combined to give percentage of 50%. The participants who were very

close to agreeing were of the number 17%

6. The next question asked if they willing to change their child’s sex with the treatment

beforehand in a cheap and efficient way. 18 of the participants strongly disagreed to the

question and just 4.3% were close to agreeing with the question. The people undecided

was of combined percentage of 17%.

7. The following question asked if they were willing to change alter their children STD or

any other genetically transferred illnesses. 5 of the participants strongly disagreed to the


treatment, but with the people strongly agreeing to the treatment are coming in around 7

participants or 30%. The people who were undecided came in around a combined

percentage of 46%. People very close to agreeing to the treatment were 17% or 4 of the

participants.

8. This question asked If they would at least try this treatment once in their life or their

children’s life. 10 of the participants strongly disagreed to the question or 43% of the

respondents. 13% of the respondents strongly agreed to try the treatment. The people

undecided with the treatment were of the combined number of 42%.

9. Finally, the participants were encouraged to include a thoughts in this last question. The

responses are as followed.

1. This is not ethical, not as nature intended life to be for all. To have balance, illnesses

and conditions that weed us out from life are necessary.

2. we are beautiful the way we are born, and we must let our kids decide what they want

to be when they are old enough

Discussion

The question that were built up on the topic were asked as a survey and the results are now

analyzed. The question first asked for the basic answers to confirm the candidates who were

most likely to use the technique. The first question asked if they would want to change anything

in their body, this has asked, since CRISPR by itself is a method which will alter or cause

changes in the human body. The question emphasizes on skin color and other changes that the

respondents may have wanted to change at some point in their lives. The responses to the

question were overwhelmingly positive, approximately half of the respondents likely wanted to

change something in their body to stand out in the society. Remember the question asked for skin


color or anything related to that, in this age of social media people mainly millennials are willing

to change the physical aspects of their body to stand out in an exposed world. According to the

International society of Aesthetic plastic surgery there has in an 4% increase in the people

getting plastic surgery and that number is only going to get higher (International society of

Aesthetic plastic surgery., 2017). This tells that even though people may or may not use the

treatment, they were willing to change some aspects of their bodies. In the future it may change

and some of them may cave in to the marketing and will end up using the treatment. The next

question asked if they were going to have kids in the future. This question directly links to the

topic and gives an insight, ultimately the deciding factor is going to be the kids and people who

have genetic transferred illness they might not have it, but they might be the carrier and may

spread it to their kids. The responses to the question are very positive and 73% of the participants

chose they were going to have kids in the future. According to this article from National Institute

of health about 25 to 30 million Americans are affected by rare genetic diseases, that means

every 1 in 10 people have a genetic disease or are a carrier of it. So, the chance of people having

genetic defects are going to be high and these people who strongly agreed may have to consider

this treatment for their children.

Majority of the college students are planning on having kids and this treatment should be

made known by institutions since not all people are bio majors and follow medical news

carefully. The next question asked if they were willing to change their children’s skin color or

any physical aspect. Although majority of the people strongly disagreed the remainder of people

were undecided and were very close to agreeing, the total percentage came to 21%, that is a lot

of people who are either undecided or maybe want to try the treatment on their children. Again,

this brings up the question that they must either be informed of the treatment to know to the full


detail what it is and to understand and make an informed decision. The next question is a very

important and may be the most extensive motivator for people to use this treatment. The question

asked whether they were going to use this treatment to increase their child’s intelligence to excel

in education. More than 50% of the people were towards agree and only an 34% were strongly

towards disagree. The participants who strongly agreed were of the number 17%, this number do

not look that huge here, but extrapolated to the large-scale level this will be overwhelming

amount of people. The next question asked if they were willing to change the sex of their fetus

beforehand to their choice of gender. These responses showed about 17% of the respondents are

still undecided about whether they willing to change the sex of their child. This may be not be a

huge problem in the United states, but developing and overpopulated countries like India and

China are very much face this problem. Although it is banned by the governments of those

countries against finding the sex of their fetus beforehand, the cost of doing so is about 15$ and

lots of people can afford to spend that money to know the sex of the child. Gender related deaths

are about 500,000 in India alone (Clift, 2011). Providing this treatment in those countries for a

cheap price will lead to an reduce in deaths related fetuses, but at the same time preference

towards one gender will go up and cause a sex ratio imbalance. In Countries like Botswana tis

may be helpful in bringing up the ration to equilibrium (Index Mundi, 2018). The next question.

The next question asked if they were willing to change prevent their STD which may be

transferred from the mother to the child. Just like from the education stand point, this is going to

be another motivator to use this treatment. According to the Department of health there had been

an increase in Chlamydia and syphilis with a combined percentage of 14% (Deaprtment of

Health , 2017). These people are the prime candidates to use this treatment and there is no other

way to prevent this before childbirth.


The last but one question asked if they were willing to try this treatment on their children

or themselves, the responses received were mixed as there was only a 1% difference between the

two responses. With 43% strongly disagreeing and 42% strongly agreeing, people’s opinions

have surely changed after taking the survey, since the survey vaguely detailed the problems that

could be solved by this treatment called CRISPR.

Conclusion

This treatment is still in its early stages, but not far away that most of us might not see it

in our lifetime. The people who are most likely to use this treatment are us in the future either on

ourselves or our children. Millennials are growing fast in a technology-driven world with new

things being invented on daily basis, the desire of millennials to stand out and being perceptible

by the audience. To do this many of the people today especially students battle many types of

decisions regarding their physical appearance. It is inevitable that at this pace the children of the

current generation of students or millennials are bound to face 10 times this problem. The current

generation of people can change alter their lives, but the same is not possible for the next

generation of children when this technique is made widespread most of the decision falls on the

parents. The probability of genetic diseases is growing every day and this treatment will help

stabilize many of the developing countries and provide cheap solutions almost anywhere. Cancer

can be brought down to a single injection and you will be cancer free next day, but all of this

comes with a cost. Many of the diseases can be cured before childbirth, but so can the child’s

intelligence level and skin or any other aspect of their body. If the majority of us are born in the

same way decided by our parents, not by nature, you can be sure that ability of being unique and

excelling at something your other colleagues cannot do will be a thing of the past, we will be


living in a world full of Einstein’s and Newtons, maybe you will also be one, but you will forget

to be yourself. People’s opinion can change, but nature stays the same through time and tide.

Limitation of the study were that enough people did not take the survey, and this resulted

in very minimal data to draw a conclusion from, in future researches this can be avoided by

publishing this survey in various universities. With new and emerging information about

CRISPR it is very likely the details of the background info may change with change in

technology.


References

Barrongou, R. (2016, September 08). Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and

beyond. Retrieved from Nature.com:

http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/articles/nbt.3659

Clift, E. (2011). Gender selection abortion crisis in Asia, India, US. Retrieved from

https://www.thedailybeast.com/gender-selection-abortion-crisis-in-asia-india-us

David P. Clark, N. J. (2013). Science Direct. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/

plasmid

Deaprtment of Health . (2017). Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/gender-selection-

abortion-crisis-in-asia-india-us

Doench, J. G. (2017, december 4). Am I ready for CRISPR? A user's guide to genetic screens.

Retrieved from Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.97

Hayden, E. C. (2016, Februrary 23). Should you edit your children’s genes? Retrieved from

Nature.com: http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/news/should-you-edit-your-

children-s-genes-1.19432

Index Mundi. (2018). Botswana Demographics. Retrieved from


International society of Aesthetic plastic surgery. (2017). ISAPS Global Statistics. Retrieved

from https://www.isaps.org/medical-professionals/isaps-global-statistics/q


Kosicki, M. (2018, July 16). Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to

large deletions and complex rearrangements. Retrieved from Nature:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4192

Rev. Kevin FitzGerald, S. (2017). Human Genome Editing.

Schapitl, L. (2018). Our genes affect everything from height to heart disease. What happens

when we can edit them? Retrieved from

https://www.vox.com/2018/5/23/17364590/designer-dna-babies-gene-editing-crispr-

explained

Vidyasagar, A. (2018, april 20). What is CRISPR? Retrieved from

https://www.livescience.com/58790-crispr-explained.html

Chertow, D. (2018, April 27). Next generation diagnostics with CRISPR. Retrieved from

Science.

CRISPR Cas9 Genome Editing. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 17, 2018, from OriGene:

http://www.origene.com/crispr-cas9/

Dolgin, E. (2017, October 25). CRISPR hacks enable pinpoint repairs to the genome. Retrieved

from Nature.

Hayden, E. C. (2016, February 23). Should you edit your children’s genes?

Ledford, H. (2015). CRISPR the disruptor.

Ledford, H. (2016, September 10). UK bioethicists eye designer babies and CRISPR cows.


Sarwitz, D. (2015). CRISPR: science can't solve it. Retrieved from Nature:

http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/news/crispr-science-can-t-solve-it-1.17806

Doench, J. G. (2017, December 4). Am I ready for CRISPR? A user's guide to genetic screens.

Retrieved from Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.97

Harper, J. (2012, December 23). 84 percent of the world population has faith; a third are

Christian. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2012/dec/23/84-

percent-world-population-has-faith-third-are-ch


Sara A. Mehltretter Drury, A. G. (2018). Encouraging Science Communication through

Deliberative Pedagogy: A Study of a Gene Editing Deliberation in a Nonmajors Biology Course

†.

Schapitl, L. (2018). Our genes affect everything from height to heart disease. What happens

when we can edit them? Retrieved from: https://www.vox.com/2018/5/23/17364590/designer-

dna-babies-gene-editing-crispr-explained

https://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2012/dec/23/84-percent-world-population-has-faith-third-are-ch

https://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2012/dec/23/84-percent-world-population-has-faith-third-are-ch

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.97


REQUIRED FINAL DRAFT CHECKLIST*Needs to accompany your final paper in the same file.

Audience Awareness Checklist

1) Who is your target audience of readers? List 2-3 journals or academic conferences where you would realistically share your paper (this defines the audience). Why these audiences?

a) WWW.Nature.com it is predominant scientific community which gives great focus to CRISPR and its research

b) WWW.Vox.com It is a fun new website dedicated to all things including science, it will help me reach the common audience.

c)

2) List some information related to your topic that you can assume your audience will already be familiar with such that you did not need to provide great detail. (You simply mentioned and cited research on this info rather than actually discussed, quoted, and/or explained it).

Genes and DNA are fundamental basics of biology and I believe since my paper is geared towards college students, I do not have to go much into details about their functions and roles in the human body.

3) List some information that you feel your audience may not be as familiar with that you needed to provide ample detail about. This is information that may not be shared in articles or presentations typically encountered by your target audience.

CRISPR I had to go through this because it is very new even for the science community and I had to explain this in great detail from its functions to uses in the near future. The mechanism of CRISPR is also mentioned in the beginning of the paper.

Introduction Checklist

1) What is the major research question/argument this paper is responding to?It is responding to the gap which is left unanswered when CRISPR goes mainstream and what are the consequences that it will incite in the future generation of children.

It is responding to the various open changes


That CRISPR may cause in the near future, emphasis on babies.

Where do you explicitly state this?In the backgrounf Information.

2) What is the significance/purpose of this question/argument (who cares)? In other words, why is this important/interesting/useful?

It is useful because it shows the consequences and the advantages of CRISPR, the targeted audience is students in college, since they are prime candidates to use this for their children.

Where do you explicitly state this?In background info and discussion.

3) What do we know about this topic? In other words, what are some of the major conversations we can find about your topic in peer-reviewed journals and other relevant scholarship? Even if your topic is not specifically written about, how about discussions of your chosen phenomena, methods, concepts, theories, etc?

We know very little about this topic since it is very cutting edge and its core functions and outcomes are right now being tested. Yes, you can look up genetically modified babies using CRISPR, it just released a day before, trials were done in china.

Where do you explicitly state this?Some of it is stated in the background information.

4) What/how will this paper contribute to the existing academic conversations mentioned above? How is it responding to a gap and thereby a beneficial project?

I believe my paper will open up another discussion to bring awareness and create rules for when to use this and when it is dangerous.

Where do you explicitly state this?End of the background info.

5) What are the major contents of the paper beyond the intro?


Background info, methods, results and discussions and conclusion.

Where do you explicitly state this (forecasting section)?

Background Info Checklist

1) What is your method of organization in this section of the paper and why did you organize the info in this manner?

What are the major sections of this part of the paper?

a) History of CRISPR

b) Why CRISPR is breakthrough in biology.

c) Future uses and consequences

d) Views about CRISPR

e) The audience for this research

f) The gap it is trying to fill

2) How do you explicitly transition from one major section to another?

With the use of clear topic sentences at the beginning of the paragraph.

3) How does the information you provide in each section supportively respond to your thesis question/argument?

a) Gives and basic understanding of CRISPR

b) Why is being called the discovery of the century, why you should care

c) Where it is used ( genetic modification babies)

d) General opinions about it.

e) Where this research can be used to provide data.

f) Why you should care.


4) What are the major themes you discussed in this section?

One major theme is the Complete details about CRISPR

5) How did you establish the major gap in the existing research? Where do you explain that?

I realized where this is going to be used in a few decades and thus came up with the gap about how to tackle it or how to use it.

Methods Checklist

1) Why were your chosen methods for data collection and analysis the best choices for your project? Where do you explain that?

It is the best because it is a study relevant to college students and asking question from them could provide relevant answers. It is mentioned in the beginning of the sention.

2) How did you collect and analyze data? With whom? When? Where? For how long? Where do you explain that?

It was collected with google forms and analyzed using graphs obtained from it.

3) If applicable, how did you protect participants’ privacy? Where do you explain that?

All the name and the details of the participants were protected under google forms and was kept anonymous.

Results/Discussion

1) What is your method of organization in this section of the paper and why did you organize the info in this manner? Chronological according to the question and their order, since each of the question builds up on each other.

What are the major sections of this part of the paper?

a) Graphs


b) details about the graphs

c) Discussion

d) analyzation of graphs.

e)

f)

2) How do you explicitly transition from one major section to another?

With each new question it is mentioned which question and the graphs corresponding to the question.

3) How does the information you provide in each section supportively respond to your thesis question/argument?

a) Graphs shoe evidence about the previous assumptions

b) data from the graphs is interpreted to text

c) it compares it with previous research and gives the conclusion based on the results.

d)

e)

f)

4) What do your results mean and how do they relate to previous research (background info) on your topic? Where do you explicitly explain this?

My results relates to the previous assumption made in the background info about the possible consequences of CRISPR

5) What do you do in this section, generally, to help your reader easily understand the major results? Explain it clearly with outside sources as evidence and credibility.


Conclusion Checklist

1) Clearly restate your thesis question/argument purpose and offer a concise summary of your major conclusions.

Where do you explicitly do this? In the middle of the conclusion.

2) What are the major implications of your conclusions as related to better understanding your author(s), chosen work(s), theories/concepts, chosen methods (autoethnography), teaching approaches, etc? What do your conclusions mean for others such as teachers, artists, historians, researchers, students, scholars, curriculum developers, engineers, writers, etc? Where do you explicitly state this?

3) What are the major limitations of your study? Where do you explicitly state this?

4) What recommendations would you make for future study based on your work in this paper? Where do you explicitly state this?

Editing, and Format Checklist

1) Which MLA/APA/CMS resources have you utilized to check your formatting to ensure accuracy? How do you know your formatting is correct? Typical features to consider:- Running head (last name and page number) yes applicable- Front page heading yes applicable- Placement and format of title title page at the beginning of the paper.- Paragraph indentation each and every paragraph.- In-text citations (including citations with more than one source) yes with sources.- Block quote format, corresponding citations, subsequent sentences (no indent should be present in subsequent sentences as new paragraphs should not follow quotes. No were used of this type.- Section headings in bold and centred to the page.- Tables, images, charts, etc. Pasted in the results section.- Indirect quotes (info by an author quoted in another author’s work) Cited in the paragraphs and mentioned in the references.- Works Cited heading References.- Works Cited list (Hanging indents? Capitalization? Italicization?) Hanging indent.- Non-sexist language- The word “you” is not used in your writing yes only in references.


- Spelling checked by proofreading.- Quotes are not floating but introduced- All sources with page numbers available are properly cited

List all of the academic, peer-reviewed journals you cited in your paper (I suggested ~10-20 sources,

+50% peer-reviewed):

a)

Barrongou, R. (2016, September 08). Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and beyond. Retrieved from

Nature.com: http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/articles/nbt.3659

Clift, E. (2011). Gender selection abortion crisis in Asia, India, US. Retrieved from


David P. Clark, N. J. (2013). Science Direct. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-

genetics-and-molecular-biology/plasmid

Deaprtment of Health . (2017). Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/gender-selection-abortion-crisis-in-

asia-india-us

Doench, J. G. (2017, december 4). Am I ready for CRISPR? A user's guide to genetic screens. Retrieved from

Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.97

Hayden, E. C. (2016, Februrary 23). Should you edit your children’s genes? Retrieved from Nature.com:

http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/news/should-you-edit-your-children-s-genes-1.19432

Index Mundi. (2018). Botswana Demographics. Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/gender-selection-

abortion-crisis-in-asia-india-us

International society of Aesthetic plastic surgery. (2017). ISAPS Global Statistics. Retrieved from

https://www.isaps.org/medical-professionals/isaps-global-statistics/q

Kosicki, M. (2018, July 16). Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR–Cas9 leads to large deletions and

complex rearrangements. Retrieved from Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4192



Schapitl, L. (2018). Our genes affect everything from height to heart disease. What happens when we can edit them?

Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2018/5/23/17364590/designer-dna-babies-gene-editing-crispr-

explained

Vidyasagar, A. (2018, april 20). What is CRISPR? Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/58790-crispr-

explained.html

Chertow, D. (2018, April 27). Next generation diagnostics with CRISPR. Retrieved from Science.

CRISPR Cas9 Genome Editing. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 17, 2018, from OriGene: http://www.origene.com/crispr-cas9/

Dolgin, E. (2017, October 25). CRISPR hacks enable pinpoint repairs to the genome. Retrieved from Nature.

Hayden, E. C. (2016, February 23). Should you edit your children’s genes?

Ledford, H. (2015). CRISPR the disruptor.

Ledford, H. (2016, September 10). UK bioethicists eye designer babies and CRISPR cows.

Sarwitz, D. (2015). CRISPR: science can't solve it. Retrieved from Nature:

http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/news/crispr-science-can-t-solve-it-1.17806

Doench, J. G. (2017, December 4). Am I ready for CRISPR? A user's guide to genetic screens. Retrieved from

Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.97

Harper, J. (2012, December 23). 84 percent of the world population has faith; a third are Christian. Retrieved from:

https://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2012/dec/23/84-percent-world-population-has-faith-third-are-

ch


Sara A. Mehltretter Drury, A. G. (2018). Encouraging Science Communication through Deliberative Pedagogy: A

Study of a Gene Editing Deliberation in a Nonmajors Biology Course †.

Schapitl, L. (2018). Our genes affect everything from height to heart disease. What happens when we can edit them?

Retrieved from: https://www.vox.com/2018/5/23/17364590/designer-dna-babies-gene-editing-crispr-explained

What do these journals collectively indicate about the info you discussed in the Thesis Audience Checklist?


Uses, mechanism and current affairs related to CRISPR or genetic editing or babies.

2) Who read your work out loud to you as you followed along with your own copy? Ayush Saraswat

Who proofread your work on your behalf? Ayush Saraswat, Aditya Tiwari

What was the most useful activity to help you develop/revise?

Owl purdue.

What did you change as a result of this activity (be specific)?

My background info details to match the my aruguments. My graphs were pasted in the

results section.

Remember, proofreading your own work is never enough!

Date post:	20-Aug-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

neeraj1999.files.wordpress.com · Web viewOur knowledge of science has increased a lot in the...

Documents