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LINGUISTICS 183 WEEK 2
1 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Singular Plural
animal limb ɣɑm ɣɑmɖuʔhand ɣopʰ ɣopʰɖuʔman loɖ loɖpʰuʔback ɖub ɖubɖuʔ
mother ʂoʂ ʂoʂpʰuʔrunner qʰɛtʰwɪʔ qʰɛtʰwɪʔpʰuʔ
Klingon by Marc Okrand
2 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY
3 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
NOUNS
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CVCCCVCVCVC
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sunpersonbone
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man/womantree
blood
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Morphology: Interrelationships between
words that result in grammatical, rather than
lexical, meaning.
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cat ~ cats
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goose ~ geese
10 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Russian/kniɡa~kniɡ/
11 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Spanish[ˈa.βlɔ] “I speak”
[a.ˈβlɔ] “s/he spoke”
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a man ~ the manmen ~ the men
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Frenchun garçon ~ le garçon
des garçons ~ les garçons
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The boy eats.The boy is eating.
The boy hears.??The boy is hearing.
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Affix: A bit of phonological material that attaches to a
word.
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*lix “body”*knixt + lix “in the body of a
knight”*knixtlix “like a knight”
knightly
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cat~catsdog~dogs
bush~bushes
Suffixes
18 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
GermanBuch~BücherReit~Reiter
Suffixes
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Finnishtalo~talossa
Skotlanti~SkotlannissaHelsinki~Helsingissä
Suffixes
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udʒi~lǝdʒiðamala~jamala
ŋini~ɲini
Prefixes
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elongate
Circumfixes
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Georgiandidi “large”
sidide “size”
Circumfixes
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bilíbinilí
bumilí
Infixes
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alísinalís
umalís
Infixes
25 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
/in + bilí/(1) inbilí (4)ibnilí(2) ibilí (5) nibilí(3) inibilí (6) binilí
Infixes
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subject~subject
Suprafixes
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Hausasáɽ.kíː nèːjáː.ɽòː néː
Suprafixes
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singsangsung
Suprafixes
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katabtukatabatkutubkitaab
Suprafixes
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Suffixes: Common for inflection, derivation, or
anything.
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Prefixes: Less common for inflection, common for
derivation.
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Circumfixes: Rare, about 50/50 inflection vs.
derivation.
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Infixes: Vanishingly rare. Arise from prefixes, suffixes,
or analogy. Inflection common; agrammatical
usage common.
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Suprafixes: Quite common—especially in conjunction with another affix. Inflection
or derivation.
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Reduplication: The repetition of part or all of a word.
36 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Hawaiian‘au = swim
‘au‘au = bathe
Reduplication
37 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Turkishkitap = book
kitapmitap = books and stuff
Reduplication
38 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Japanesetoki = time
tokidoki = sometimes
Reduplication
39 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
“Do you like him, or do you like like him?”
Reduplication
40 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
hanky-pankyloosey-goosey
topsy-turvyharakiri > /hɛɹikɛɹi/
Reduplication
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Attic Greeklu- > lɛlu-
pɛmp- > pɛpɛmp-kriː- > kɛkri-
Reduplication
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Every language uses reduplication. Many use it
grammatically. Can arise ex nihilo.
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Often associated with: diminutives, augmentatives,
pluralization, collectives, duratives, definiteness,
perfect.
44 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
EVOLVING AFFIXES
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🐢
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🦎
🐚47 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
🦎🐚
48 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
🐚🦎
49 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
N-MODMOD-N
50 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
*lix “body”*knixt + lix “in the body of a
knight”*knixtlix “like a knight”
knightly
51 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
knight’s bodyMOD-N
52 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
MiddletonPittsburghAnaheimPeterson
53 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Generally the head becomes the affix.
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Middleton > Middle town
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Generally affixes reduce phonologically further than the rest of the language.
56 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
NUMBER
57 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Nominal Number: How many of a thing there is.
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Count vs. Mass
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Count number: Individuable units referred to separately
by the grammar.
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Mass number: Inindividuable masses referred to as a
clump.
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tree vs. grass
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I’ve a tree on my estate.That’s the tree there.
Do you have any trees?These are the trees I mean.
All three trees.
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*I’ve a grass on my estate.@That’s the grass there.
?Do you have any grasses??These are the grasses I
mean.?*All three grasses.
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my hair ~ ?my hairsmein Haar ~ meine Haare
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SingularDualTrial
Plural
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Singular: UbiquitousDual: Not UncommonTrial: Vanishingly RarePlural: Crazy Common
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Tetral: Turned out that guy was wrong.
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PaucalCollective
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Paucal: UncommonCollective: Somewhat
Common
70 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
SingulativeCommon
71 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Singulative: UncommonCommon: Uncommon
72 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Singulativeadar “birds” ~ aderyn “bird”
coed “forest” ~ coeden “tree”plant “children” ~ plentyn
“child”
73 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
No Number
74 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
No Number: Not Uncommon
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EVOLVING NUMBER
76 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
PluralThree
Many/MuchPile/Heap
BunchReduplication
77 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
𓊹 𓄤
𓊹𓊹𓊹𓄤𓄤𓄤
78 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
𓏇𓇋𓅱𓃠
79 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
𓏇𓇋𓅱𓃠𓏪
80 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Singulative
OneDiminutive (Child, Small,
Small Object, etc.)
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Paucal
Hand, Palm, HandfulArm
Gather
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Collective
GatherGroup
Classifier
83 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Dual/Trial
TwoThree
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Articles
Affixes that didn’t make it.
85 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Articles
le ~ lesla ~ las
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Articles
*ille ~ *illos*illa ~ *illas
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Articles
Indefiniteone
person/individual
88 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
ArticlesDefinitethis/that
here/thereshe, he, it
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MODIFIERS
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Noun-Like ModifiersVerb-Like Modifiers
91 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
the red catthe big catthe soft cat
92 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
The RedsThe Blues
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Red is a good color.Blue is a good color.
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?Give me the big.Give me the big one.
95 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
After rotating, the Spurs send their two bigs at Curry, and he just blows right by them.
96 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
red ≈ rednessbig ≠ bigness
97 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
red ~ redder ~ reddestbig ~ bigger ~ biggest
98 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
incredible ~ *incredibler ~ *incrediblest
99 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
“We all know we are the 4th winningest franchise in NBA
history.”
100 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
*?#@The Suns are a (more?) winninger franchise
than the Jazz.
101 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
pak🦀
102 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
kum🐋🌲🦍🌪⛰*
103 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
kum pak🦀
104 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
a man a big one
105 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
a big one man
106 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Head-ModMod-Head
107 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Head-ModSuffixes
108 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Mod-HeadPrefixes
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Demonstratives: Specify location, definiteness, or
nearness of a noun.
110 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Usually primitives.
Demonstratives
111 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Usually “close to me” and “not close to me”, or “close to me”, “close to you”, or “close
to neither”.
Demonstratives
112 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Proximal/Medial/DistalVisible/Invisible
Base/Side/Summit
Demonstratives
113 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Noun-Like DemonstrativesTake Case
Can Stand Alone
Demonstratives
114 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
Particle-Like DemonstrativesDon’t Take Case
Can’t Stand Alone
Demonstratives
115 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
(1) Create Nouns(2) Find a Noun Case
Grammar
Tonight
116 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017
