No History without World HistoryA World History Advanced Placement Summer AssignmentE. Napp, P. Davis, and A. Nuriddin

The Thesis: A thesis is an argument that a historian proves. Historians prove arguments through historical evidence and historical reasoning. The World History Advanced Placement course is based on a thesis. Its thesis is that history is connected; in other words, its thesis is that events in one region affect other regions and no region is completely unaffected by forces beyond its borders. Therefore, world historians study people, places and cultures but always with an emphasis on connections – connections to other regions but also connections to other time periods. In a World History Advanced Placement course, the student enters a subject or event knowing that it will lead to other places and other events. It is the connectivity of history – the web of history – that students ultimately study.

The Assignment:

The Objective- To examine a current international event and identify and analyze the historical

forces that shaped the event as well as connections to other regions, to the themes of world history, and to its previous historical reality

The Research and Note-Taking Components:- To find an international current event from the New York Times and print the

article

- To read the article and take notes on the article

- To connect the facts of the article to at least one theme of the World History Advanced Placement class

The Themes of World History AP: Interaction Between Humans and the Environment Development and Interaction of Cultures State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems Development and Transformation of Social Structures

- To research historical information about the region and culture(s) where the event occurred

- To connect the current event to other regions

The Project- Using a blank page [preferably computer paper), create a visual web of

connections from your current event

- A sample of the entire process for completion is provided on the following pages

- In addition to the final project of the visual web of connections, all materials (article and notes) must be submitted

Sample Article from The New York Times :

Vietnam’s Battle with TuberculosisA country’s stunning progress against tuberculosis may be threatened by reducedsupport for a health care system stretched thin.

By Donald G. McNeil Jr.MARCH 28, 2016

HANOI, VIETNAM — Dr. Bui Xuan Hiep, the head of tuberculosis control in this city’s Hoang Mai district, paged proudly through a large handwritten patient log.

“This district’s cure rate averages 90 percent,” he said. Still, Dr. Bui could see problems.Seven patients had turned up with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; four had been cured, two had died — and one had simply disappeared.

It’s a story repeated throughout Vietnam. The nation was once racked by a tuberculosis epidemic, one of the worst in which H.I.V. was not the driving force. But officials fought back fiercely.

Twenty-five years ago, battered by the aftermath of a long war, chronic poverty and a heavy-handed government isolated from much of the world, Vietnam had nearly 600 cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 residents. Today, it has less than 200.

The country boasts a 90 percent cure rate for uncomplicated tuberculosis and cures 75 percent of its drug-resistant cases, easily beating the global average, 50 percent.

Indeed, public health officials worldwide have made remarkable progress against tuberculosis. Deaths from the disease have fallen drastically since 2000, according to the World Health Organization. Tuberculosis has been halted or reversed in 16 of the 22 countries that account for the vast majority of cases.

But Ban Ki-moon, secretary-general of the United Nations, last week warned that the fight was “only half won” and estimated that 1.5 million worldwide would die of the disease this year.

There is no better example of how fragile this success may be than Vietnam. Hospital wards here are packed dangerously full, raising the risk that drug-resistant strains will spread.

The easy-to-reach patients have been treated, and many of the rest are the hardest to help: heroin-addicted couriers and laborers from the poppy fields of the nearby Golden Triangle, and mountain villagers who do not speak Vietnamese and are barely connected to the health care system.

But the biggest threat is that the money is close to running out.

“Our TB program is cost-effective and has great impact,” said Dr. Nguyen Viet Nhung, its national director. “But I always emphasize that this is a preliminary success. We need to sustain it.”

To reach Vietnam’s ambitious goal of pushing prevalence rates down to 20 cases per 100,000 residents — essentially eliminating tuberculosis as a public health problem — its tuberculosis-control program needs to spend at least $66 million a year. It now spends about $26 million a year.

About $19 million of that comes from foreign donors, with more than a third from the United States, Dr. Nguyen said. Evidence of donor help is everywhere.

The expensive diagnostic machines in hospital laboratories bear stickers from the United States Agency for International Development or from The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 30 percent of whose budget is paid by the United States. But The Global Fund, the chief support of the tuberculosis program here, is struggling and has promised support only through 2017. The White House, in its proposed budget for fiscal year 2016, reduced its contribution to the funds by 18 percent and to Usaid’s tuberculosis programs by 19 percent.

Officials here and at the W.H.O. fear that hard-won progress may soon be reversed and a remarkable success story may come apart, with deadly consequences.

After years in the shadow of the AIDS epidemic, tuberculosis is regaining its notoriety as one of the world’s great killers: an airborne bacterium that spreads easily among people living crowded together — in jails, ships, mines, trenches or slums — and insinuates itself deep in the lungs and grows, slowly tearing apart the tissue until victims are coughing up blood.

Tuberculosis now kills more people around the world than AIDS, according to the W.H.O.: 4,100 a day, compared with 3,300 dying of AIDS, making tuberculosis the leading infectious cause of death in the world.

Mortality from both diseases is dropping, but tuberculosis deaths have fallen more slowly, especially in Asia.

Vietnam’s success where so many other nations have failed is not just because of donor money, said Dr. Mario C. Raviglione, the director of the W.H.O.’s global tuberculosis program.

“It succeeds because it’s a Communist country,” he said. “Socialist countries put a lot of resources into primary care: lots of doctors, lots of clinics. And once central government adopts a thing, they really do it. They give orders.”

Tuberculosis is an ideal disease for a regimented treatment approach.

Almost all patients with “uncomplicated” tuberculosis — bacteria that are not drug-resistant — can be cured if they take a standard menu of four antibiotics every day for six months without fail.

In Vietnam, treatment standards set at the national level are followed by the entire public health network. The National Lung Disease Hospital in Hanoi oversees 64 provincial hospitals, which oversee 845 district hospitals, which oversee 11,065 neighborhood health clinics.

Those neighborhood clinics — usually just a few examining rooms, a small pharmacy and a parking lot — are as ubiquitous here as police stations and firehouses in the United States.They treat many illnesses, but their role in tuberculosis is simple: Every tuberculosis patient in the district reports once a day to take his or her pills in front of a nurse. Each dose taken is checked off on a yellow card.

Most patients comply without complaint, doctors say. Many poor countries are chaotic; Vietnam, while poor, is not. Parks are neatly trimmed, public bathrooms are clean, and police in gold-buttoned uniforms and high-brimmed hats are omnipresent.

Nonetheless, there are a few stubborn patients — Dr. Bui’s missing patient was a heroin addict who infected his mother with drug-resistant tuberculosis before disappearing. And the country has one surprising gap: It has no quarantine laws.

In New York City’s outbreak of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the 1990s, officials legally locked up patients who refused to take their pills. The rare noncompliant patient here faces no such threat.

“We can’t do that,” said Dr. Le Minh Hoa, the head of treatment at Hanoi’s provincial lung hospital. “And besides, we don’t have enough spaces for the people who want treatment.”

Patients with drug-resistant disease are especially hard to help. Their medicines, some of which are intravenous, must be taken for two years, and can cause deafness, psychosis and

kidney failure. Patients must be hospitalized, their movements restricted to one or two corridors, sometimes for months until they are no longer coughing up live bacteria.

Hospital wards are full of stooped, forlorn-looking men and women in masks and pajamas waiting to be declared well enough to go home and become a district outpatient.If they become worse instead of better, the prognosis is usually grim. Extensively drug-resistant disease (XDR TB) requires even more toxic drugs costing 25 times as much. Most XDR TB patients here die.

Pham Thi Tuy, 25, was an unlucky woman — she caught a drug-resistant strain, perhaps at her job as a medical technician. Facing two years of treatment, she lay hooked up to an IV in Dr. Le’s hospital, nauseated and exhausted by the drugs, watching videos on her cellphone all day.

“I only went to the doctor for an earache,” she said. “It didn’t go away and didn’t go away — and they finally did a test and said it was TB.”

She hoped her fiancé would wait two years for her to recover, she said — and then suddenly looked up at Dr. Le.

“When I finish this, will I still be able to have children?”

“Yes,” Dr. Le said, patting her hand.

Ms. Pham’s eyes crinkled behind her mask, suggesting a sweet smile, and she gave a big thumbs-up.

There are many signs that the national tuberculosis program here survives on a shoestring budget.

While its top laboratories have some modern equipment, the 64 provincial hospitals share only 60 rapid diagnostic machines, less than half the number they need, even though Vietnam pays only $17,000 for each, about a tenth of the American retail price.

More ominously, hospital wards are dangerously crowded. Seven patients a room, with beds only a foot apart, is not an uncommon sight. (That effectively means 14 inhabitants a room, as many patients have a relative sleeping on the floor or in a corridor to do nursing chores and bring food.)

Windows and doors are kept open to blow away the bacteria that patients cough up. In chilly Hanoi, patients like Ms. Pham wear parkas in bed; in tropical Ho Chi Minh City, the former Saigon, they perspire in the muggy heat.

Dr. Thuy Nguyen Thu, the head of the inpatient unit at the National Lung Disease Hospital, which treats the toughest cases, said four of her staff had caught tuberculosis in the last five years. New nurses were nervous, she said.

Dr. Thuy had asked for ozone air filters, better fans and safer face masks, “but there are budget limitations.”

Geography presents the tuberculosis-control program with another kind of obstacle. In the Shangri La-like valleys of Son La province, a six-hour drive west of Hanoi, some inhabitants live in villages with thatched roofs and speak only Hmong, Meo or Thai.

Finding and keeping them in treatment is hard, said Dr. Tong Van Hieu, the director of the Quyet Thang neighborhood clinic in Son La. Some believe tuberculosis is caused by fog or dust or gold mine fumes, and turn first to folk remedies.

Vietnam’s growing prosperity lets some patients afford private doctors — who often ignore the official four-drug regimen and fail to insist their patients take every pill.

Pharmacists sell antibiotics without prescriptions, so some wealthy patients swallow only what they feel like taking. As a result, Dr. Phat Nguyen Ngoc, the head of a district hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, said about a third of his patients with drug-resistant disease had gotten it because they had seen private doctors first and had taken too few pills, or the wrong ones.

And sometimes, even when compliant patients play by the rules, treatment fails, anyway.In the Hanoi Lung Disease Hospital, Hoang Van Toan, a weathered farmer looking much older than his 49 years, sat wrapped in a blanket. He had taken all his pills, he said, but tuberculosis had somehow outwitted them.

The room was bare, with no television or any other diversion. “I talk to my wife,” he said, nodding at the woman sitting on the temporarily empty bed opposite him.

“And I walk for three hours every day at dawn,” he added, pointing out the window to a nearby park. He wears a surgical mask as required, he said, but that makes no one nervous in Hanoi; thousands of passing motorcyclists wear them, too.

What made him saddest, he said, is that it is still too dangerous for his grandchildren to visit.

Asked if he would make it through the next two years, he said “Yes,” emphatically.

“I was a soldier,” he added. “I fought the enemy. I can fight this.”

On the next page, notes are taken from the sample article.

The Notes: New York Times article March 28, 2016 Written by Donald G. McNeil Jr. Vietnam’s Battle with Tuberculosis Head of tuberculosis control in Hanoi stated district had a cure rate of 90% Nation once racked by tuberculosis Not because of H.I.V. But officials fought disease and progress gained High tuberculosis rate because of long war, poverty and government isolation Today: 90% cure rate for uncomplicated tuberculosis 75% cure rate for drug-resistant cases Better than global average of 50% Ban Ki-moon, secretary-general of U.N., warned that fight against disease “only half

won” 1.5 million worldwide are estimated to die from tuberculosis this year In Vietnam, hospitals are packed Raising the risk that drug-resistant strains will spread Hardest to help patients are heroin-addicted from Golden Triangle And mountain villagers who do not speak Vietnamese But biggest threat – money is running out Needs to spend at least $66 million a year Only spending $26 million a year $19 million from foreign donors More than a third from U.S. The White House in its proposed budget for 2016 plans to reduce some funding Hard-won progress may be reversed Tuberculosis is an airborne bacterium Spreads easily among people living crowded together Bacterium enters lungs and grows Tearing apart tissue until victims are coughing up blood Tuberculosis now kills more people around the world than AIDS 4,100 a day die from tuberculosis and 3,300 die from AIDS Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death in the world Vietnam has succeed in fighting tuberculosis, according to its leaders, because it is a

Communist country where a lot of money goes to health care and the central government gives orders

“Uncomplicated” tuberculosis can be cured with four antibiotics every day for six months without fail

In Vietnam, treatment standards are set at national level and followed by entire public health network

Every tuberculosis patient reports once a day to take his pills in front of a nurse Most patients comply Heroin addicts are more difficult to treat There are no quarantine laws in Vietnam In New York, there are quarantine laws

In New York, a noncompliant patient can be locked up – if he refuses to take his pills

Drug-resistant tuberculosis patients are harder to treat Drug-resistant tuberculosis patients must take medicine for two years and the

medicine can cause deafness, psychosis, and kidney failure Patients must be hospitalized sometimes for months until no longer coughing up live

bacteria Pham Thi Tuy, 25, caught tuberculosis probably as a medical technician She faces two years of treatment There are signs that the national tuberculosis program in Vietnam is surviving on a

shoestring budget Many provincial hospitals share less than half the number of diagnostic machines

needed Hospital wards are dangerously crowded Windows and doors are kept open to blow away the bacteria patients cough up Nurses and medical staff sometimes catch the disease Need for ozone air filters, better fans and safer face masks Geography presents a problem too Some Vietnamese live in villages with thatched roofs and speak only Hmong, Meo or

Thai Finding and keeping them in treatment is hard Some believe that tuberculosis is caused by fog or dust or gold mine fumes Some turn to folk remedies Vietnam’s growing prosperity lets some patients afford private doctors But private doctors often ignore the official four-drug regime and fail to insist that

their patients take every pill And sometimes even when compliant patients play by the rules, treatment fails A grandfather in treatment for a long time is saddest that his grandchildren cannot

visit him But he believes that he will make it because he was once a soldier who fought the

enemy and so, he believes he can fight tuberculosis and be returned to health

Important Reminders: Students should type or write two pages of notes Notes should cover the entire article Notes should provide enough information that a person who did not read the

article could understand the article Notes may be typed or written in a bulleted list format

______________________________________________________________________________

On the next page, the article is connected to one of the themes of World History.

Connecting the facts of the article to at least one theme of the World History AP:

A Bit More Detail on the Themes –

- Interaction between Humans and the Environment Demography and disease Migration Patterns of Settlement Technology

- Development and Interaction of Cultures Religions Belief Systems, Philosophies, and Ideologies Science and Technology The Arts and Architecture

- State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict Political Structures and Forms of Governance Empires Nations and Nationalism Revolts and Revolutions Regional, Transregional, and Global Structures and Organizations

- Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic systems Agriculture and Pastoral Production Trade and Commerce Labor Systems Industrialization Capitalism and Socialism

- Development and Transformation of Social Structures Gender Roles and Relations Family and Kinship Racial and Ethnic Constructions Social and Economic Classes

The Article and Its Connection to the Themes: Interaction between Humans and the Environment

- Demography and Disease and Patterns of Settlement Development and Interaction of Cultures

- Belief Systems/Religions State-Building, Expansion and Conflict

- Political Structures Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

- Communism

Important Reminders: Students must specify what themes are evident in the article Students must provide one to sentences explaining how each theme is present

On this page, historical research is presented.

Researching historical information about the region and culture(s) where the event occurred:

History of Vietnam with an Emphasis on Vietnam War (mentioned multiple times) –

1st Source: Encyclopedia Britannica Country in Southeast Asia Tribal Viets inhabited Red River delta Chinese expansion into region by 3rd Century B.C.E. Dominant theme of Vietnam – interaction with China Vietnam paid tribute to China: animal skins, ivory and tropical products to Chinese

emperor Chinese culture greatly affected Vietnamese elites The government’s ability to rule diminished with distance from capital A popular cliché, “The emperor’s writ stops at the village gate.” Today, the capital is Hanoi The largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) Experienced a period of prolonged warfare from 1954 to 1975 Country was reunified in 1975

2nd Source: BBC French conquered Vietnam in 1858 Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist – fought for independence from French In 1930, Ho Chi Minh founded the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) Japanese invaded Vietnam in 1941 ICP fought the Japanese 1945 – Japan defeated and Viet Minh (Ho Chi Minh’s communist party) seized

power Ho Chi Minh announced Vietnamese independence French wanted colony back French fight Viet Minh 1950: Democratic Republic of Vietnam is recognized by China and Soviet Union –

this is Ho Chi Minh’s government 1954: Battle of Dien Bien Phu – French agree to peace talks in Geneva Vietnam is split into two countries: North Vietnam (Communist government under

Ho Chi Minh) and South Vietnam (non-Communist government) USA supported South Vietnamese government – but government was under a

dictatorship although a non-Communist dictator 1957: A communist group develops in South Vietnam (the Vietcong) The Vietcong wanted to overthrow the dictator of South Vietnam and unite the two

Vietnams into one Communist Vietnam 1959: Weapons and men from North Vietnam are sent to help Vietcong in South 1960: American aid to South Vietnamese government increased 1962: Number of US military advisors in South Vietnam rises to 12,000. 1964: Gulf of Tonkin incident: the United States claims that North Vietnamese

patrol boats fired on two US Navy destroyers 1964: USA Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing military

action in region

It is the Cold War and the United States wants to stop the spread of communism 1965: 200,000 American combat troops arrive in South Vietnam 1966: US troop numbers in Vietnam rise to 400,000, then to 500,000 the following

year 1969: Ho Chi Minh dies President Nixon begins to reduce US ground troops in Vietnam as domestic public

opposition to the war grows 1973: Ceasefire agreement in Paris, US troop pull-out completed by March 1975: North Vietnamese troops invade South Vietnam and take control of the whole

country 1994: USA lifts its 30-year trade embargo 1995: Vietnam and USA restore full diplomatic relations 2007: After 12 years of talks, Vietnam becomes the 150th member of the World

Trade Organization 2013: Economy grows by 5.14% in first three quarters of year, marking return to

growth after years of stagnation

3rd Source: U.S. Department of State In the 1980s, Vietnam introduced market reforms, opened up the country for

foreign investment, and improved the business climate It became one of the fastest-growing economies in the world Vietnam’s rapid economic transformation and global integration has lifted millions

out of poverty U.S. assistance in Vietnam focuses on consolidating gains to ensure sustainable

economic development while promoting good governance and the rule of law

Important Reminders: Students must use three sources when researching historical information about the

region and culture(s) where the event occurred Students must cite the sources Students must take notes from the sources Students may type or write notes Students may use a bulleted list format for the notes Notes should provide enough information that a person who did not read the

sources could understand the points

On the next page, the current event is connected to other regions.

Connecting the current event to other regions:

In the article, Vietnam is connected to the United States several times The United States has provided aid to Vietnam to help in its fight against

tuberculosis However, aid from the United States has been reduced recently

Vietnam did not always have a positive relationship with the United States Today, the government of Vietnam is a communist government, although recently

the government has introduced some free market reforms In the past, the United States did not trade with communist Vietnam Today, the United States does trade with Vietnam because of changes in Vietnam In the past, the United States fought a war in Vietnam Vietnam was divided into two countries: a Communist North Vietnam and South

Vietnam (a non-Communist country) The United States supported the government of South Vietnam Americans fought in South Vietnam against the Communist guerrillas known as the

Vietcong Eventually, the Americans left Vietnam South Vietnam was fell And Vietnam was unified as one Communist country

Important Reminders: The student must type or write notes on information in the article that connected

the event to another region The student must include information outside of the article that supports that the

article is accurate in its connections The student will connect the article to an outside region by using information from

the article and information from the research One page of notes should be submitted

Now, all of the pieces of preparation have been completed and it is time to create the final project.

On the following page, I will provide a sample; however, your sample can be hand-written.

Tuberculosis in Vietnam:- Government has reduced rate of infection and spread of tuberculosis- Communist government is committed to healthcare - Disease spread due to poverty and war- Hardest to treat: heroin addicts in Golden Triangle and mountain villagers- Dependent on foreign aid to combat disease but reduction of aid

World History AP Themes:- Interaction between Humans and Environment- State-building and Conflict- Development and Interaction of Culture- Economic Systems

Connection to another Region:- Historical relationship between Vietnam and the USA- When Vietnam was divided into two countries, USA supported government of South Vietnam- Vietnam War developed- USA tried to prevent the spread of communism to South Vietnam- South Vietnam fell to communism in 1975- Vietnam became unified as a communist state- USA stopped trading with Vietnam- But today USA trades with Vietnam and Vietnam has introduced free market reforms

Facts about Vietnam:- Settled by tribal Viets- Ruled by China for a time- Became a French colony - Japanese invaded in WWII- French regained colony after war- Vietnamese fought for independence- Nation divided at independence- Ho Chi Minh was a communist leader- Vietnam War developed- USA supported government of South Vietnam (non-communist government)- Unified as a communist country in 1975

The Final Checklist:

1- Selected an article from the New York Times – an International Article2- Printed the article – which will be submitted3- Took notes on the article – notes which will be submitted4- Wrote the themes of World History found in the article – to be submitted5- Researched the region or culture – took notes to be submitted6- Connected the current event to other regions7- Created a spider web highlighting all aspects of the task8- Prepared for submission with the spider web as the first page followed by all notes required for the completion of the project

Final Comments: The project must be submitted in class on the first day of school. The student’s name must be printed at the bottom of the spider web page. An accepted project – a project that addresses all components of the assignment –

will receive a homework pass for the year.- The homework pass can be used as a substitute for one homework assignment

during the school year.- This invaluable pass can be used for a week where an overwhelming amount of

homework in other classes or an overwhelming amount of extracurricular activities make the completion of homework difficult.

Philosophical Endnote: The Advanced Placement course in World History emphasizes and values the connections of peoples and regions in the world and recognizes that the events of the world today have roots in historical forces and historical factors. Every current event is a portal to past events and to people beyond the region of the current event. By emphasizing connections, world historians operate from a fundamental premise that the history of the world is a history of connectivity.

No nation is metaphorically speaking an island – it is a world of connections.

The Final Rubric:

In order for the student to receive one homework pass for the year, the following components must be completed:

The student has selected an international current event from The New York Times The student has printed the international current event and submitted the

international current event The student has taken notes on the article and has typed or written two pages of

notes- Notes clearly convey critical information from the article

The student has written the themes of World History that are evident in the article and typed or written one to two sentences for each theme explaining how the theme is evident in the article

The student has found three sources of additional information on the region or event and the student has cited his/her sources and taken notes from the sources- Notes should be hand-written or typed- Notes should comprise two pages

The student has connected the event to another region and has included information from the article and outside sources demonstrating how the current event connects that region- Notes should be typed or hand-written- One page of notes should be submitted

The student has created a spider web of connections- The spider web must include

The critical facts from the article The themes of world history in the article Critical facts from historical research of the region not found in the

article Connections to one additional region Images to support the facts A spider web background upon which facts are presented

Read the directions, checklist and rubric carefully before completing the assignment!