WebPPPMBA-AGW621-slides5-0304

7/28/2019 WebPPPMBA-AGW621-slides5-0304

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Issues related to Literature

Review

Candidates unable to differentiate what to write inliterature review and theoretical framework

Candidate tends to summarise article in literature

review. Candidates fails to conceptualise concepts clearly

and critically.

Candidate fails to relate between concepts with

theory underlying the study. Candidate fails to explain in detail about other

concepts used in previous study.


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Relationship between Literature

Review and Problem Statement

What is problem statement?

Something researcher has an interest/ real

problem/or filling gaps about phenomenon.

A phenomenonfor examplemanagement

accounting systems (MAS)how it can

enhance managerial performance. Two

conceptsare MAS & Managerial

performance.


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Relationship between Literature

Review and Problem Statement

Stated in a statement:

How the design of management accountingsystems (timeliness, integration, broadscope andaggregation) can enhance managerial

performance? Alternatively:

Interested to know why there are differences inmanagers performance in manufacturing

companies? Our focus now is on the performanceof managers. You interest to investigate how MAScan explain the differences in managerial

performance.


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What are the concepts need to be

discussed in literature review?

The concept of MAS with four dimensions,

namely timeliness, broadscope, aggregation

and integration.

Managerial performancespecifically what

performance are you looking at.

Perhaps: Moderator if any.


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What is a review of the

literature?

As a piece of writing, the literature review

must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g.,

your research objective, the problem or issue

you are discussing, or your argumentative

thesis).

It is not just a descriptive list of the material

available, or a set of summaries.


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What you gain from literature

review?

Information seeking: the ability to scan the

literature efficiently, using manual or

computerized methods, to identify a set of

useful articles and books

Critical appraisal: the ability to apply

principles of analysis to identify unbiased

and valid studies


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A literature review must do

these things

be organized around and related directly tothe thesis or research question you aredeveloping

synthesize results into a summary of whatis and is not knowna-state-of-the-art

identify areas of controversy in the

literature formulate questions that need further

research


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The literature review is integral to the whole

thesis; it is not just a routine step taken to fulfil

formal requirements.

You need a good literature review because it:

- demonstrates that you know the field

- justifies the reason for your research

- allows you to establish your theoretical

framework and methodological focus

Why do I need a literature

review?


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Questions to ask about your literature

review.

You need to answer these questions:

What is the specific thesis, problem, or researchquestion that my literature review helps to define?

What typeof literature review am I conducting? AmI looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy?

quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a

new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies)?


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review.

What is the scope of my literature review? What types ofpublications am I using (e.g., journals, books,government documents, popular media)?

What discipline am I working in (e.g., accounting,

organizational behaviour, sociology, medicine)? How good was my information seeking? Has my search

been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevantmaterial?

Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevantmaterial?

Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for thelength of my paper?


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review.

Have I critically analysedthe literature I use? Do Ifollow through a set of concepts and questions,comparing items to each other in the ways they dealwith them?

Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do Iassess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?

Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my

perspective? Will the reader find my literature review relevant,

appropriate, and useful?


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What is a review of the

literature?

A literature review is a review of

reading materials of what has been

published on a topic by previousscholars and researchers

The purpose is to convey to the reader

what knowledge and ideas have beenestablished on a topic, and what their

strengths and weaknesses are.


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Writing the literature

It is a purposeful kind of writing which is to be

well argued;

well supported by evidence;

well documented

A straightforward style - Use clear and simple

English appropriate for your audience.

You are not writing for your supervisor orexaminers but to anyone interested at your work


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You also need to think about what it is you are

actually doing;

are you describing something,

analysing something,

explaining something,

arguing the point,

giving examples, evaluating or assessing the value of other

arguments or the sufficiency of evidence?


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What you are doing (topic) affects the

language you use.

Candidate don't exploit verbs fully, relying on

just one or two favourites (for example

'mentions', 'states', 'suggests', 'discusses') or

overworking the weaker verbs ('have', 'be').


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Verbs such as 'judges', 'postulates', 'excludes',

'convinces', 'confuses', 'questions', 'advances

(the argument)', 'verifies', provide a stronger

interpretation of your reading, understanding,

and opinion of the research.


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Active or passive voice

Both active and passive voice should be used -

where appropriate. (OrYou should use,

where appropriate, both active and passive

voice!) As a general rule, use active voice

unless there is good reason not to


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Tenses

The tense that suits your purpose is the tense you use.

Clearly, an event, be it a survey, an experiment, a

study of some kind, done by other researchers or byyou, has to be in the past and it is usual to use the past

tense to describe it.

However discussing about research findings,

evaluations, recommendations and conclusions

present.


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Brownell (1985) reports a study conducted on

managers which used Milanis (1976)

budgetary participation measure to measure

the degree of particpation. This measure is stillthe most convincing to support Merchant

(1996) hypothesis that managers would

participate highly in budgetary processparticularly in manufacturing.


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Final Thoughts

A literature review is a piece ofdiscursive (a series oflogical disucssion) writing style, not a list describingor summarizing one piece of literature after another.

It's usually a bad sign to see every paragraph

beginning with the name of a researcher. Organize the literature review into sections that

present themes or identify trends, including relevanttheory.

You are not trying to list all the material published,but to synthesize and evaluate it according to theguiding concept of your thesis or research question.


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What do you want to achieve

next? After literature review.

Argument about concepts use in your study

(why do you used it and how do you used it).

To develop a sound theoretical framework

identify all the dimensions of the concept

(label and state it)

Having a precise definition of each of the

variables identified in the study.


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References

Dena Taylor, Director, Health Sciences

Writing Centre, and Margaret Procter,

Coordinator, Writing Support, University of

Toronto.

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