1. SemanticWeb Websemantic Dr.SabinCorneliuBuraga FacultateadeInformatica UniversitateaA.I.Cuza Iasi,Romania http://www.infoiasi.ro/~busaco/ Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

2. SemanticWeb Modelarea cunostintelor Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

3. SemanticWeb Ifyouhaventgotawordforaconcept, youcantthinkaboutit;ifyoudontthinkaboutit, youwontinventawordforit. SapirWhorfHypothesis Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

4. SemanticWeb intrebari Lace mijloace intelectuale putem recurge pentru aexplica lumea incaretraim? Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

5. SemanticWeb intrebari Exemplu:

CV-ul meu

Eu,autorul acestui marcaj! Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

6. SemanticWeb intrebari privitoare lastructura: este partedin

?Ori altceva? cv.html este oresursa (obiect)? Oclasa deobiecte? Unatribut? Orelatie? Orice altceva? Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

7. SemanticWeb intrebari referitoare lavocabular: esimilarcu dinXHTML? Autorul marcajului este cel carelasi publicat? Dacda,cnd? Subcetermeniprivind copyrightul? Ce proprietati specifice potfi definite? Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

8. SemanticWeb necesitati Existenta unor instrumente intelectuale facilitind intelegerea lumii (cunoasterea umana) viadescrieri abstracte modele (Allemang &Hendler,2008)si (Daum &Merten,2003) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

9. SemanticWeb model Modelele utilizate faciliteaza comunicarea intre (grupuri de)persoane unmodelpoate descrie uncontextspecific intromaniera ce poate fi inteleasa deanumite persoane colaborare mediata deintelegerea similara aunui fenomen partajarea cunoasterii umane Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

10. SemanticWeb model Modelele explica unanumit concept si potrealiza predictii unmodelpune inrelatie unfenomen cualtele (similare), oferind explicatii si predictii privitoare laacesta premisa realizarii deinterpretari specifice Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

11. SemanticWeb model Modelele mediaza puncte devedere diferite unmodelpoate oferi mijloacele necesare explorarii diferentelor dintre conceptualizarile unor fapte faciliteaza intelegerea unui anumit web Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

12. SemanticWeb model Asocierea laoanumita sintaxa aunui formalism ce explica semnificatiaunui concept=semantica exemplu:semantica limbajelor deprogramare incazul limbajului natural,serefera lamodalitatea dea intelege oaparitie aunei constructii (litere si/sau sunete) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

13. SemanticWeb model Oamenii/masinile trebuie sa utilizeze inacelasi mod cunostintele partajarea aceleasi conceptualizari ainformatiei incadrul unei comunitati Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

14. SemanticWeb model Necesitatea exprimarii (in)formale asemanticii meaning relatia (relation)dintre concepte patratinrelatie cudreptunghi constrangerea/restrictia (constraint) dreptunghiconstrins lapatrat Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

15. SemanticWeb model Necesitatea existenei: unui vocabular comun elementelesintactice(cuvintele,marcatoriietc.) auacelainelesattpentrutransmitor, ctipentru destinatar Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

16. SemanticWeb model Necesitatea existenei: unui setcomun deconstrngeri eventual,exprimate formal Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

17. SemanticWeb model Necesitatea existenei: unui cadru conceptualcomun oferind relaii ntre clase deinformaie nelegereainformaiilornuvafiinfluenatde cunotineleiniialenespecificate (unspecified backgroundknowledge) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

18. SemanticWeb model Implicitul nupoate fi citit/procesat decatre masina Moartea proces biologic(viaBritannica) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

19. SemanticWeb model Informatiile debackground deseori,implicit cunoscute descriitorul/cititorul uman nusunt accesibile pentru masina (Brewster,2003) Exemple:articolele stiintifice,beletristica Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

20. SemanticWeb model Modelele utilizate pentru comunicatii interumane prezinta avantaje fata demodelele create spre afi folosite decalculatoare modelele comunicative lacarerecurg oamenii sebazeaza pe limba (materna)si pe imagistica lasind oamenii sa interpreteze semnificatia unui model, asistam laproliferarea confuziei vezi legislatia Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

21. SemanticWeb model Modelele comune folosite deoameni au ingeneral uncaracter informal semnificatia termenilor utilizati nupoate fi unic definita exemplu:explicareaunor resurse recurgind exclusiv latermeni decontinut (taguri)stabiliti deutilizator Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

22. SemanticWeb model Abordari diferite inmodelarea resurselor Web www.readwriteweb.com/archives/semanticweb/ Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

23. SemanticWeb model:tagging Tagurile definitedeutilizatorreprezinta clasificariadhocrealizatedeoameni, partajateincadruluneicomunitati tag =data/metadatasimpla asociata externunui obiect (unei resurse) e.g.,imagine,film,documentatie etc. util lasortare,agregare,identificare etc. Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

24. SemanticWeb model:tagging Folksonomy =folk +taxonomy istheresultofpersonalfreetaggingofpages andobjectsforonesownretrieval (ThomasVanderWal,2007) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

25. SemanticWeb model:tagging Uzual,taggingul arelocintromediu social legat deprocesele cognitive Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

26. SemanticWeb model:tagging tagging Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

27. SemanticWeb model:tagging Taggingul areuncaracter subiectiv feedbackul propriu +feedbackul social (Rashmi Sinha,2006) tagurile personale sunt mai memorabile decit cele semantice fiecare persoana este expertinpropriul vocabular (setdetermeni decontinut) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

28. SemanticWeb model:tagging Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

29. SemanticWeb model:tagging Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

30. SemanticWeb model:tagging Taggingul depinde si decontext Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

31. SemanticWeb model:tagging Sistemele bazate pe tagging ofera suport pentru organizarea informala aunui volum semnificativ deinformatii eterogene existente pe Web organizarea einformala,deoarece interpretarea tagurilor necesita aportul utilizatorilor intruncontextdat Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

32. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemaasigurariiinteroperabilitatii interoperabilitywithtaggingsystems(Mika,2006) consistenta,identificareviabila,partajareaincrederii Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

33. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemaprivindtagspamul rezolvariactuale: manuale(bazatepeoameni),algoritmice,mixte Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

34. SemanticWeb model:tagging Scalabilitateataggingului(VanderWal,2007) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

35. SemanticWeb model:tagging Interactiuniintrunsistemdesocialtagging: salvare&tagging redetectare(refinding) clicking,pivoting,exploring cautare apropriilortagurioriaaltora (incadrulgrupuluideinteressauingeneral) interactiuneincadrulgrupuluisocial Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

36. SemanticWeb model Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

37. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemadeterminariiimportanteisizgomotului cinedeterminaordineasemnificatieitagurilor: proprietarulsituluisauutilizatorul? eliminareazgomotului: dezambiguizare,facilitatidecautare,spelling etc. Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

38. SemanticWeb model:tagging Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

39. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemavizualizariitagurilor adoptareadiverselortehnicidevizualizare e.g.,tagclouds,clustering,semanticzoom asestudiasolutiilebazatepelimbajededicate vizualizariidatelor deexemplu,Processing Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

40. SemanticWeb model:tagging wordle.net vizualizarea tagurilor folosite debusaco indel.icio.us Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

41. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemamonitorizariidinamicii& analizeievolutieitagurilor Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

42. SemanticWeb model Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

43. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemaclasificarii resurselor (Sinha,2006) exemplificare:clasificareareligiilor Flickrvs. Dewey Flickr: Hinduism:6512imagini+Christianity:5207imagini Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

44. SemanticWeb model:tagging Problemaclasificarii resurselor (Sinha,2006) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

45. SemanticWeb model:tagging Sistemeledetagging reprezintaoamenii careparticipaincadrulacestora punctedevedere&perspectiveposibillimitate Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

46. SemanticWeb model:tagging Potapareaconflicte: tagurilefolositedeexpertidiferadecelealenovicilor grupuriledeinteressuntmaifocalizate inceeaceprivesteclasificareamaibunaaresurselor dificultatiindetectareaunuipunctdevedereminoritar Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

47. SemanticWeb model:tagging Evolutiaunuisistemdetagging #1:MakeSystemPersonallyUseful sistemultrebuiesafieutilpentrufiecareutilizatorinparte (oameniisuntegoisti) comunicareaclaraabeneficiilor taggingului Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

48. SemanticWeb model:tagging Evolutiaunuisistemdetagging #2:IdentifySymbioticRelationship betweenPersonal&Social Personalsnippets Socialstream Exemple:Pictures Events,Music Playlists Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

49. SemanticWeb model:tagging Evolutiaunuisistemdetagging #3:MakePorousBoundarybetweenPublic&Private utilizatoruldecidepoliticadecopyright/privacy ase(re)vedeatermeniiCreativeCommons si/sauScienceCommons Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

50. SemanticWeb model:tagging Evolutiaunuisistemdetagging #4:ProvideOutletforSelfexpression suportpentruexprimariartisticesauumor acceslaresurseviaURLurisimplesimemorabile suportpentrujocurisociale:aprecieri,concursuri, Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

51. SemanticWeb model:tagging Utilizari: socialbookmarking:del.icio.us,Ma.gnolia multimedia:Flickr,Dabble,Last.fm,Viddler stiri:Digg ebusiness: Amazon,Lulu localizare geografica (geotagging):Panoramio,Platial muzee: Steve.museum, Powerhouse stiinta:CiteULike,myExperiment inIntranet: IBMDogear,Scuttle,ConnectBeam lanivel desistem deoperare (fisiere): MacOSX, Vista Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

52. SemanticWeb model:tagging Remarci: Inessencetagsystemsmirrorthepagerank structureof Googlessystem,butmaketheinternalstructures browsable andviewabledirectly. LeeIverson Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

53. SemanticWeb model:tagging Remarci: Largenumberofindividualtaggingactions resultintheemergenceofthesemanticsoftags. lightweight,dynamicontologies (Mika,2005) vezi initiativa TagCommons Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

54. SemanticWeb Dupa BriceGlass Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

55. SemanticWeb model:formalizare Explicarea &prezicerea unui fenomen necesita modele avind ungradmai maredeformalism decit comunicarea umana explicarea unui fenomen il pune inlegatura cuanumite principii debaza(firstprinciples) aceste principii axiome,reguli nudepind deoanumita interpretare particulara umana obiectivitate Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

56. SemanticWeb model:formalizare Formalismele uzual,exprimate matematic ofera suport pentru realizarea predictiilor exemplu: explicarea (si precizerea)traiectoriei unui obiect viaunmodelformal implicind concepte caforta,gravitate,viteza,masa descrise matematic Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

57. SemanticWeb model:formalizare Formalismul neajuta sa evaluam cind modelul eaplicabil formalismul (matematic)permite caevaluarea sa fieindependenta defactorii umani putem explica anumite aspecte aleWebului, recurgind ladiferite modele formale Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

58. SemanticWeb model:puncte devedere Webul avind uncaracter multidisciplinar, modelele utilizate potfi diferite reprezentarea unei varietati deopinii (posibil,contradictorii) carenupotfi reconciliate lanivel global Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

59. SemanticWeb model:puncte devedere Necesitatea unei infrastructuri caresa ofere suport atit pentru AAA(AnyonecansayAnythingaboutAnytopic), citsi pentru medierea punctelor devedere diferite partajarea &medierea modelelor (in)formale utilizate Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

60. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Fiecare modelofera unanumit nivel deexpresivitate exemplu:expresivitati diferite alemodelelor despecificare aunei moleculedeapa Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

61. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Limbajele demodelare conceptuala aresurselor incontextul Webului semantic augradediferite deexpresivitate RDF RDFS(RDFSchema) DAML+OIL OWL Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

62. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Modele cuniveluri deexpresivitate si sintaxe diferite Retea semantica adaptare dupa SeanBechhofer Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

63. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Modele cuniveluri deexpresivitate si sintaxe diferite Asocieri de subiecte (topicmap) adaptare dupa SeanBechhofer Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

64. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Modele cuniveluri deexpresivitate si sintaxe diferite Diagrame UML adaptare dupa SeanBechhofer Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

65. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Modele cuniveluri deexpresivitate si sintaxe diferite Grafuri RDF adaptare dupa SeanBechhofer Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

66. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Modele cuniveluri deexpresivitate si sintaxe diferite Grafuri concep tuale adaptare dupa SeanBechhofer Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

67. SemanticWeb model:expresivitate Modele cuniveluri deexpresivitate si sintaxe diferite Logica de ordin I adaptare dupa SeanBechhofer Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

68. SemanticWeb modelconceptual Modelalunei arii (domeniu)decunoastere, reprezentat de: concepte primare (entitati,lucrurialedomeniului) relatii intre concepte atribute/proprietati (nume &valori)aleconceptelor reguli deasociere deconcepte,relatii,atribute Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

69. SemanticWeb modelconceptual:exemple Modelul diagramelor entitaterelatie EntityRelationModel ERM (Chen,76) SemanticObjectModeling SOM (Kroenke,95) UnifiedModelingLanguage UML (OMG,97) HigherOrderEntityRelationshipModel (Thalheim,2000) folosit uzual pentru specificarea schemelor debaze dedate Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

70. SemanticWeb modelconceptual:exemple AssetOrientedModel AOM (Daum,2002;Daum &Merten,2003) relatii deordin superior(relatii intre relatii) potfi specificate clasificari derelatii relatiile potfi Nare poate fi implementat inXML orice modelrelationalpotfi specificat si inAOM Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

71. SemanticWeb modelconceptual:exemple AssetOrientedModel AOM (Daum,2002;Daum &Merten,2003) asset:modeleaza entitati (e.g.,noduri XML)si relatii fiecare assetareasociata ocheie primara (proprietate sau combinatie deproprietati) detalii lawww.aomodeling.org Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

72. SemanticWeb Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

73. SemanticWeb concluzii Spre noulWeb: SemanticWeb, DataWeb,Web3.0 Webul semanticnueste AIonWeb actualele caramizialeWebului semanticofera modalitati demodelare conceptuala aresurselor pentru apermite efectuarea derationamente automate Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

74. SemanticWeb concluzii Componente debaza Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

75. SemanticWeb concluzii Fazeprivind evolutia: 1.infrastructura debaza (XML,RDF,OWL) finalizata Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

76. SemanticWeb concluzii Fazeprivind evolutia: 2.formularea necesitatilor depromovare & deimplementare identificarea grupurilor delucru relevante atragerea comunitatilor deutilizatori (stiinte alevietii,GIS GeographicalInformationSystems, depozite/biblioteci dedateetc.) intersectia Webului semanticcualte tehnologii Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

77. SemanticWeb Viziunea privitoare laSemanticWeb euna stratificata (BernersLee,2006) Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

78. SemanticWeb concluzii Constituirea unei stiinte aWebului (ScienceoftheWeb) BernersLeeetal.,06 Webscience =combinatie intre stiinta analitica (e.g.,biologia)si cea sintetica (computerscience) caracter inerent interdisciplinar Webul aurmat ocale evolutiva Webul vazut intermeni ecologici Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

79. SemanticWeb concluzii Webscienceisaboutmorethanmodeling thecurrentWeb.Itisaboutengineering newinfrastructureprotocolsandunderstanding thesocietythatusesthem,anditisabout thecreationofbeneficialnewsystems. TimBernersLeeetal.,Science,313,august2006 Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

80. SemanticWeb concluzii Itsnotthewires itsthecomputers Itsnotthecomputers itsthedocuments Itsnotthedocuments itsthethings ThelastlevelofabstractionistheWebofrealthings, builtontopoftheWebofdocuments, whichisinturnbuiltonthenetworkofcomputers. TimBernersLee,2008 Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

81. SemanticWeb Rezumat Consideratii privitoare lamodelarea cunostintelor incontextul Webului semantic Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco

82. SemanticWeb ? Dr.SabinBuraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco