Webinar Generator Frequency Response.050509

8/4/2019 Webinar Generator Frequency Response.050509

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Generator Frequency ResponseGenerator Frequency Response

Jessica Bian

North American Electric ReliabilityCorporation

May 5, 2009


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TodayTodays Sessions Session

Topic

Frequency response basics, trends, standards underdevelopment and next steps

Purpose

Engaged industry experts to share existing data inorder to raise awareness of this important issue

Goals Seeking to collect and analyze data to better

understand this emerging issue


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SpeakersSpeakers

Terry Bilke, Director, Standards & Compliance

Midwest ISO Bill Herbsleb, Senior Engineer

PJM

Sydney Niemeyer, Control Systems SpecialistNRG Texas

Raymond Vice, Consulting EngineerSouthern Company


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About NERC: MissionAbout NERC: Mission

Develop & enforce reliability standards

Assess current and future reliability

Analyze system events & recommend improved

practices

Encourage active participation by all stakeholders

Pursue mandatory standards across North America

To ensure the reliability of the North American

bulk power system


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NERC WebinarFrequency Response

May 5, 2009

Terry Bilke Midwest ISO Bill Herbsleb PJM

Sydney Niemeyer - NRG Raymond Vice - SOCO


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Agenda

Frequency Response Overview

Frequency Response Standard

Generator Response Discussion

Recommendations

Questions and Answers


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Frequency Response Basics

Frequency Response, termed beta (), isa fundamental reliability service

a combination of governor and load responseInversely related to frequency excursions

Frequency Response is decliningShould be increasing with load & generation

growth

Part of the decrease may be better measurement Performance-based standards quite possibly

on the horizon (FERC Order No. 693)


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Primary

Control

(Frequency Response)

Secondary

Control(AGC)

TertiaryControl

(Reserve Deployment)

TimeControl

Spinning Reserves

Seconds

Minutes

Hours

Non-Spinning Reserves

Other Reserves

Control Continuum


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59.9

59.92

59.94

59.96

59.98

60

60.02

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

Typical Frequency Event WECC

Avera e of 5 events T-5 to T+60

Seconds

Typical WECC

Frequency Excursion

Point C

Point A

Point B


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59.8

59.85

59.9

59.95

60

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

Typical Frequency Event - ERCOT

(Average of 7 events, T-5 to T+60)

Seconds

Typical ERCOT

Frequency Excursion

Point A

Point B

Int= MW/(10* f)BA = NiA/(10* f)Gen = MW/(10* f)


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59.94

59.95

59.96

59.97

59.98

59.99

60

60.01

60.02

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

Typical Eastern Interconnection Excursion

(T-5 to T+60)Typical Eastern Interconnection

Frequency Excursion

Seconds

No Point C to Point B Recovery

Response Withdrawal


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Frequency Response Trends


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Eastern Interconnection

Frequency Response (Then)

* Ingleson and Nagle StudyDecline of 72MW/0.1Hz/year


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Easter Interconnection B eta

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

3400

3500

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

MW/0

.1Hz

Mean Median

Recent Frequency Response

* Ingleson and Ellis/NERC Resources Subcommittee/Virginia Tech

2007-2008 Response = -2550MW/0.1Hz

*


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Short-TermFrequency Excursions


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Jan2002

Apr2002

Jul2002

Oct2002

Jan2003

Apr2003

Jul2003

Oct2003

Jan2004

Apr2004

Jul2004

Oct2004

Jan2005

Apr2005

Jul2005

Oct2005

Jan2006

Apr2006

Jul2006

Oct2006

Jan2007

Apr2007

Jul2007

Oct2007

0 - 1

2 - 3

4 - 5

6 - 7

8 - 9

10 - 11

12 - 13

14 - 15

16 - 17

18 - 19

20 - 21

22 - 23

COUNT OF FREQUENCY DISTURBANCES > 28 mHz

BY MONTH, BY HOUR OF DAY

0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 28-32 32-36



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Month vs Weekday

1 Min Frequency Difference > 28 mHz

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

COUNT

OFEVENTS

1 Sun 2 Mon 3 Tue 4 Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri 7 Sat


More generators,yet fewer excursions(more load and governor response)


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Small Excursions (>28mHz)

Follows a seasonal pattern, # are increasing

28mHz represented loss of about 1000MW in 1994 Change believed to be primarily due to decline in

frequency response (70 MW/0.1Hz /year since 94)

Pumped storage and interchange schedule changesnow causing excursions of this size

Small excursions are a symptom, not necessarily aproblem themselves

Patterns give a clue to sampling techniques neededto objectively calculate Balancing Authority andGenerator Frequency Response


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Development Purpose/Need

Frequency Response is a fundamental component

to the reliable operation of the bulk power system,particularly during disturbances and restoration

Put in place an objective methodology to measure

response at the BA and Interconnection Evidence of a continued decline in when it shouldbe increasing Enable proper modeling and analysis and facilitate aperformance based standard as the need

approaches


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Frequency Response StandardDevelopment Goals

Benchmark and track performance(both Balancing Authority and Interconnection)

Maintain historic levels of reliability

Enable technically sound decisions

Measure performance rather than

mandate reserve set-asides


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Frequency Response StandardDevelopment Goals (Continued)

Consistent measurement allows flexibility and

consistency in measure for planning and definingspecific interconnection needs

As limits are approached, enable performance-

based rather than commodity-based standards Allow the Industry and markets to solve and findinnovative solutions which embrace newtechnology solutions rather than specific

methods to mandate how to meet the standard


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Development Timeline SAR completed in July 2007

Drafting team initiated work on first draft of thestandard in October 2007

First draft data collection letter will be posted for

comment in 30-60 days FERC/NERC staff interested in using NERCs data

collection authority to jump start the measurementprocess

Data collected will be used to drive future standarddevelopment efforts

O th di l ith ti t d t d th


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60.03659.964

Open up the dialog with generation to understand thepotential for better frequency control and reliability


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Generator Response Discussion


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Comparing November 2008 vs March 2008 profile

of frequency in 5 mHz bins

0

0.010.02

0.03

0.04

0.050.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

59.900

59.910

59.920

59.930

59.940

59.950

59.960

59.970

59.980

59.990

60.000

60.010

60.020

60.030

60.040

60.050

60.060

60.070

60.080

60.090

60.100

Nov-08

Mar-08

Recent ERCOT Governor Work

Four Governors Tuned in Oct-Early Nov 2008

Total 2500MW, 4% of Interconnection Peak

Deadband changed to 1RPM, Droop 5%

Improved Frequency and CPS


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Frequency Response

Based On

Droop Setting and Deadband

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

20.0%

59.50 59.55 59.60 59.65 59.70 59.75 59.80 59.85 59.90 59.95 60.00 60.05 60.10 60.15 60.20 60.25 60.30 60.35 60.40 60.45 60.50

Hz

Droop

Droop Setting 5.00% Ideal Performance Droop % Minimum Standard Performance Droop %

Prime Mover Deadband Setting

0.03600 Hz+/-


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0.036 Hz

0.050 Hz0.0166 Hz 0.066 Hz 0.083 Hz 0.100 Hz

2.160 RPM

0.033 Hz

RPM and Hz for 2 pole, 3600 rpm prime mover.

3600 rpm

60.000 Hz59.983 Hz

59.966 Hz 59.950Hz 59.933 Hz 59.917 Hz 59.900Hz


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Frequency Response

Based On

Droop Setting and Deadband

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

20.0%

59.50 59.55 59.60 59.65 59.70 59.75 59.80 59.85 59.90 59.95 60.00 60.05 60.10 60.15 60.20 60.25 60.30 60.35 60.40 60.45 60.50

Hz

Droop

Droop Setting 5.00% Ideal Performance Droop % Minimum Standard Performance Droop %

Prime Mover Deadband Setting

0.01667 Hz+/-

Single Resource BA with 50 MW load


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50 MW

59.9Hz

53.5 MW

3.5 MW/0.1 Hz3.5 MW/0.1 Hz

Single Resource BA with 50 MW load105 MW Capacity, 5% droop, Zero Deadband

Ia-Is

50 MW

ACE

ACE = (Ia-Is) [(Fa-Fs)*10*-3.5] note -3.5 = -3.5 MW/0.1 Hz BA Bias (beta)0 = (3.5-0) [(59.9-60.00)*10*-3.5]0 = (0-0)

[(60.00-60.00)*10*-3.5]

0 = (3.5-0) [(-0.1)*10*-3.5]0 = (3.5) [3.5]

-3.5 = (0) [3.5]

+3.5 MW

BA EMS LFC& EconomicDispatch

BA EMS UnitAGC Control

GO/GOPBA

If frequency response of Resource is not sustainedAGC will attempt to redeploy the expected frequency

response calculated in the Bias obligation.The frequency response should be withdrawnproportional to the frequency recovery.

50 MW

3.5 MW/0.1 Hz

Wednesday March 18 2009P U Performance 0 908 572 MW Steam Turbine Coal Fired


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5% Droop Setting with +/-0.0166 Hz deadband

59.75

59.80

59.85

59.90

59.95

60.00

60.05

7:12:58 7:13:08 7:13:18 7:13:28 7:13:38 7:13:48 7:13:58 7:14:08 7:14:18 7:14:28 7:14:38 7:14:48 7:14:58

Hz

395.0

401.0

407.0

413.0

419.0

425.0

431.0

MW

HZ Average Frequency MW Average MW Standard Minimum Performance MW change

Wednesday, March 18, 2009P.U. Performance 0.908

30.98

25.69

19.27

23.32

Ideal MW change based on droop setting and deadband

Ideal MW change Adjusted for db and limiting factor

Standard Minimum Performance MW

MW Change

-0.1766 HZ Change

7.32% Actual Droop

8.86% Standard Minimum Performance Droop

6.64% Ideal Droop Adjusted for db and limiting factor

5.51% Ideal Droop based on droop setting and deadband

Spinning 170.93

572 MW Steam Turbine Coal Fired

13.20 MW/0.1 Hz Actual Frequency Response Contribution

Attainable FrequencyResponse is calculated fromdroop setting, deadband andavailable stored energy intime frame of the measure.Minimum performance levelis 75% of this value.

Equivalent droop values.

Event Performance Level.90.8% or 0.908 per unit.

Same event as previous slide.60 minutes of evaluation 5


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350

358

366

374

382

390

398

406

414

422

430

438

446

454

462

470

7:00 7:05 7:10 7:15 7:20 7:25 7:30 7:35 7:40 7:45 7:50 7:55 8:00

59.80

59.82

59.84

59.86

59.88

59.90

59.92

59.94

59.96

59.98

60.00

60.02

60.04

60.06

60.08

60.10

Target Net MW HSL HZ

March 18, 2009

Black Trend is 5% droopplus AGC control to the

unit = TARGET.

60 minutes of evaluation. 5minutes per vertical grid line.

Frequency Response to smallchanges in frequency are also

important for grid stability.

Green Trend is actualMW output of unit.


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Recommendations


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Recommendations/Actions

BAs and Generators use data historians to

automate generator and Balancing Authorityresponse calculationsIdentify generators with low (especially +)

frequency responseDo controls withdraw response (setpoint control)?

BA Operators should know governor andprime mover modes on key units and ifalternatives are available (put units in moreresponsive mode when grid is stressed)


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Recommendations (Continued)

Frequency excursions often occur at the top

of the hourBAs should have guidelines for ramps and

acceptable schedule changes

BAs and generators should dispatch pumpedstorage and other quick start/stop units with aneye toward frequency patterns, not just the clock

Comment on standardsFrequency Response

Generator Verification


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More Information

NERC Resources Subcommittee http://www.nerc.com/filez/rs.html Decline of Eastern Interconnection Frequency Response

Frequency Response Standard White Paper

Frequency Response Characteristic Survey Training Document

NERC Frequency Response Standardhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Frequency_Response.html

NERC Generator Verification Standardhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Generator-Verification-Project-2007-09.html

[email protected] (email address for balancing-related questions)

Texas Regional Entity Supporting Documents(Resource frequency response evaluation spreadsheets)http://trackstandard.texasre.org/texasre_rsvp/action/PubMainAction?type=Detail&id=17
http://www.nerc.com/filez/rs.htmlhttp://www.nerc.com/docs/standards/sar/opman_12-13Mar08_FrequencyResponseCharacteristicSurveyTrainingDocument.pdfhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Frequency_Response.htmlhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Generator-Verification-Project-2007-09.htmlhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Generator-Verification-Project-2007-09.htmlmailto:[email protected]://trackstandard.texasre.org/texasre_rsvp/action/PubMainAction?type=Detail&id=17http://trackstandard.texasre.org/texasre_rsvp/action/PubMainAction?type=Detail&id=17mailto:[email protected]://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Generator-Verification-Project-2007-09.htmlhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/standards/Frequency_Response.htmlhttp://www.nerc.com/docs/standards/sar/opman_12-13Mar08_FrequencyResponseCharacteristicSurveyTrainingDocument.pdfhttp://www.nerc.com/filez/rs.html

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