System of the body (part II: the nervous system) teaching plans Course: System of the body (part II: the nervous system) Teaching date: The 2 nd term Teacher: Professor: Chen Zheyu, Liu Chuanyong, Zhang Xiumei Associate Professor: Su Bo, Zhang Bin, Wang Yue, Lou Haiyan, Mu Kun, Wang Shengjun Lecturer: Zhang Xiaoli Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine Teaching hours: 64 course hours Teaching material: Adina Michael-Titus, Patricia Revest, Peter Shortland. System of the Body – The Nervous System. 2 nd Version. Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd., 2011. Chapter 1 Organization of the nervous system
Transcript
System of the body (part II: the
nervous system)
teaching plans
Course: System of the body (part II: the nervous system)Teaching date: The 2nd term Teacher:Professor: Chen Zheyu, Liu Chuanyong, Zhang Xiumei Associate Professor: Su Bo, Zhang Bin, Wang Yue, Lou Haiyan, Mu Kun, Wang
ShengjunLecturer: Zhang Xiaoli Students: 8-year Clinical Medicine Teaching hours: 64 course hours Teaching material: Adina Michael-Titus, Patricia Revest, Peter Shortland. System
of the Body – The Nervous System. 2nd Version. Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd., 2011.
Chapter 1 Organization of the nervous system
【Aims and requirements】1．To know well the microstructure of cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and spinal
cord. To know well about the microstructure and function of blood-brain barrier.
2．To know the basic composition of central nervous system and peripheral nervous
system.
3．To know the relationship between nervous tissue and nervous system.to know the
microstructure of meninges.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】Summary：to explain the composition of nervous system. 10 min
1.CNS To emphasize on the microstructure of cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and spinal cord. 40 min
2.PNS To introduce the microstructure of cerebrospinal ganglia and autonomic ganglia. 20 min3.to introduce the microstructure of meninges. 10 min4.to explain the microstructure and function of blood-brain barrier. 10 min
5.to introduce the microstructure of choroid plexus and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. 10 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis microstructure and function of cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and spinal cord; microstructure and function of blood-brain barrier.Difficult point the nerve impluse conducting pathway between cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and spinal cord.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1．How many layers can cerebellar cortex be divided? How about the major neuronal
composition of each cerebellar layer.
2．How many layers can cerebral cortex be divided? How about the major neuronal
composition of each cerebellar layer.
3．Try to describe the composition and function of blood-brain barrier.
【Reference teaching material】1. Anthony L. Mescher.JUNQUEIRA’S Basic Histology,12TH Edition2. Gao Yingmao,Li He.Histology & Embryology(for 8-year system clinical medical students),2nd edition
Chapter 2 Development of Nervous System
【Aims and requirements】1．To know well about the development and early differentiation of neuraltube and
neural crest; to know well about the common malformations of nervous system
2．To know well about the histogenesis of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinalcord.
3．To know the histogenesis of ganglia and peripheral nerve.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】1. have a review about the composition about nervous system.10 min2. to explain in detail about the development and early differentiaion of neural tube
and neural crest. 30 min3.CNS: To focus on the explanation about the histogenesis of cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and spinal cord. 30 min
4.PNS: To explain about the histogenesis of cerebrospinal ganglia and autonomic ganglia. 15 min5.to explain in detail aabout the common maformations in nervous system. 15 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】1. emphasis: histogenesis and early differentiation of neural tube and neural crest. 2. difficult point: origin of anencephaly, myeloschisis and hydrocephaly.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1. try to describe the development and differentiation of neural tube.
2．try to describe the development and differentiation of neural crest.
【Reference teaching material】1. T.W. Sadler,Langman’s Medical Embryology,11th edition2. Gao Yingmao,Li He.Histology & Embryology(for 8-year system clinical medical students),2nd edition
Chapter 3 Development of eye and ear
【Aims and requirements】1. to know the development of eye ball; to know the origin of common malformations of eye ball.2. to know the development of inner, middle and external ear and commonmalformations of ear.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】1.the development of eye ball: formation of optic vesicle, optic cup, lens vesicle; development of retina, lens,tunicae vasuclosae and sclera. 35 min
2. congenital malformations of eye。15 min
3. development of inner ear：formation of otic placode, development of otic vesicle.
25 min
4. development of middle ear：formation of primary tympanic cavity and tympanic
cavity，development of 3 ear bones. 10 min
5. development of external ear：development of external acoustic meatus and auricle.
5 min
6. congenital malformations of ear.10 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】1. emphasis: to know the development of retina, cornea and lens.2. difficut point: to know the development of inner ear and middle ear.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1．Try to describe the formation and development of optical cup.
2．Try to describe the development of membranous labyrinth and osseous labyrinth.
【Reference teaching material】1. T.W. Sadler,Langman’s Medical Embryology,11th edition2. Gao Yingmao,Li He.Histology & Embryology(for 8-year system clinical medical students),2nd edition
Chapter 4 Elements of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
【Aims and requirements】To master the classification and characteristics of channels. To be familiar with the method for bioelectrical phenomena research, including the recording membrane potential， the researching of ion basis of membrane potential， the electrochemical equilibrium and Nernst equation. To master the definition of resting membrane potential, polarization, depolarization, reverpolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization. To master the definition of action potential. To master the mechanism generating action potential of nerve. To be familiar with the wave form of nervous action potential recorded by a intracellular electrode in a nervous fiber, including the evidences to show depolarization of nervous action potential is due to Na+ inflow and repolarization is due to K+ outflow.To master the mechanism of propagation of action potential. To master the characteristics of action potential.To master the definition and characteristics of local potential.To understand the propagation of action potentials along a myelinated nerve fiber. To understand the change of cell excitability during one action potential.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】1. The structure, function and properties of different ion channels 30 min2. The property and mechanism of resting potential 70 min3. The property and process of action potential 30 min
4. The cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the initiation of action potential. The voltage clamp recording and patch clamp recording.70 min.5. The local response (excitation) on the membrane.40 min6. The propagation of action potential on the cell membrane.50 minSummarization: 10 min.
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis. The property and underlying mechanism of the resting and action
potential. The conduction of action potential. Difficult point. The mechanism underlying the initiation of action potential.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia, power point, course website, video.
【Home work】1. Describe the property and physiological importance of resting potential.2. How the action potential is initiated on the cell membrane?3. Please describe the properties of the conduction of action potential on the myelinated nerve fiber and the underlying mechanism.
【Reference teaching material】1. Guyton A.C., Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition. Philadelphi: Saunders, 2011.
2. 姚泰主编.八年制教材，生理学.第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社.2011.
3. 张镜如,乔健天主编.生理学.第四版.北京:人民卫生出版社.1996.
4. 钟国隆主编.生理学.第四版.北京:人民卫生出版社.2002.
Chapter 5 Synapse and synaptic transmission
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: Definition of synapse. The characters of electrical synapse and chemical synapse. The chemical changes occurs at presynapse and postsynapse, eg. the synthesis and
storage of neurotransmitter, release of neurotransmitter, postsynaptic receptors.EPSP and IPSP. Familiarizing content:Synaptic inhibition and facilitation
Understanding content:Synaptic plasticity.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 Classification of synapse and synaptic structures (35min)1. Definition of synapse (5min)2. The characters of electric synapse, and electric synaptic functions (10 min)3. The structures and characters of chemical synapse (15 min)4. Classification of synapse. Section 2 Synaptic transmission (30 min)1. The synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters (10min). 2. Release of neurotransmitters (5 min)3. Postsynaptic receptors-ion channel receptors and G-protein coupled receptors (15 min).
Mastery content: The criteria of being a neurotransmitter; the classification of neurotransmitters; the differences between classical neurotransmitters and other neurotransmitters; the chemical changes of neurotransmitters-from synthesis, storage, release, inactivation, binding of postsynaptic receptors and the following biological functions, particular for ACh, NE, DA, 5-HT, glutamate and γ-GABA. Familiarizing content:Peptide neurotransmitters; agonist and antagonist of neurotransmitters
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 Definition and Classification of neurotransmitters (10 min)1. Definition of neurotransmitters (5min)2. Classification of neurotransmitters (5 min). Section 2 Neurotransmitters chemistry (20 min)1. The synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters (5min). 2. Release of neurotransmitters (5 min)3. Inactivation of Neurotransmitters (5 min)4. Neurotransmitters receptors-ion channel receptors and G-protein coupled receptors (5 min).
Section 3 Specific neurotransmitters (70 min)1. ACh, the synthesis, storage, inactivation should be mastered, particular the key enzyme or step for its synthesis and inactivation. Its M and N receptors and biological function should be known. (15 min)2. Catecholamines neurotransmitters, The synthesis, storage and inactivation of thess neurotransmitters- NE, E and DA. The key enzymes for their synthesis, the major form of inactivation of these neurotransmitters should be mastered (15 min). 3. 5-HT. the inactivation of 5-HT and its relevance with depression, anxiety et al (10 min).4. amino acid neurotransmitters, 1) glutamate, excitatory neurotransmitter, the synthesis and its receptors, particular characters of NMDA and AMPA receptors; 2) γ-GABA, inhibitory neurotransmitter, perform its inhibitory effects via Cl- influx, its receptor GABAA. (15 min)5. other neurotransmitters. 1) NO, synthesis and biological functions; (5 min) 2) peptide neurotransmitters, the differences between peptide neurotransmitters and classical neurotransmitters should be mastered (5 min).
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: The key enzyme or step for synthesis, inactivation of neurotransmitters;
the receptors of these neurotransmitters; biological functions.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】
1. Describe the differences between classical neurotransmitters and non-classical neurotransmitters.2. Compare the synthesis, storage and inactivation of ACh, DA and 5-HT. 3. The characters of glutamate receptors?
Chapter 7 Introduction to pharmacology of efferent nervous system
【Aims and requirements】1. To know well classification of efferent nervous system (ENS) according to the
neurotransmitters, the physiological actions of ENS, as well as receptor structure and molecular mechanism.
2. To master the biosynthesis, storage, release and termination of neurotransmitters, as well as the receptor subtypes and their effect.
3. To master the basic mechanisms of actions of ENS drugs and their classification.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 The classification of ENS (5 min)1. The anatomic classification of ENS (1 min)2. The classification of ENS according to the neurotransmitters (4 min) Section 2 Neurotransmitters and receptors of ENS (10 min)1. Neurotransmitters of ENS: the development of neurotransmitter theory, as well as the biosynthesis, storage, release and termination of NE and Ach. (5min)2. Receptors of ENS: acetylcholine receptors (M-R, N-R and subtypes), adrenoceptors (-R, -R and subtypes), and message conduction (5min)
Section 3 The physiological actions of ENS (5min)1. Double domination and predominant theory (5min)
Section 4 Agents acting on ENS (8 min) 1. Agents acting on ENS receptors (5 min)2. Agents influencing on ENS transmitters (3 min) Summary: 2 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: 1. Neurotransmitters and receptors of ENS 2. Actions of ENS drugs and their classification.Difficult point: subtypes of ENS receptors
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】
Multimedia and writing on the blackboard
【Home work】1. How to classify the ENS according to the neurotransmitters?2. Please describe the subtypes of ENS receptors and their physiological effects.3. The classification of ENS agents.
【Reference teaching material】1. Pharmacology, 2nd edition (2010), Yang Shijie, The People's Medical Publishing
House.
2. Basic ＆Clinical Pharmacology, 9th edition (2004), Bertram G. Katzung, The
McGrawHill
Chapter 8 Parasympathomimetics
【Aims and requirements】1. To know well the M actions and N actions of Ach.2. To master the effects and uses of pilocarpine on eye.3. To master the pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions of
neostigmine. 4. To know well the mechanism, pathway, manifestation, prevention and treatment of
organophosphates intoxication.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 M-R agonists (25 min)1. The M actions and N actions of Ach. (10 min)2. The pharmacological effects and uses of pilocarpine (15 min) Section 2 N-R agonists (5 min)1. The toxicological effects of Nicotine (5min)
Section 3 Anticholinesterase Agents (35min)1. Cholinesterase (2 min) 2. Common properties of anticholinesterase Agents (8 min)3. Common used agents: neostigmine, pyridostigmine, physostigmine, etc. (15 min)4. Organophosphates (10 min) Summary: 5 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: 1. The effects and uses of pilocarpine on eye. 2. Pharmacological effects, uses and adverse reactions of neostigmine. 3. The mechanism, pathway, manifestation, prevention and treatment of
organophosphates intoxication. Difficult point: The mechanisms of Neostimine in treating myasthenia gravis.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and writing on the blackboard
【Home work】1. How does Pilocarpine regulate the eyes?2. Please describe the pharmacological effects and clinical use of Neostigmine.3. How to prevent and treat organophosphates intoxication?
【Reference teaching material】1. Pharmacology, 2nd edition (2010), Yang Shijie, The People's Medical Publishing
House.
2. Basic ＆Clinical Pharmacology, 9th edition (2004), Bertram G. Katzung, The
McGrawHill
Chapter 9 Cholinoceptor blocking drugs
【Aims and requirements】1. To master the pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions of
atropine. To master the pharmacological property of scopolamine.2. To know well the characteristics and uses of synthetic atropine substitutes.3. To know well the characteristics and uses of ganglionic blocking drugs. 4. To master the characteristics, mechanism, uses and adverse reactions of both neuromuscular blocking drugs.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 M-R blockers (65 min)1. The pharmacological effects, clinical uses, adverse reactions and contraindications of atropine. (40 min)2. The pharmacological properties and uses of scopolamine, anisodamine (15 min)3. Synthetic atropine substitutes: synthetic mydriatics, synthetic antispasmatics, Selective M1 Antagonists. (10 min) Section 2 N-R blockers (30 min)1. The uses of ganglionic blocking drugs (5min)2. The pharmacological properties and adverse reactions of neuromuscular blocking drugs: including depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant such as succinylcholine, as well as nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxants such as D-tubocurarine. (25min)
Summary: 5 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: 1. The pharmacological effects and uses of atropine. 2. The Pharmacological properties and uses of scopolamine.Difficult point: The pharmacological properties and mechanisms of neuromuscular
blocking drugs.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and writing on the blackboard
【Home work】1. How does Atropine regulate the eyes?2. Please describe the clinical use of Atropine.3. What are the pharmacological properties and clinical uses of scopolamine?4. Please compare characteristics of two kinds of neuromuscular blocking drugs.
【Reference teaching material】1. Pharmacology, 2nd edition (2010), Yang Shijie, The People's Medical Publishing
House.
2. Basic ＆Clinical Pharmacology, 9th edition (2004), Bertram G. Katzung, The
McGrawHill
Chapter 10 Pain and analgesia
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: To master the definition of pain, nociceptors, referred pain and gate control theory.To master the pathways by which nociceptive information is transmitted from the
periphery to the cortex. To master the main mechanisms whereby nociceptive transmission can be
modulated at the spinal and supraspinal levels.To master the characteristics, mechanism, uses and adverse reactions of opioid
analgesic drugs.To master mechanism, uses and adverse reactions of NASIDS.Familiarizing content:Pain mechanism after tissue damage:sensitization Tthe characteristics of opioid antagonist-naloxone The mode of administration of opioidsThe approaches to pain management.Understanding content:Neuropathic pain, measuring pain,
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 Introduction of pain (15 min)1. Definition of pain (10min)2. The significance of pain in life (5min) Section 2 The transmission of pain (35 min)
1. Nociceptors (10min)2. Cutaneous pain pathways (15min)3. referred pain, mechanism and application of referred pain (10min)
Section 3 Physiology of pain modulation (50min)1. The modulation of pain in the spinal cord: gate control theory. The applications of this theory in life. (20min)2. The involvement of brain areas in descending analgesia. The mechanisms and the applications of descending analgesia. (30min) Section 4 Opioid analgesic drugs (55 min)1. Classification of analgesics. (5 min)2. The effects, uses and adverse reactions of opioid analgesic drugs. (30 min)3. Common used opioid analgesics: such as morphine, codeine, pethidine, methadone, fentanyl, tramadol. (10 min)4. The mode of administration of opioids. (10 min)
Section 5 NSAIDS and other approaches to pain management (40 min)1. The mechanism of NSAIDS. Common used NSAIDS: aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen. (35min)2. The approaches to neuropathic pain, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia. (5min)
Summary: 5 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis Pain is a complex experience. Nociceptors. Referred pain. Gate control
theory. Descending analgesia. The pharmacological effects, mechanism, uses and adverse reactions of opioid analgesic drugs. The characteristics and mechanism of NSAIDS.
Difficult point The modulation of pain in different lever. Subtypes of opioid receptors, opioid peptides, and receptor selectivity of opioid analgesic drugs.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】 1. Pain
2. Nociceptor 3. Referred pain 4. Gate control theory5. Please define the main principles of pain management.6. Please describe the main categories of analgesic drugs.7. Please describe the mechanism and adverse reactions of opioid analgesic drugs
and NSAIDS.
【Reference teaching material】1. 医学神经生物学 孙凤艳主编2. Basic ＆Clinical Pharmacology, 9th edition (2004), Bertram G. Katzung, The
McGrawHill 3. Pharmacology, 2nd edition (2010), Yang Shijie, The People's Medical Publishing
House.
Chapter 11 Motor systems II: the basal ganglia and Parkinson disease
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: To master the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse reaction of common anti-Parkinson drugs.Familiarizing content:The organization of the basal ganglia and their connections with other central nervous system regions.Understanding content:The main symptoms and diseases associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia, and their pathophsiology.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】Section 1 The basal ganglia (15 min)
1. The basal ganglia: structure and organization（15min）Section 2 Anti-Parkinson drugs (85 min)
1. Symptoms of Parkinson disease (10 minutes)2. Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (10 min)3. Causes of of Parkinson’s disease (10 min)4. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease (50 min)
Summarization: 5 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis : the pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse reaction of common anti-Parkinson drugs.Difficult point : the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1. Describe the main class of drugs in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
2. What is the mechanism for the combination use of L-dopa and carbidopa?
【Reference teaching material】1. Yang shijie. Pharmacology. 2nd edition.20052. Bertram G. Katzung. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 8th edition
Chapter 12 Learning and memory
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: To master the definition of learning, memory, declarative learning, procedural
To master the molecular mechanism of LTP.Familiarizing content:The involvement of the brain areas in learning and memory.The definition and mechanism of long-term depression Understanding content:The regular methods about how to study learning and memory.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 Introduction of learning and memory (45 min)1. Definition and the significance of learning and memory (10min)2. The classification of learning and memory (20min)3. How to find the brain areas which involved in learning and memory (15min)
Section 2 Synaptic plasticity in memory related brain areas (55min)1. The structure of hippocampus: CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus. (5min)2. The definition and characteristic of LTP. (5min)3. The molecular mechanism of LTP. (15min)4. The relationship of LTP and memory. (10min)5. The structure of cerebellum: Purkinje cell, parallel fibres, climbing fibres(5min)6. The definition and characteristic of LTD. (5min)7. The molecular mechanism of LTD. (10min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis Definition and classification of learning and memory. Definition and
mechanisms of LTP and LTD.Difficult point The mechanism of LTP.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis : the classification of anti-AD drugs and common characteristics of anti-AD drugs.Difficult point: the pathophsiology of AD
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1. Describe the main type of drugs in the treatment of AD2. Describe the main characteristics of common anti-AD drugs.
Chapter 14 Sedative-hypnotics and anti-epileptic, anti-seizure drugs
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: 1. the pharmacological action, mechanism and clinical uses of Benzodiazepines2. the pharmacological action, mechanism and clinical uses, adverse reactions of
Phenytoin sodium, carbamazepine,Phenobarbital and ethosuximide.Understanding content:1. To know well the pharmacological action, clinical uses and the rescue of
intoxification of Bartibuturates.2. To know the characteristics of other sedative-hypnotic drugs.3. the anti-convulsant effect and clinical uses of MgSO4
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】Section I Sedative-hypnotic drugs (50 min)
1. The function of sleep and the sleep stages (20 min)2. The classification of sedative-hypnotic drugs and their characteristics(30 min)
(1) Benzodiazepines: pharmacological action, mechanism, clinical uses, main adverse reactions
(2) Barbiturates: structure-activity relationship, classification, mechanism of action, clinical uses, adverse reactions and rescue of acute intoxification.
(3) Other drugs: chloral hydrate, meprobamate and melatonin Section II Anti-epileptic drugs and Anticonvulsant drugs (50 min)
1. The main types of epilepsy, epidermiology, neurobiology and mechanism of anti-epileptic drugs( 10 min) 2. Main anti-epileptic drugs:(1) Phenytoin sodium: mechanism, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, cautions and adverse reactions( 15 min)(2) The main characteristics of carbamazepine, ethosuximide, sodium valproate, benzodiazepine and other anti-epileptic drugs. ( 15 min)(3) The main adverse reaction of anti-epileptic drugs and cautions (5 min)3. Anti-convulsant drugs: Magnesium sulfate (5 min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】
Emphasis: 1. the pharmacological action, mechanism and clinical uses of Benzodiazepines
2. Classification of common anti-epileptic drugs, mechanism of action.Difficult point: the causes of epilepsy
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1. Describe the pharmacological action, mechanism and clinical uses of
Benzodiazepines2. Describe the pharmacological action, mechanism and clinical uses, adverse
reactions of Phenytoin sodium
【Reference teaching material】1. Yang shijie . Pharmacology. 2nd edition.20052. Bertram G. Katzung. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 8th edition
Chapter 15 Infections and Tumors of Central Nervous System
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: Pathological changes and clinical features of epidemic bacterial meningitis, epidemic encephalitis B and poliomyelitisDefinition of satellitosis and neuronophagiaFamiliarizing content:Main pathologic findings of astrocytoma, meningioma and neuilemmoma Understanding content:Common complications of central nervous system dieses
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】Part I Introduction
1. Normal components of central nervous system ： neuron, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia. 5min
2. Pattens of infury in the nervous system Markers of neuronal injury 5minAstrocytes in injury and repair 5minPeripheral nervous system in injury and repair 5min
Part II Infections of the nervous system1. Epidemic bacterial meningitis 20min2. Epidemic encephalitis B 20min 3. Poliomyelitis 20min
Part III Common complications of the central nervous system1. Increased intracranial pressure and herniation 5min2. Cerebral edema and hydrocephalus 5min3. meningeal irritation 5min
Summary 5min
Part IV Classification of nervous system tumors 1. Locations of central nervous system tumors 5min2. Ggrading of central nervous system tumors 10min3. Common tumors of central nervous system tumors 10min4. Common tumors of peripheral nervous system tumors 5min
Part V Pathology of common nervous system tumors1. Gliomas 25min2. Meningiomas 10min3. Medulloblastom 10min 4. neuilemmoma 10min5. Neurofibroma 10min
Summary 5min
【Emphasis and difficult point】1. Emphasis
1) Defini tionof Wallerian degenation, satellitosis and neuronophagi2) Pathological change and clinical features of epidemic bacterial
meningitis, epidemic encephalitis B and poliomyelitis3) Pathological changes of nervous system tumors
2. Difficult pointPathological changes of gliomas
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】Define following word1. satellitosis 2. neuronophagia 3. Wallerian degeneration
【Aims and requirements】1. To know well the main symptoms and aetiology of schizophrenia.2. To know well the neurobiology of schizophrenia.3. To master the classification, effects, uses and adverse reactions of antipsychotic
drugs. 4. To know well the management of schizophrenia and the long-term prognosis.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 Symptoms and neurobiology of schizophrenia (35 min)1. The main symptoms and aetiology of schizophrenia. (15 min)2. The neurobiology of schizophrenia. (20 min)
Section 2 Treatment of schizophrenia (60 min)1. The classification, effects, uses and adverse reactions of antipsychotic drugs. (40 min)2. The management of schizophrenia and the long-term prognosis, other psychosed and schizophrenia-like syndromes. (20 min)
Summary: 5 min
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: 1. The classification, effects, uses and adverse reactions of antipsychotic
drugs. 2. The main principles of long-term management of chronic psychoses. Difficult point: The neurobiology of schizophrenia, corticolimbic circuits.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and writing on the blackboard
【Home work】1. Please describe the main symptoms of schizophrenia and give an outline of
corticolimbic circuits.2. Please describe the treatment for schizophrenia about the classification, effects,
uses and adverse reactions of antipsychotic drugs.3. Discuss the main principles of long-term management of chronic psychoses.
【Reference teaching material】1. Basic ＆Clinical Pharmacology, 9th edition (2004), Bertram G. Katzung, The
McGrawHill 2. Pharmacology, 2nd edition (2010), Yang Shijie, The People's Medical Publishing
House.
Chapter 17 Depression and anxiety
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content: the classification, mechanism of action and characteristic of anti-
depressant drugs.Understanding content:
1. the mechanism and antimanic action of lithium carbonate.2. the neurobiology of depression.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】Section I Anti-depressant drugs
1. Introduction of depression, and symptoms, epidermiology and neurobiology.（20
min）2. Anti-depressant drugs: (50 min)(1) TCAs: mechanism of action and characteristics(2) MAOIs: mechanism of action and characteristics(3) SSRIs: mechanism of action and characteristics(4) SNRIs: mechanism of action and characteristics3. Treatment of mania (15 min) (1) Pathology and symptoms of mania(2) The mechanism of lithium carbonate in the treatment of mania and cautions
Section II Anti-anxiety drugs1. Introduction of anxiety (5 min)2. Benzodiazepines: mechanism of action in the treatment of anxiety(10 min)
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: the classification, mechanism of action and characteristic of anti-
depressant drugs.Difficult point: neurobiology of depression
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1. Describe the main class of drugs for the treatment of depression and their characteristics.
【Reference teaching material】1. Yang shijie . Pharmacology. 2nd edition.20052. Bertram G. Katzung. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 8th edition
Chapter 18 Stroke and Treatment
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content:
The actions, mechanisms, indications and adverse reaction of nimodipine, aspirin and
tissue-type plasminogen activator(tPA) in the treatment of ischemia stroke.
The pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemia stroke.
Understanding content:
The characteristics of other drugs for the treatment of ischemia stroke.
The progress of the drugs in the treatment of ischemia stroke.
The harm of the ischemia stroke.
【Main content and teaching time】1.The pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemia stroke and the preparation of the
animal models.
(1) The pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemia stroke(50 minutes)
(2) The preparation of the brain ischemia animal models. (20 minutes)
(3)The determination of cerebral blood flow.(10 minutes)
(4)The methods for studying blood-brain barrier(10 minutes)
2.The drugs in the treatment of acute brain ischemia
(1)The drugs in the treatment of brain edema(5 minutes)
(2)Calcium antagonists(15 minutes)
(3)Vascular dilators(5 minutes)
(4)Anti-platelet drugs(20 minutes)
(5)Thrombolytic drugs(10minutes)
3.Drugs in the treatment of chronic ischemia stroke and its
Sequelae(25 minutes).
4.Drugs under studying(10 minutes)
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: The actions, mechanisms, indications and adverse reaction of nimodipine,
aspirin and tissue-type plasminogen activator(tPA) in the treatment of ischemia stroke.
The pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemia stroke.
Difficult point: Drugs under studying
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】Define following word
1. The actions, mechanisms, indications and adverse reaction of nimodipine.
2. The actions, mechanisms, indications and adverse reaction of aspirin
3. The actions, mechanisms, indications and adverse reaction of tPA.
【Reference teaching material】1. The Nervous System Second Edition (2011), Adina Michael-Titus, et al. Beijing
University Medical Publishing House
Chapter 19 Drug dependence and abuse
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content:
The mechanisms and harm of drugs that commonly abused such as opioids, cocaine,
marijuana, nicotine, alcohol.
The addiction of drug and treatment.
Familiarizing content:The administration regulation of the drugs that have dependence-potential.
The terms related drug dependence: drugs, dependence, tolerance, addiction and
abstinence syndrome.
The classification of the dependence-potential drugs and administration regulation.
【Main content and teaching time】1. Terms related drug abuse and drug dependence.
Dependence， physiological dependence and psychological dependence, addiction
drug abuse.(15 minutes)
2. The harm of the drug abuse.(20 minutes)
3. Classifications of the dependence-potential drugs.(15 minutes)
(2)Psychological drugs: central simulants, hallucinogens and others.
3. The manifestation of drug dependence.(15 minutes)
4. brain reward system and drug dependence.(15 minutes)
(1)Reinforcement and reward
(2) The biology of drug reinforcement.
(3) Receptor mechanism of drug reinforcement.
5. The mechanisms of drug dependence.(20 minutes)
(1) Opioids and receptors
(2) Cocaine and transport of monoamines.
(3) Alcohol and sedative-hypnotics affect GABA.
(4) Marijuana and its receptors.
(5) Hallucinogens (lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD) activate 5-HT2A receptors.。6.The treatment of drug dependence
(1)Opioids：
The goals of treatment ： from dependence to detoxification, maintenance of
detoxification. Maintenance therapy involves the use of a drug such as methadone to
continue opioid dependence while psychological, social, and vocational therapies are
used to support the user during abstinence. Detoxification is used to treat physical
dependence and consists in reducing the drug doses administered.
Real opioid de-addiction includes:
de-addiction or control abstinence syndrome;
physical and psychological recovery；
Prevention of relapse: naltrexone, a long-acting orally active pure narcotic antagonist,
to block the action of self-administered opiates.
Substitution of a longer-acting，orally active, pharmacologically equivalent for the
abused drug：Long-acting methadone analog, levo-methadyl, maintenance for heroin
addicts (active 72 hr).
Buprenorphine can also prevent opioid withdrawal.
If short-acting sedative drugs have been abused, phenobarbital is substituted as the
pharmacologically equivalent agent. If long-acting drugs have been used, the same
drug may be continued.
Clonidine, a centrally acting sympatholytic agent, reducing the outflow of NA,
mitigating many of the signs of sympathetic overactivity.
(2)alcohol withdrawal：Substitution of a less reinforcing drug and gradually reducing
the dosage to lessen withdrawal syndrome: Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal.
Aversive agents that interacts with the drug to produce an unpleasant instead of
rewarding effect. Disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholics.
(3)Cocaine and amphetamine: Use of specific blockers to prevent the reinforcing
effect of drugs: α-methyl-p-tyrosine to prevent amphetamine "high" extinction.
Ondansetron（奥丹西隆）or buspirone（布斯哌酮）can suppress drug seeking
behavior, Antidepressants for underlying depression or antipsychotics for
schizophrenoform psychosis haloperidol(氟哌啶醇).
(4) Drug abuse control
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis: The mechanisms and harm of drugs that commonly abused such as
opioids, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine, alcohol.
The addiction of drug and treatment.
Difficult point: The mechanisms of drug dependence and addiction.
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】1. The mechanisms of drugs that commonly abused such as opioids, cocaine,
marijuana, nicotine, alcohol.
2. The treatment of dependence and addiction of opioids, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine,
alcohol.
【Reference teaching material】The Nervous System Second Edition (2011), Adina Michael-Titus, et al. Beijing
University Medical Publishing House
Chapter 20 Clinical Examination
【Aims and requirements】Mastery content:
1. principles of taking a patient’s history. 2. principles involved in performing a mental state examination. 3. principles involved in performing a neurological examination.
Familiarizing content:The major clinical laboratory techniques.
【Main content and Distribution of teaching time】 Section 1 taking a patient’s history (10 min) Section 2 performing a mental neurological examination (80 min)1General examination(5min).2Cranial nerves(25min) .3Motor functiona. Muscle tone(5min).b. Muscle strength(10min)c. Reflexes (15min)
Deep tendon reflexes Superficial reflexes Pathologic reflexes
d. Motor coordination, involuntary movement,stance and gait (10min)4Sensory function (10min)
superficial、deep sense，combination sense.
Section 3 the major clinical laboratory techniques (10min)Cerebrospinal fluid inspection, CT, MRI, DSA, EEG, EMG, PET, and so on.
【Emphasis and difficult point】Emphasis History taking. State examination, Cranial nerves examination. Muscle
strength examination. Reflexes examinationDifficult point Cortical function examination
【Auxiliary and supplementary conditions for teaching】Multimedia and power point
【Home work】What is the principles of taking a neurology patient’s history？What is the clinical significance of pathologic reflexes？【Reference teaching material】
