Name: ______________________________AP American HistoryPeriod 2: 1607-1754Unit 1: Colonial AmericaHomework Packet

Directions: Complete all parts of this homework packet and be prepared to hand it in on the day of your unit test. Identify the significance of all key terms and answer all questions in complete sentences. Write as many sentences as needed to answer each question.

The Early Chesapeake, pgs. 35-41

1. Identify the significance of the following terms:a. Bacon’s Rebellion

b. Tobacco

c. Toleration Act

d. Virginia House of Burgesses

2. What characteristics and circumstances characterized the first permanent English settlements?

3. Explain the importance of tobacco in the development of the Virginia colony.

4. How was Bacon’s Rebellion related to the political unrest in Virginia, and what effect did the Rebellion have on the development of that colony?

5. Historical Argumentation: How did the pre-occupation of the British government and its own internal and European affairs affect the development of the British North American colonies? Provide Specific Examples

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Why do maps change over time?

1. Why would two maps of the same place differ?

Map A: Gerhard Mercator. Virginia and Maryland, 1636

Map B: Edward Williams. A Map of Virginia, 1651.

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Historical Context Sheet

1607 English settlers first land in Jamestown.

Winter 1609-1610 Almost 150 (of 214) English colonists die from starvation and hardship.

1619 Virginia’s population grows rapidly to 1,400.

1622-1623 Native Americans launch attacks against English settlements and kill 347 settlers. Colonists respond by poisoning and killing 250 Native Americans.

1634 Colonists build a wall across the Virginia Peninsula. An English Captain wrote that the wall “completely excludes the Indians . . .; this will be of extraordinary benefit to the country."

1636 Date of Map A

1646 First Indian reservations established for surviving Powhatan Indians.

1651 Date of Map B.

2. What do you see when you look at the map from 1636?

3. What do you see when you look at the map from 1651?

4. List three differences between Map A and Map B:

5. These maps are showing the EXACT SAME PIECE OF LAND. Why do you think they differ?

6. Look at the HISTORICAL CONTEXT SHEET. How might settlers’ attitudes towards Native Americans have changed from the 1630s to the 1650s? How might settlers’ attitudes toward the land have changed from the1630s to the 1650s? Explain your answer.

7. Why does the mapmaker of Map B think the Sea of China and the Indies are on the other side of Virginia? (remember where Columbus was headed?)

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The Growth of New England and the Restoration Colonies, pgs. 41-52

1. Identify the significance of the following terms:a. Congregational Church

b. Fundamental Constitution for Carolina

c. John Winthrop

d. King Philip’s War

e. Mayflower Compact

f. Puritans

g. Theocracy

2. Comparison: Compare the political, social, and economic patterns of settlement and expansion in the Chesapeake region with those in the New England Region.

3. Periodization: Trace the colonists’ relations with the Native American and identify significant events which helped define these relations and any changes in relations.

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Document A: ‘City upon a Hill’ (ORIGINAL)

Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck, and to provide for our posterity, is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end, we must be knit together, in this work, as one man. We must entertain each other in brotherly affection. We must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of others’ necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality. We must delight in each other; make others’ conditions our own; rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, as members of the same body. So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God, and delight to dwell among us, as His own people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness and truth, than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies; when He shall make us a praise and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, "may the Lord make it like that of New England." For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors for God's sake. We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going. And to shut this discourse with that exhortation of Moses, that faithful servant of the Lord, in his last farewell to Israel, Deut. 30. "Beloved, there is now set before us life and death, good and evil," in that we are commanded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another, to walk in his ways and to keep his Commandments and his ordinance and his laws, and the articles of our Covenant with Him, that we may live and be multiplied, and that the Lord our God may bless us in the land whither we go to possess it. But if our hearts shall turn away, so that we will not obey, but shall be seduced, and worship other Gods, our pleasure and profits, and serve them; it is propounded unto us this day, we shall surely perish out of the good land whither we pass over this vast sea to possess it. Therefore let us choose life, that we and our seed may live, by obeying His voice and cleaving to Him, for He is our life and our prosperity.

Source: John Winthrop (1588–1649), lawyer and leader of the 1630 migration of English Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony, delivered this famous sermon aboard the Arbella to settlers traveling to New England.

Document A: 1. Sourcing: Who was John Winthrop speaking to in this sermon? What do you think is the purpose of this

sermon?

2. Contextualization: Imagine what his audience might have been thinking and feeling as they listened to him on the ship. Describe it below.

3. Close reading: What is the main idea of this speech? What do you think Winthrop means when he says, “We shall be as a City Upon a Hill?”

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King Philip’s War

Historical Background

After the Pequot War, a war between New England settlers and Indians in 1636-1637, New England was free of major Indian wars for about forty years. During this period, the region's Native American population declined rapidly and suffered severe losses of land and cultural independence. Between 1600-1675, New England's Native American population fell from 140,000 to 10,000, while the English population grew to 50,000. Meanwhile, the New England Puritans launched a campaign to convert the Indians to Protestantism. One leading missionary convinced about 2000 Indians to live in "praying towns," where they were expected to adopt white customs. In 1675, the chief of the Pokanokets, Metacomet (whom the English called King Philip), forged a military alliance including about two thirds of the region's Indians. In 1675, he led an attack on Swansea, Massachusetts. Over the next year, both sides raided villages and killed hundreds of victims. Twelve out of ninety New England towns were destroyed. This war was called King Philip’s War. Relative to the size of the population, King Philip's War was the most destructive conflict in American history. Five percent of New England's population was killed--a higher proportion than Germany, Britain, or the United States lost during World War II. Indian casualties were far higher; perhaps 40 percent of New England's Indian population was killed or fled the region. When the war was over, the power of New England's Indians was broken. The region's remaining Indians would live in small, scattered communities, serving as the colonists' servants, slaves, and tenants.

Document A: King Philip’s Perspective (Modified)

King Philip agreed to come to us; he came unarmed, and about 40 of his men armed. We sat very friendly together. We told him our business. They said that they had done no wrong; the English wronged them. We said that both sides thought the other side wronged them, but our desire was to avoid war. The Indians agreed that fighting was the worst way; then they asked how we might avoid war. We said, by negotiation. They said that they lost many square miles of land through negotiation.

They said they had been the first in doing good to the English, and the English were the first in doing wrong. They said when the English first came, their King’s Father prevented other Indians from wronging the English, and gave them corn and showed them how to plant, and let them have a 100 times more land than now the Indian King had for his own people.

And another grievance was, if 20 of their honest Indians testified that a Englishman had done them wrong, it was as nothing; and if but one of their worst Indians testified against any Indian, when it pleased the English it was sufficient.

Another grievance was, the English made them drunk and then cheated them; that now, they had no hope left to keep any land.

Another grievance, the English cattle and horses still increased and kept spoiling their corn. They thought when the English bought land of them they would have kept their cattle upon their own land, but the English didn’t use a fence.

Vocabulary Grievance: complaint

Source: John Easton, an official from Rhode Island, met King Philip in June of 1675 in an effort to negotiate a settlement. Easton recorded Philip’s complaints. However, Easton was unable to prevent a war, and the fighting broke out the following month.

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Document B: Colonists’ Perspective (Modified)

In New England, there are many different theories for what caused the present Indian war. Some blame the people of Boston for trying to Christianize the Indians and for forcing the Indians to observe their laws. They think the Indians are too rude and uncivilized.

Some believe there have been Catholic priests, who have made it their business, for some years past, to turn the Indians against the English and to promise weapons from France.

Others blame the Indian leader, King Philip. Some English tried to get his land and brought him to court and sometimes imprisoned him.

The Puritan government of the Massachusetts believes that God is punishing them for their behavior. Recently, men have been wearing long hair and wigs made of women’s hair; and women have been cutting, curling and laying out the hair. People have not been going to town meetings. The Puritans think that God has allowed the Indians to rise against them.

The English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they first taught the Indians the use of guns, and let them attend trainings, and showed them how to handle their guns.

The loss to the English in the several colonies, in their habitations and stock, is reckoned to amount to 150,000 pounds. About 1200 houses have been burned, 8000 head of cattle, great and small, killed, and many thousand bushels of wheat and other grain burned, and over 3000 Indians, men, women, and children destroyed.

Source: The English government sent Edward Randolph to New England to report on the causes for the wars with the Native Americans. He wrote this report in 1685.

Corroboration: Compare the accounts in Documents A and B.

1. Using evidence from Documents A and B, what do you think caused King Philip’s War of 1675?

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Borderlands and Middlegrounds and the Evolution of the British Empire, pgs. 53-62

1. Identify the significance of the following terms:a. Glorious Revolution

b. Mercantilism

c. Navigation Acts

2. Historical Causation: For each of the colonial regions, explain the factors that promoted the stability and those that undermined stability.

3. Contextualization: Describe specific attempts by the British government to increase control over the colonies and assess the success of those efforts.

4. Comparison: Analyze the impact of differing labor systems on the societal development of the New England, Middle and Southern colonies.

5. Comparison: Analyze the impact of religion on the political, economic and social aspects of the three colonial regions.

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The Colonial Population, pgs. 66-76

1. Identify the significance of the following terms:a. Indentured Servant:

b. Midwives:

c. Slave Codes:

2. Compare and contrast the differences between slavery and indentured servitude.

3. Explain population growth in the colonies between 1700 and 1780, what are some of the reasons for the change in population?

4. Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time: How did the lives of African slaves change over the course of the first century of slavery in North America?

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The Colonial Economies and Patterns of Society, pgs. 76-88

1. Identify the significance of the following terms:a. Tobacco:

b. Triangular Trade:

c. Consumerism:

d. Puritans:

e. Salem Witch Trials:

2. What was the system of triangular trade; identify what regions of the world were involved.

3. Describe the rise of consumerism in the colonies and the consequences of its rise.

4. Historical Causation: What are the reasons for differing economic systems in each of the colonial regions and explain the impact of those systems on each region’s social structure.

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Document A: ‘City upon a Hill’ (Modified)

The only way to provide for our posterity is to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with our God. We must be knit together in this work as one man; we must take care of each other with brotherly affection.

We shall be united in the bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, so that we shall see much more of his wisdom, power, goodness and truth.

We shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall [behave badly] and cause God to withdraw his help from us, we shall [invite] the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us.

Therefore let us choose life, that we, and our [children], may live; by obeying his voice, for he is our life, and our prosperity.

Source: John Winthrop (1588–1649), lawyer and leader of the 1630 migration of English Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony, delivered this famous sermon aboard the Arbella to settlers traveling to New England.

Document A:1. Sourcing: Who was John Winthrop speaking to in this sermon? What do you think is the purpose of this sermon?

2. Contextualization: Imagine what his audience might have been thinking and feeling as they listened to him on the ship. Describe it below.

3. Close reading: What is the main idea of this speech? What do you think Winthrop means when he says, “We shall be as a City Upon a Hill?”

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Document B: ‘The Divine Right to Occupy the Land’ (Modified)

The Bible says: “I will appoint a place for my people Israel, and I will plant them, that they may dwell in a place of their own, and move no more.”

The settling of a people in this or that country is the Lord’s decision.

Now, God makes room for a people in three ways: First, He drives out the heathens before them by waging war on the inhabitants.

Second, He gives a foreign people favor in the eyes of any native people to come and sit down with them.

Third, He makes a country empty of inhabitants where the people will live. Where there is an empty place, the sons of Adam and Noah are free to come and live there, and they neither need to buy it nor ask permission.

Source: Puritan leader John Cotton gave the following sermon to members of his congregation who were immigrating to America in 1630. Cotton became a respected and influential clergyman in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Document B:1. Sourcing: Who was John Cotton speaking to in this sermon? Why is he speaking about settling in a new land?

2. Contextualization: In this sermon, who are the ‘inhabitants’ in the new land? Who are the ‘foreign people?’

3. Close reading: What does Cotton say that God will do for the foreign people when they arrive in the new land?

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Awakenings and Enlightenments, pgs. 89-95

1. Identify the significance of the following terms:a. Religious Toleration:

b. Great Awakening:

c. John Locke:

d. John Peter Zenger Trial:

2. What effect did the Enlightenment have on Colonial America?

3. How did education improve in the colonies and why did people put more emphasis on education?

4. Contextualization: Identify the impact of technology, science, and education on political and economic developments in regions of colonial society.

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Great Awakening Document A (Modified)

Mr. Whitefield went preaching all the way through the colonies to Georgia, where there were many helpless children unprovided for. The sight of their miserable situation inspired the benevolent heart of Mr. Whitefield with the idea of building an Orphan House there, in which they might be supported and educated. Returning northward, he preached up this charity, and made large collections.

I happened to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I realized he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently decided he should get nothing from me [Franklin thought the Orphan House should be built in Philadelphia], I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pieces in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me ashamed of that, and I decided to give the silver; and he finished so admirably, that I emptied my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all.

He had a loud and clear voice, and articulated his words and sentences so perfectly, that he might be heard and understood at a great distance, especially as his audiences, however numerous, were completely silent. He preached one evening and I computed that he might well be heard by more than thirty thousand.

Great Awakening Document B (Modified)

I was born Feb 15th 1711 and born again October 1741—

When I heard that Mr. Whitefield was coming to preach in Middletown, I was in my field at work. I dropped my tool and ran home to my wife and told her to hurry. My wife and I rode my horse as fast as I thought the horse could bear . . .

When we neared Middletown, I heard a noise like a low rumbling thunder and soon saw it was the noise of horses’ feet. As I came closer it seemed like a steady stream of horses and their riders, all of a lather and foam with sweat, their breath rolling out of their nostrils with every jump; every horse seemed to go with all his might to carry his rider to hear news from heaven for the saving of souls, it made me tremble to see the sight, how the world was in a struggle.

When we got to the meeting house there were 3 or 4000 people assembled. I turned and looked back and the land and banks of the river looked black with people and horses all along the 12 miles. When I saw Mr. Whitfield he looked almost angelic; a young, slim, slender, youth. And hearing how God was with him everywhere put me into a trembling fear. I saw that my righteousness would not save me . . .

Source: Nathan Cole was a farmer from Middletown, Connecticut, who heard George Whitefield preach in 1741. The experience convinced Cole to find salvation and become born-again. The excerpt above is from his personal account (undated).

Great Awakening Document C (Modified)

Boston Evening-Post, July 15, 1745

To George Whitefield,

You have sown the harmful seeds of separation and disorder among us. By supporting the new churches, by claiming that our Ministers are unacquainted with Christ, you have stopped the spread of the Gospel, and hurt the Peace and good Order. You have hurt the very being of our Churches.

I ask you not to preach in this parish. . .

I do not expect that you will pay attention to what I have written, but I still choose to declare that you are a dangerous man, harmful to the religion of Jesus Christ.

Nathanael Henchman, Pastor of the first Church in Lynn.

Source: Nathanael Henchman was a minister in Lynn, Massachusetts. He blamed George Whitefield for breaking up all of New England’s churches. The document above is a letter to the newspaper in which he addresses Whitefield.

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