Week 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming Languages UniMAP Sem II – 12/13 EKT120: Computer...

Week 1 Introduction to Computers and

Programming Languages

UniMAP Sem II – 12/13

EKT120: Computer Programming 1

General Information• Contributes 4 units:

• 2 hours – lectures• 4 hours – labs

• Main Objective:• Students can independently write, compile, debug and execute

computer programs to solve problems, especially engineering related problems.



Course Outcomes• Ability to define and describe programming concepts and principles.

• Ability to apply programming techniques and tools such as flowchart and pseudo code to design computer programs.

• Ability to apply GNU/Linux for coding, compiling, executing and debugging computer programs.

• Ability to solve engineering related problems using computer programming techniques.



Overall Evaluation• 4 main components:

• Theoretical Tests (2) => 20% (Test1 = 10%, Test2 = 10%)

• Lab Assignments (4) => 30% (Asg1 = 6%, Asg2 = 6%, Asg3 = 8%, Asg4 = 10%)

• Lab Test => 10%• Final Exam => 40%

• Assignments are assessed individually • The two tests are written tests



References

• Deitel & Deitel, Sudin, S., Ahmad, R. Badlishah, and Yacob, Y., “C How to Program”, Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2006.

• Cheng, H., “C for Engineers and Scientists”, McGraw Hill, 2010.

• Hanly, J.R. and Koffman, E.B., “C Program Design for Engineers”, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001.

ISBN : 0321204174UniMAP Sem II – 12/13


Notes

• This course is NOT about the language per se, it is about problem solving, analytical skills and to apply C to solve problems.

• Write C program in Linux environment.• Do early reading.• Do not hesitate to ask during lecture sessions.



Outline• Computer Fundamentals

• Computer organization and hardware• Computer software

• Programming Languages• Machine language• Assembly language• High-level language

• Algorithm : pseudo code and flowchart

• Control Structures

• Simple C ProgramUniMAP Sem II – 12/13


Computer Fundamentals

• Computer system is divided into hardware and software.

• Hardware refers to physical components of computer which are:• Main Memory• Central Processing Unit (CPU)• Input Device• Output Device• Secondary Memory Device





Figure 1.1 The Intel Atom processor chip contains the full circuitry of a central processing unit in an integrated circuit whose small size and low power requirements make it suitable for use in mobile internet devices. (Intel Corporation Pressroom Photo Archives)

Figure 1.2

(a) Notebook Computer (HP Pavilion dv5©, Courtesy of Hewlett-Packard).

(b) Palmtop Computer (iPhone 3G©, Courtesy of Apple, Inc.)

(c) Desktop Computer (iMac©, Courtesy of Apple, Inc.)



Figure 1.3 Components of a Computer



Computer Hardware



Input Device Output Device

Secondary Memory

Control UnitArithmetic and

Logic UnitRegister

CPU

Main Memory

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• CPU is the computer’s administrator and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other sections

• Consists of two functional units; control unit and arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

• Control unit supervises all activities of the computer system

• ALU performs basic arithmetic operations and comparison operations



Main Memory

• keeps information from the input unit • also keeps processed information until it can be placed on output devices

• all programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed and all data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated.



Main Memory

• Main memory can be further classified into two types:• Random Access Memory (RAM)

• information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned-off.

• Read Only Memory (ROM)• It has been set during manufacturing process. ROM usually

contains instructions and information considered to be fundamental to the computer.



Figure 1.4 1000 Memory Cells in Main Memory



Secondary Memory

• Main memory is only used during processing following certain instructions

• Permanent information is NOT stored in main memory but is stored in secondary memory• E.g. program file, data file, etc• E.g. hard disk, diskette, CD



Figure 1.5 Secondary Storage Media



Input/Output Devices

• Input devices - feed data and programs into computers • E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen, scanners

• Output devices - display results produced by computer• E.g. monitor, printer, speaker



Software

• As a complement to hardware, computer system needs software to solve problems.

• Software are classified into :• System software• Application software



Software• System software : manages the computer and its peripheral devices (hardware) • E.g. Operating system (OS)• Text editor• Pre-processor• Language translator• Linker• Loader



Software

• Application software : performs specific tasks• There are two types:

• Program to solve specific problems• Program written by user to solve specified problem

• E.g. word processor, desktop publishing software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, programs perform specific tasks such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education, etc



Programming Languages

• Programming language is divided into three categories:• Machine Language• Assembly Language• High-Level Language



Machine Language• Language understood by the computer• Bunch of 0’s and 1’s• Program written in machine language can be executed without being translated

• Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is written in 0’s and 1’s

• Program is too long to solve simple problem• Machine-dependant and not portable• E.g.

• 0101 0001 1100 0100 1011 1000• 0101 1000 0101 1001 1100 0111



Figure 1.6 Relationship Between a Byte and a Bit



Assembly Language

• Strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced into instructions which resemble English language to represent computer operation element

• Easier to understand and write• E.g.



LOAD rateMULT hourSTOR wages

Assembly Language

• Nevertheless, needs language translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose

• still too long and not portable



High-Level Language

• Improves weaknesses in Machine Language and Assembly Language

• Portable• Written in one instruction to carry out several instructions in machine level • E.g. discount_price = price – discount;

• Must be changed to machine code before executed, needs compiler : a system software that translates source program to object program



Algorithms

• The solution to any computing problem involves executing series of actions in a specific order

• Pseudo code : artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms

• E.g. if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50

Print “Pass” else

Print “Fail”



Algorithms

• Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm• E.g.



Process 2Decision

Data

Process 1

Begin

End

Algorithm-Basic symbols in a flowchart



Start/End

Process

Input/Output

Decision

Flow direction

Connector

Flowchart-(example)



Start

read num1, num2

sum=num1+num2

print sum

End



TRY THIS!!!

Write a pseudo code, flowchart and program that calculates and prints the SUM of two integers A and B.



Pseudo code

• Begin• Input A and B• Calculate A + B• Print result of SUM• End

Flowchart

Begin

Input A,B

CalculateA + B

Print SUM

End

Control Structure

• All programs could be written in terms of three control structures:• Sequence structure• Selection structure• Repetition structure



Sequence Structure

• Is a series of steps executed sequentially by default



Read num1, num2Calculate total=num1+num2Print total

Pseudo code Flowchart

Read num1, num2

total = num1+num2

print total

Selection Structure

• Used to choose among alternative courses of action• C has three types: if, if..else, and switch



The if Selection Structure

• “if” structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure



true

false

grade >= 60

print “Pass”

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Pass”

The if..else Selection Structure

• Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is true and when it is false



truefalse

print “Fail” print “Pass”

grade >= 60

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Pass”else

Print “Fail”

Repetition Structure

• Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied

• Three types : while, for, do-while



The while Repetition Structure

• Programmer specifies an action is to be repeated while some conditions remain true



product <= 1000 product = 2 * producttrue

falseWhile product is less than or equal 1000

calculate product=2 * product

Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment



Figure 1.7 Entering, Translating, and Running a High-Level Language Program



Figure 1.8 Flow of Information During Program Execution



Simple C Program: Program to add two numbers #include <stdio.h>int main(void){ int dA, dB, dSum; printf (“input first integer \n”); scanf (“%d”, &dA) printf (“input second integer \n”); scanf (“%d”, &dB) dSum = dA + dB;

printf (“Sum is %d\n”, dSum); return 0;}



OUTPUTInput first integer39Input second integer27Sum is 66

End Week 1



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