Name: Date: Biology 11E: Evolution, Descent with Modification (Chapter 22) Big Ideas: Big Idea Chapters Illustrative Examples 1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. 1.a.1 Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution 22.2, 23.2 • Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population • Application of the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium equation 1.a.2 Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations 23.1, 23.4 • Flowering time in relation to global climate change • Peppered moth • Sickle-Cell Anemia • DDT resistance in insects • Artificial selection • Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species • Overuse of antibiotics 1.a.3 Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes 23.3 1.a.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics 22.3, 25.2 • Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population • Analysis of sequence data sets • Analysis of phylogenetic trees • Construction of pylogenetic trees based on sequence data 1.b.1: Organisms share many conserved core 25.1, 25.3 • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that 11AP Descent by Modification Page 1
Transcript
Name: Date:Biology 11E: Evolution, Descent with Modification
(Chapter 22)
Big Ideas:
Big Idea Chapters Illustrative Examples1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.1.a.1 Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution
22.2, 23.2 • Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation
1.a.2 Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations
23.1, 23.4 • Flowering time in relation to global climate change• Peppered moth• Sickle-Cell Anemia• DDT resistance in insects• Artificial selection• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species• Overuse of antibiotics
1.a.3 Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes
23.3
1.a.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics
22.3, 25.2 • Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population• Analysis of sequence data sets• Analysis of phylogenetic trees• Construction of pylogenetic trees based on sequence data
1.b.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.
25.1, 25.3 • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity and organelle transport)• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts)• Linear chromosomes•Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope
1.b.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary histories can be tested.
26.1, 26.2, 26.3 • Number of heart chambers in animals• Opposable thumbs• Absence of legs in some sea mammals
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Big Idea Big Idea Big Idea1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.1.c.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history,
24.3, 24.4, 25.4 • Five major extinctions• Human impact on ecosystems and species extinction rates
1.c.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.
24.1
1.c.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
24.2 • Chemical resistance• Emergent diseases• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain and the immune system.
1.d.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence
4.1, 25.1, 25.3
1.d.2 Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
26.6
Evolution: Descent with Modification
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Text Chapter: 22Purpose: To explore and understand the mechanisms involved in evolution and how it has created the diversity of life we see around ourselves today.
Who was Charles Darwin?
“From my early youth I have had the strongest desire to understand or explain
whatever I observed—that is, to group all facts under some general laws. These causes combined have given me the patience to reflect or ponder for any number of years over any unexplained problem.…I have steadily endeavoured to keep my mind free, so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon as facts are shown to be opposed to it. Indeed I have had no choice but to act in this manner, for with the exception of the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a single first-formed hypothesis which had not after a time to be given up or greatly modified.”
“I…followed a golden rule that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought came across me, which was opposed to my general results, to make a memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had found by experience that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to escape from memory than favorable ones.”
“During some part of the day I wrote my Journal, and took much pains in describing carefully and vividly all that I had seen; and this was good practice.…Everything about which I thought or read was made to bear directly on what I had seen and was likely to see; and this habit of mind was continued during the five years of the voyage. I feel sure that it was this training which has enabled me to do whatever I have done in science.”
– Charles Darwin,The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Nora Barlow, ed., pp. 141, 123, 78)
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-This map tracks Darwin’s voyage on the HMS Beagle, which he began in 1831.
-View Activity: Darwin and the Galapagos Islands from the masteringbiology website, Chapter 22 and answer the following questions:
1. Despite their volcanic nature, most of the islands have some vegetation - primarily grasses and shrubs, but several have trees, particularly in the higher locations. At the summits of the higher islands, water from the clouds that rest on the peaks condenses onto vegetation. How might this make the growing conditions quite different between the higher and lower elevations on these islands and how would this affect the variety of organisms on the islands?
Here is a diagram to put Darwin into ‘historical context’:
-Darwin was greatly influenced by the works of previous scientists and his contemporaries. His Theory of Evolution was not independently created, but developed out of the ideas of his time. Examine a few of these below:
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