Contents

Craniovertebral Junction and Upper Cervical Spine, 1

1 Surgical Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Craniovertebral Junction, 2 DZUNG DINH, TODD MCCALL, TOBIAS A,MAll€l, SARASHIV KAWLMM, AND WlLLlAM LEE

2 Transoral Approach to the Craniocervical Junction and Upper Cervical Spine, 1 7 MATIHEW M. KIMBALL WE M. FARGEM, ALBERT L. RHQTON R, AND DANIEL J. HOH

3 Transmaxillary and Transmandibular ! Approaches to the Clivus and Upper Cervical Spine, 30 KILIIJ C. BUCHANAN AND I W C Y A K

4 High Cervical Retropharyngeal Approach to the b- Craniocervical Junction, 38 SUNGSAM JUNG

' 3 Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction: c Posterior and Lateral Approaches, 47 KYLE M. FARGEN, MATIHEW M KIMBALL, ALBERT L. RHOTON JR, AND DANIEL J. HOH

Posterior and Far-Lateral Approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction: Lateral TranscondylarApproach, 54 ANUBHAV G. AMIN, SHAAN M. WZA, AND MICHAEL Lltvl

Endoscopic Approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction, 60 PETER SYBE AND JQHN Y K LEE

IS Surgical Approaches to Craniovertebral Junction Congenital Malformations, Chiari Malformations, and Cranial Settling (Invagination), 69 AWSH J. PATEL, STEVEN W. HWANG, AND ANDREW JEA

Surgical Approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction in Rheumatoid Arthritis, 77 DAMEL AGHION AND ABET(SKUNEY3 OYELESE

Craniovertebral Junction Instabilities

I and Surgical Fixation Techniques, 92 FAHEEM SANDHU

11 Odontoid Fractures and Screw Fixation, 1 03 MARCUS D. MAZWR AND MElC H. SCHMIDT

12 C7-C2 Trauma Injuries and Stabilization Techniques, 1 10 M YASHAR S WLANI, IMAN FEE-ERFAM,AND CURTIS A. DICKMAN

SECTION B Mid and Lower Cervical Spine, 1 19

13 Surgical Anatomy and Biomechanics in the Mid andLowerCervicalSpine, 120 TlEN \r. LE AND JUAN 4. URIBE

14 Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion, 1 3 1 JAY RHEE AND JEAN-MARC VOYADZIS

1 5 Endoscopic Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure), 1 39 HAE-DOG JHO, DIANA H. JHQ, AND ChAVIDH.-IHO

16 Anterior and Posterior Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine, 1 53 JUN HO LEE

1 7 Cervical Corpectomy, Fusion, and Vertebral Restoration Techniques, 1 62 QMAR CHQUDHRI AND STEPHEN 1. RYU

1 8 Anterior Cervical Instrumentation Techniques, 1 82 BASHEER A. SHAMR, M. NElLWCX3aALL,AND HARCWXI F. THOUDHRI

19 Cervical Disk Arthroplasty Techniques, 187 M HEUM YQQN AND SFONG YI

20 Cervical Microforaminotomy and Decompressive Laminectomy, 196 JARED D. AMENT, HEUM DAI WON, AND KEE D. KIM

21 Cervical Laminoplasty, 203 NEIL BADLANI AND HOWARD AN

22 Posterior Cervical Stabiliza tion Techniques: Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation, Lateral Mass Screw Fixation, and Wiring, 2 1 4 D8 HEUM W N , YQON HA, AND JAE GUN OH

23 Facet Dislocation Injuries and Surgical Management, 222 PATRICK A SUGRUE AND ARUNA GANJU

24 Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament, 232 WILSON Z RAY, FARRaKH R. FARWKHI, AND ANDREW DAILEY

xx Contents

SECTION C Cervicothoracic Junction and Thoracic Spine, 242

25 Surgical Anatomy and Biomechanics in the Cervicothoracic Junction and Thoracic Spine, 243 SAMUEL K. CHO

26 Anterior Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction, 249 ILSUP KIM AND DANIEL H. KIM

27 Posterolateral Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction: Transpedicular, Costotransversectomy, Lateral Extracavitary, and Parascapular Extrapleural Approaches, 254 DONATO PACIONE, TAYLOR WILSON, NOEL PERIN, ANG ANTHONY FREMPONG-BOADU

28 Anterolateral Transthoracic Approaches to the Thoracic Spine, 267 JAYME R. HIRATZKA AND DARREL S. BRODKE

29 Anterior and Posterior Cervicothoracic Junction Stabilization Techniques, 274 NOOJAN KAZEMI AND TRENT L. TREDWAY

30 Thoracic Microdiskectomy: Lateral and Posterolateral Approaches, 282 HANl R. MALONE AND ALFRED T. OGDEN

3 1 Thoracoscopic and Posterior Endoscopic Approaches to the Thoracic Spine, 294 ILSUP KIM AND DANIEL H. KIM

32 Surgical Decompression and Stabilization Techniques in Thoracic Trauma, 309 KHOI D. THAN, MONIQUE J BOOMSAAD, JUAN M. VALDIVIA-VALDIVIA, AND PAUL PARK

33 Surgical Approaches to Thoracic Primary and Secondary Tumors, 3 1 5 DANIEL S. IKEDA, AHMED MOHYELDIN, EDWlN RAMOS, AND EHUD MENDEL

SECTION D Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Spines, 324

34 Surgical Anatomy and Posterior Approach to the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine, 325 JAI-J00N SHlM AND DANIEL H KIM

35 Thoracoabdominal Approach to the Thoracolum bar Junction, 344 JAI-JOON SHlM AND DANIEL H KIM

36 Surgical Stabilization Techniques for Thoracolumbar Fractures, 365 NADER S. DAHDALEH. STEPHANUS VIUOEN, ANDREW J GROSSBACH, AND PATRICK W. HITCHON

37 AnteriorRetroperitonealApproach to the Lumbar Spine, 375 REX A W MARC0

38 Posterior and Posterolateral Approaches to the Lumbar Spine, 382 BRIAN KWON

39 Surgical Approaches to Lumbar Fractures, 389 TIFFANY GRACE PERRY, JENNIFER ORNING, AND SIVAKUMAR JAIKUMAR

40 Surgical Decompression and Stabilization for Lumbar Lesions: Osteomyelitis and Tumors, 397 JARED FRIDLEY, JAI-JOON SHIM, AND IBRAHIM OMElS

41 Lumbar Microdiskectomy: Midline Open and Far- Lateral Techniques, 404 FRANK ATTENELLO AND PATRICK HSlEH

42 Percu taneous and Endoscopic Diskectomy, 41 2 GUN CHOI, SANG-HO LEE, AND ABHISHEK KASHYAP

43 Surgical Anatomy and Operative Techniques of Lumbar Stenosis, 426 PETER LEE, ALBERT P WONG, AND ARUNA GANJU

44 Transpedicular Screw Fixation: Open and Percutaneous Techniques, 432 IAlN H. KALFAS AND TODD B FRANCIS

45 Posterior and Transforaminal Lumbar lnterbody Fusion, 440 ILSUP KIM AND DANIEL H. KIM

46 Anterior Lumbar lnterbody Fusion, 450 MICHAEL Y WANG, KEVIN S CAHILL, AND CARL LAURYSSEN

47 Lateral Lumbar lnterbody Fusion, 459 PATRICK A SUGRUE AND JOHN C LIU

48 Spondylolisthesis Reduction, 470 MARKS ESKANDER AND JAMES D KANG

49 Lumbar Facet Screw Fixation Techniques, 477 JOHN S CLAPP, JOSHUA P HERZOG, AND THOMAS D CHA

SECTION E Lumbar Sacral Pelvic Junction, 482

50 Surgical Anatomy, Approaches, and Biomechanics in the Lumbosacral Pelvic Junction, 483 JONATHAN N SELLIN

5 1 Surgical Management of Sacral Fractures, 497 USMAN ZAHlR AND STEVEN C. LUDWIG

52 Axial Lumbar lnterbody Fusion, 506 M A n LAFLEUR AND VlKAS PATEL

Sacral Screw Fixation and Plating

MUNISH GUPTA AND NICHOLAS PlRNlA

Iliac Fixation, 5 26 IOANNIS AVRAMIS AND MUNISH GUPTA

Surgical Resection of Sacral Tumors/Sacrectomy and Lumbopelvic Reconstruction, 532 SUP KIM AND DANIEL H KIM

Cervical ECyphosij and

or and Posterior Treatment far columbar and Lumbar Scoliosis, 578 CUPTA AND MUNISH GUPTA

G. LEME AND MlrJHAELP IIELLY

Wgical Treatment of Flot Back Deformity, 681 B O N U LfHWN

ernenr oSEkgeneratJve Lumbar

BDI: AW. MARCO AND RQBERT J. WQWRUFF

I Tumors and Vascular Lesions, 621

nt and Benign Tumors of the

RlPUL R. PANCHAL. ERIC 0 . KLINEBERG, AND KEE 0. KIM

Contents

65 Secondary Metastatic Tumors of the Spine, 633 RlPUL R. PANCHAL AND KEE D KIM

66 Surgical Technique for Resection of lntradural Tumors, 639 RlPUL R. PANCHAL, EDWARD E. KERR, AND KEE D KIM

67 Vascular Lesions of the Spinal Cord, 646 NIKOLAY L MARTIROSYAN, SERGEY NECKRYSH, FADY T CHARBEL, NICHOLAS THEODORE, AND G MICHAEL LEMOLE JR

SECTION H Inflammatory Disease, 661

68 Ankylosing Spondylitis: Posterior Approaches (Osteo tomy) to the Cervical and Lumbar Spine in the Management of a Fixed Sagittal Plane Deformity, 662 ALAN HILIBRAND, MAURICE GOINS, AND CHRISTOPHER KEPLER

SECTION I Spinal Infection, 671

69 Bacterial, Fungal, and Tuberculosis Diskitis and Osteomyelitis of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine, 672 MICHAEL J VIVES AND AMlT SOOD

SECTION J Miscellaneous, 685

70 Surgical Management of Gunshot Wounds to the Spine, 686 GABRIEL TENDER

7 1 Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, 694 SO0 YOUNG PARK AND YONG-CHUL KIM

72 Bone Graft Harvesting Techniques, 7 0 A JEFFREY S. HENN AND CURTIS A. DICKMAN

73 Dural Tears, 71 0 VlKAS PATEL, SARAH E. HENRY, ELIZABETH S. ROBINSON, AND MICHAEL FINN