RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of basic biology with title “Microscopic Observation”
which made by:
Name : Haslinar
Reg Number : 141 444 1 009
Class : ICP B Biology
Group : 6 (six)
This report has been cheked by assistant and assistant coordinator, So this
report is accepted.
Makassar, 2014
Assistant Coordinator Assistant
Known by,The lecturer of Laboratorium
Drs. H. Hamka L.M.S
ID: 19621231 198702 1 005
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
We know that in this world there are living and non-living. In the living
things we commonly know as humans, animals and plants. Where every
living thing need each other for survival and to create a balance in the
environment itself.
Human, animal, and plants are life creature. There are big question
about whwre they come from. Every life creature must be have structural that
arrange it. It some like plants and animal that arrange of so much
components. Each tissue interconnected with other tissue to deliver a
response or a sensor of the efector to the center of sensory, the brain. Every
components consist of a couple of substrat that very important. If there is a
cell can not work according to its function. Then tha tissue can not work
properly and will have a major impact for the future activites of the body.
One of them is tissue that arrange by group of cells. Tisue will collect and
make a organ.
Plant tissue in the body divided into two parts, namely meristem tissues
and adult tissues. Meristem is a tissue that is still young and is always actively
dividing or embryonal whereas adult tissues are tissues that are no longer able
to divide or differentiate. Meristem meristem tissue can be differentiated into
primary (primary growing point) derived from cell division-cell institute
(embryos) are located on the aplikal roots, stems and leaves, and cause tissue
growth and elongated secondary meristem (growing point secondary) derived
from forms of adult cells into embryonic again, there are also cambium and
can lead to growth. While the network is divided into adult protective tissue,
parenchymal tissue, tissue backer and carrier networks.
Through this lab activity, students can find out what networks that
constitute the bodies of animals, and plant body, what are the functions of
these networks, how to structure and shape of the network, as well as parts
arranging. In this activity we can see directly through a microscope and forms
that make up the parts of animal and plant tissues, muscles and organs as well
as receive, and stimuli.
We can observe these networks and examine their parts and for more
details on the current picture can be observed. These networks are usually
observed in the form of preparations which have become so much easier for
us to observe
To do an observation that more spesifict or more deeper, we need a tool
that can help our eye to increse is our eye sight to watch an object more than
unusual small like tissue. This tool is microscope. So, in this experiment we
will watch tissue of plants and tissue of animals with use microscope. So, this
experiment called microscopic observation.
B. Purpose
After completing this activity students should be able to describe the
structure and various tissue that make up the organs of plant, and animals.
C. Benefit
Student can know that there are tissue differensces in plants, and
animals. In addition, students can also know the function of these tissue.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tissue in biology is a collection of cells that have the same form and
function. A set of the network will form the organ. Branch of biological science
that studies the tissue in relation to the disease is histology (Anonymous, 2014).
Based on the cell composition, tissue is distinguished into simple tissue
and complex tissue. Simple tissue is a tissue composed of only one cell type and
performing only one function, while complex tissue is a tissue taht composed of
more than one cell types and performing more than one function. Various tissue
composed and organized in the form of the organ. And the collection of organ wiil
formed a system organ (Hamka, 2012: 13).
The tissue in plants can devided in younger tissues (meristem) and adult
tissue that consisting of protective tissue (epidermis), parenchymal tissue,
transport tissue, and tissue cork. While the body tissue of animal devided into four
major tissues, namely: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and
nerve tissue (Hamka, 2012: 16).
According to Campbell (2002), We can divide the network into four main
categories of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue and muscle tissue.
The four kinds of tissues are found in all animals except the simplest animals. The
following review will focus on vertebrate tissue.
1. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue present in the form of layers of tightly packed cells. The
network is to protect and coat the outside of the body and organs in the body
ronnga. Epithelial cells tightly together with little material between the cells. In
addition to protecting organs overlaid, some kind of epithelium can absorb or
secrete chemical solutions.
2. Connective tissue
Connective tissue functions mainly to bind and support the other networks.
Contrary to the epithelial tissue cells packed tightly, connective tissue has a
collection of rare cells, scattered in an extracellular matrix. Connective tissue
fibers are made of protein. The main network of connective tissue in
vertebrates are loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective
tissue, cartilage, bone true blood.
3. Neural tissue
Neural tissue feel the stimulus or stimulation and deliver signals from one part
of the animal's body to other body parts. Functional units of the neural tissue is
the neuron, or nerve cell, which is uniquely dedicated to delivering sinyalyang
called nerve impulses.
4. Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting
when stimulated by nerve impulses. In vertebrate, there are three types of
muscle tissue, which is striated muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.
a. Striated muscle, because the arrangement of overlapping filaments, thus
providing the cells look under a microscope berlurik or striped.
b. Cardiac muscle, forming contractile wall of the heart. This muscle looks
berlurik like skeletal muscle, but cardiac muscle cells branched, and the
ends of these cells associated with berinterkalar discs, which break up a
signal from one cell to another in a heartbeat.
c. Smooth muscle, so named because the muscle has no air streated
appearanch, found in the wall of the digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and
other internal organs.
Broadly speaking, the plant tissue to differentiate the meristem tissues and
adult tissues. Meristem is the tissue cells remain embryonic means capable of
continuously divide is not limited to increasing the number of cells. On the basis
of the location of the plant body to differentiate into meristem tissue, meristem
apical meristem tissue that is found on the ends of the main and branch stems and
roots. Interkalar meristem meristem tissue is present among adult tissues, such as
at the base of the stem segments. The lateral meristem meristem tissue that is
located parallel to the surface of the organ, such as cambium and the cork
cambium. On the basis of origin meristem tissue is divided into a network of
primary meristem meristem tissue cells grown directly from embryonic cells that
is a continuation of the growth of the embryo. Then the secondary meristem tissue
meristem tissue that develops from a growing network of adult tissues that have
held differentiation (Sutarno, et al, 2001).
All plant parts consist of the same three types of tissues. The ground tissue
system, which makes up the bulk of the plant, has many functions such as
photosynthesis and food storage. Pipelines of the vascular tissue system thread
through ground tissue. They distribute water and nutrients to all parts of the plant
body. The dermal tissue system covers and protects the plant’s exposed surfaces.
These three plant tissue systems are made up of cells organized as simple and
complex tissues. Simple tissues consist primarily of one type of cell; examples
include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex tissues have two
or more cell types. Xylem, phloem, and epidermis are examples. Plants are able to
do indeterminat growth because it has a continuous network is embryonic, called
the meristem (Checi Star, et al, 2011).
According to Campbell (2000), a network of plants can be divided into three
main parts, namely the dermis tissue, vascular tissue, and basic tissue system.
1. Dermis tissue system, is the protective outer layer of plants. like our skin, the
system became the first line of defense against physical damage and
pathogens. at no woody plants, this network system is usually a single tissue
called the epidermis. the leaves and stems are mostly cuticle.
2. Vascular tissue system, perform material transport distances between the root
system and shoot system. xylem deliver water and dissolved materials from
the roots upwards towards the shoots. phloem transports sugar, which is a
product of photosynthesis. vascular tissue of the root or stem collectively
called stelae.
3. Basic tissue systems, network located in the internal part of vascular tissue
called the pith. and basic network located in the external part of the vascular
tissue called the cortex. basic network system is not just filling space. The
system includes a wide variety of specialized cells for functions such as
storage, photosynthesis, and support.
According to Cecie Star (2011), the tissue of plant devided into two kinds,
there are simple tissue and complex tissue.
1. Simple Tissues
a. Parenchyma is a simple tissue that consists mainly of parenchyma cells
(left). These cells have various shapes depending on their function, but all
are typically thinwalled, flexible, and can continue to divide because they
are alive in mature tissue. Parenchyma makes up most of the soft parts
inside roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. This tissue has roles in storage,
secretion, wound repair, photosynthesis, and other specialized tasks.
b. Collenchyma is a simple tissue that consists mainly of collenchyma cells,
which are elongated and alive at maturity. A polysaccharide called pectin
imparts flexibility to these cells’ primary wall, which is thickened unevenly
where three or more of the cells abut (above). Collenchyma is stretchable,
and it supports rapidly growing plant parts such as young stems and leaf
stalks.Variably shaped cells of sclerenchyma are dead at maturity, but the
lignin-containing cell walls that remain help this tissue resist compression.
Fibers (left) and sclereids are typical sclerenchyma cells. Fibers are long,
tapered cells that structurally support vascular tissues in some stems and
leaves. They flex and twist, but resist stretching. We use fibers of some
plants in cloth, rope, paper, and other commercial products. The stubbier
and often branched sclereids strengthen hard seed coats, such as peach pits,
and make pear flesh gritty.
2. Complex Tissues
A plant’s complex tissues (dermal, ground, and vascular tissues) consist
of simple tissues in varying arrangments and proportions . Plant sections are
typically cut along standard planes for micrographs .
a. Dermal Tissues, The first dermal tissue to form on a plant is epidermis ,
which is usually a single layer of cells on the plant’s outer surface (left).
Epidermal cells secrete substances such as cutin, a polymer of fatty acids,
on their outward-facing cell walls. The waxy deposits form a cuticle that
helps the plant conserve water and repel pathogens. The epidermis of leaves
and young stems includes specialized cells and, often, hairs and other
epidermal cell outgrowths. Pairs of specialized epidermal cells form stomata
(small gapsacross the epidermis) when the cells swell with wate Plants
control the diffusion of water vapor oxygen, and carbon dioxide gases
across their epidermisby opening and closing stomata. A dermal tissue
called periderm replaces epidermis in woody stems and roots.
b. Ground Tissues Ground tissue, which isdefined as everything other than
dermal and vascular tissue, accounts for the bulk of a plant. It consists
mostly of parenchyma, but can also include other simple tissues depending
on where it is
c. Mesophyll, the only photosynthetic ground tissue, consists of chloroplast-
containing parenchyma cells (inset).
CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / Date : 2014
Time :
Place : Green House of Biology Department FMIPA UNM
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Microscope
b. Tissue and soft cloth
c. Coarse Cloth
2. Materials
1. Plant tissue:
a. Durable preparatte for root tissue, root of Zea mays and root of
Allium cepa.
b. Durable preparatte for steam tissue, steam of Zea mays and
steam of Cucurbita moschata.
c. Durable preparatte for leave tissue, leave of Vicus elastica.
2. Animal tissue:
a. Durable preparatte for hyaline cartilage
b. Durable preparatte for compact bone
c. Durable preparatte for cardiac muscle
d. Durable praparatte for streated muscle
e. Durable praparatte for blood muscle
f. Durable praparatte for smooth muscle
C. Work procedure
1. For plant tissue:
a. Prepared microscope base on the rule of procedure used.
b. Taked tissue preparations mounted roots, stems and leaves that
represent groups dikotil and monocotyl.
c. Observed the characteristics of the structure and location of each of
the tissue that make up the roots, stems and leaves.
d. Used the 40 x objective magnification to saw the overal preparations,
and replaced with a 10 x objective magnification to observed a part of
the more obvious.
e. Drew the three organ tissues and mentioned its parts.
f. Compared wir observe image with the other image.
g. Learned the function of each organ tissue that make up plant.
2. For animal tissue
a. Epithelial tissue
1) Observed preparations preserved epithelial layer of the cube using a
microscope the renal medulla.
2) Used a 40 x objective magnification to look at the overall
preparations, then replace with objective 10 x magnification to
observe more clearly.
3) Consider a cube shapaed epithelial cells, the cell nuclei are rounded
and located in the center of the cell.
b. Connective Tissue
1) Observed preparations pipe rubbed on the bone pipes.
2) Pictured and give information visible parts.
3) Taked into account the structure from the outside
a) Periosteum, a dense tissue
b) Havers system consisting:
i. Chanel haverst
ii. Haverst lamellae arranged concentrically surrounds havers
channels.
iii. Each lamella contains osteocytes in lakuna having kanalikuli.
c) Endosteoum
c. Blood Tissue
1) Observed preparations preserved blood smears with using strong
magnification.
2) Observed and drew all kinds of blood cells contained in the blood.
d. Muscle Tissue
1) Observed preparations preserved smooth muscle tissue preparations
preserved, striated muscle and cardiac muscle with powerful
magnification.
2) Observed and drew all kinds of muscle cell, shape, and location of
the point and the direction of fibers.
1
2
3
2
3
45
CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result
1. Plant tissue
a. Steam of Zea mays
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Cortex2. Phloem3. Xylem
b. Root of Zea mays
Magnification 10 x 10
Note:
1. Epidermis 2. Cortex3. Endodermis4. Xylem5. Phloem
c. Root of Allium cepa
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Epidermis 2. Cortex3. Endodermis4. Xylem5. Phloem
d. Steam of Cucurbita moschata
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Epidermis2. Cortex3. Endodermis
1
e. Leave of Vicus elastica
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Epidermis2. Mesophyl
f. Steam of epithelial squomous
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Nucleus
2. Animal Tissue
a. Hyaline cartilage
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Chondrocyte
2. Colagen Matrix
b. Compact Bone
Note:
1. Canaliculi2. Chanell
Havers
Magnification 4 x 10
c. Blood
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Erythrochyte
2. Blood Plasm
d. Cardiac muscle
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Nucleus2. Cytoplasm3. Light dark
bands
1
1
e. Streated muscle
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Nucleus2. Light dark
bands
f. Smooth muscle
Magnification 4 x 10
Note:
1. Nucleus2. 1 smooth
muscle cell
3. Smooth muscle
B. Discussion
1. Plant Tissue
a. Steam of Zea mays
1) Cortex: Consist of some layer cell that located between epidermis
with stele. In monocotil plant there are sclerema.
2) Phloem: The function to transport fotosintesis result from leaf to
all of plant body.
3) Xylem: the function is to transport water and mineral from root to
leaf.
b. Root of Zea mays
1) Epidermis: Consist of one layer cell that build of thin proximate.
On part that modification became root hair the cuticle layer is
thin, appropriate the function the function as water absorption.
2) Cortex: Consist of some layer cell that located between epidermis
with stele. In monocotil plant there are sclerema.
3) Endodermis: consist of one layer cell that is tighty packed without
intercellular air space, located in the innermost layer of cortex.
4) Xylem: the function is to transport water and mineral from root to
leaf.
5) Phloem: The function to transport fotosintesis result from leaf to
all of plant body.
c. Root of Allium cepa
1) Epidermis: Consist of one layer cell that build of thin proximate.
On part that modification became root hair the cuticle layer is
thin, appropriate the function the function as water absorption.
2) Cortex: Consist of some layer cell that located between epidermis
with stele. In monocotil plant there are sclerema.
3) Endodermis: consist of one layer cell that is tighty packed without
intercellular air space, located in the innermost layer of cortex.
4) Xylem: the function is to transport water and mineral from root to
leaf.
5) Phloem: The function to transport fotosintesis result from leaf to
all of plant body.
d. Steam of Cucurbita moschata
1) Epidermis: Consist of one layer cell that build of thin proximate.
On part that modification became root hair the cuticle layer is
thin, appropriate the function the function as water absorption.
2) Cortex: Consist of some layer cell that located between epidermis
with stele. In monocotil plant there are sclerema.
3) Endodermis: consist of one layer cell that is tighty packed without
intercellular air space, located in the innermost layer of cortex.
e. Leave of Ficus elastica
1) Epidermis: Compose of a layer of compact cell. The cell walls are
covered by cuticle and there are stomata between the cell.
2) Mesophyll: Compose of two layers, upper layer in the form of
palisade parenchyma and lower layer in the form of spongy
parenchyma.
f. Epithelium tissue
The epithelial tissue are formed by cell that cover the organ
surfaces such as the surface of the skin, the airways, the reproductive
tract, and the inner lining of digestive tract. Epithelial tissue helps to
protect organisms from microorganisms, injury and fluid loss.
2. Animal Tissue
a. Hyaline Cartilage:
1) Chondrocyte: have function to strengthen respirstory tract.
2) Colagen matrix: have fubction to help join movement.
b. Compact Bone
1) Canaliculi: is smooth way as connector between lacuna and the
other lacuna.
2) Chanell Havers: is center of human bone and have a system
called havers system.
c. Cardiac Muscle
1) Nucleus: is the main activity on body cell.
2) Cytoplasm: maintain the shape, the consist of the cell and to
provide suspension to the organels.
d. Streated Muscle
1) Nucleus: The control of cell activity
e. Blood Tissue
1) Erythrocyte blood: the function is to carry oxygen to all of
body.
2) Blood plasm: The function is connection tissue of cells
separated byoliquid matrix.
CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
From the experiment, we can conclude that tissue which arrange plant
can devided in meristem tissue and adult tissue that consist of protect tissue,
parenkim tissue, transport tissue, and coark tissue. Beside that, we can see the
structure of each tissue like root tissu, the steam tissue, and the leave tissue.
For animal tissue, we can devided it became four part mainly tissue those are
epitel tissue, transport tissue, nerve tissue and blood tissue. The kinds of the
tissue are have each function.
B. Suggestion
1. In the experiment, practical worker must be desirable to work together
with their partner for observed the preparatte on microscope.
2. In this experiment, it is better to use laboratory where have good
illumination so practical won’t too hard to looking for light.
3. Practican must be carefully and accurately in observed the tissue of animal
and plant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. 2014. Jaringan .http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki be accesed on 2014
Campbell. 2002. Biologi Edisi kelima. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Campbell. 2000. Biologi Edisi kedelapan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Nonno, Sutarno, et al .2001. Biologi Umum Lanjutan 1. Makassar : Universitas
Negeri Makassar
Starr, Cecie, et al. 2011. Biology Concept ang Application. Australia : Chengange
Learning.
Team Lecture of Biology. 2014. Guide book. Makassar: Universitas Negeri
Makassar.
LAMPIRAN
Jawaban pertanyaan :
1. Sel otot polos berbentuk seperti gelendong, bagian tengah besar dan
runcing di ujungnya. Intinya terdapat ditengah sarkoplasma berjumlah satu
buah setiap sel, letak otot polos yaitu disaluran pencernaan, kandung
kemih, pembuluh darah, dll.
2. Kumpulan sel otot lurik disebut daging, dan banyak inti setiap sel adalah
banyak inti dan berada di bagian tepi sarkoplasma.
3. Perbedaan mendasar antara sel otot polos, otot lurik, dan otot jantung
adalah lebih ke inti sel, letak jaringan di dalam tubuh otot polos
mempunyai 1 inti di tengah, otot lurik punya banyak inti di tepi dan otot
jantung punya 1 atau 2 inti di tengah. Otot polos berada di organ dalam
tubuh, otot lurik berada di bagian luar rangka dan otot jantung berada di
jantung.
4. Lamella adalah pita melingkar yang melingkari bagian pusat tulang.
Lakuna adalah bagian yang terdapat pada batas antar lamella.
Kanalikuli adalah bagian yang menghubungkan osteosit yang satu
dengan yang lain.
5. Fungsi saluran havers adalah sebagai tempat dari pembuluh darah,
pembuluh limfa dan saraf.
