CPU: CENTRAL PROCESSING

UNITWeek 2 – Lesson 2

PROCESSORS Processor and chipset are located on

motherboardComponents determine power and features

of system Major manufacturers: Intel, AMD, and

Cyrix Factors used to rate processors:

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CPUS Data Bus Size This is the number of bits that the CPU send or receive

from other components in the computer. 8 bits means that the CPU can send or receive

data in chunks of 8 bits. Word Size This is the number of bits that the CPU can deal with

internally at the same time. A word size of 16 bits means that the CPU can deal with data

in 16 bit chunks. A CPU with a larger word size can deal with more data simultaneously.

Address Bus Size This is used for storing data in RAM. Essentially the location

of each byte that is stored in RAM has an address. This address is a number.

A CPU with a larger address bus size supports more RAM.

THE INTEL PROCESSORS Early model numbers: 8088, 8086, 80286,

386, 486 New three-digit processor numbers:

Pentium processors: 5xx to 8xx Celeron processors: 3xx Pentium M processors: 7xx

Overview of the Pentium family of processors Two ALUs are used for multiprocessing Eight types of Pentium processors; e.g., Pentium

4 Celeron and Xeon are offshoots from Pentium

family

INTEL CPUS

Multimedia Extensions (MMX) Pentium II Pentium III Celeron Pentium 4 IA-64/Merced

-8086, first generation, developed in 1978, first 16 bit CPU-8088, 50% less data bus size to 8086=cheaper CPU model, -286, second generation, (80286)-386, third generation, developed in 1985, first 32 bit CPU, (80386)-486, fourth generation (80486)(386SX and 486SX did not implement a Maths Coprocessor (now named the FPU))(386DX and 486DX implemented a Maths Coprocessor)-Pentium, fifth generation, first superscalar CPU (dual pipelines)-Pentium MMX, designed for multimedia requirements (Multimedia extensions=MMX)-Pentium II, sixth generation, 50% more pipeline stages-Celeron, 50% less CPU transistors to Pentium II=cheaper CPU model-Pentium III, designed for Internet streaming-Pentium 4, seventh generation, developed in 2000, 50% more pipeline stages(Intel Core, single core and dual core CPUs)-Pentium 4 Prescott, eighth generation, developed in 2004-Intel Core 2, ninth generation, developed in 2006, dual core and quad core CPUs

MULTIMEDIA EXTENSIONS (MMX)Multimedia extensions (MMX) are 57 additional instructions that are added to the CPU. These instructions speed up processing for multimedia, 3D video, standard video and sound. These instructions are based on the single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) technique.

Compared to the Pentium Classic (standard Pentium), a Pentium MMX has 32KB level 1 cache (standard Pentium has 16KB of level 1 cache).

A Pentium MMX runs other applications 10% faster, and runs a multimedia application 60% faster than a standard Pentium with the same clock speed.

Intel have since developed another version of MMX, called MMX2 (MMX version 2).

PENTIUM II

The Pentium II includes MMX and an additional twelve million transistors

It uses dual independent bus (DIB) architecture. The CPU has two buses:

One bus connects the CPU to main memory (RAM). The other bus connects the CPU to level 2 cache. The Pentium II comes in a single edge cartridge

(SEC) designed to fit into a Slot 1 connector on the motherboard.

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PENTIUM II

PENTIUM III

The Pentium III is a Pentium II with extra instructions for live Internet streaming. Early models were distributed as an SEC with a Slot 1 connector. Later models came as an SEC with a Socket 370 chip form.

PENTIUM III

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CELERON

The Celeron CPU is a cheaper version of a Pentium cartridge with less or no level 2 cache.

The first Celeron CPU were the 300A and 333. They fitted into a Slot 1 connector on the motherboard and ran on a 66MHz system bus. It was good for office applications such as word processors, but the lack of level 2 cache was a great disadvantage.

Intel Celeron processors are available in plastic pin grid array (PPGA) form factor.

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Celeron

300A

333

Intel Celeron processors are available in plastic pin grid array (PPGA) form factor.

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PENTIUM 4

The Pentium 4 comes in an SEC with a Socket 423 chip. It has three levels of cache:

Level 1 cache, built in to the CPU.

Level 2 cache, which is outside the CPU but in the SEC.

Level 3 cache, which is outside both the CPU and the SEC.

It has two 20-stage superpipelines and a clock speed of 1GHz to3.73GHz. It has more MMX instructions.

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Pentium 4

Pentium 4 Prescott 640

PENTIUM 4

PENTIUM 4

Figure 5-8 The Pentiums are sometimes sold boxed with a

cooler assembly

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ITANIUM

The Itanium CPU, code name Merced, is the 64 bit successor to the Pentium CPUs. It is being designed jointly by HP and Intel.

It uses very long instruction word (VLIW) technology, predication. Clock speeds start at 800MHz. It has 25.4 million transistors.

64-BIT PROCESSORS Intel Itaniums AMD 64-bit processors

AMD PROCESSORS Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile

processors Older AMD processors

Use motherboards not compatible with Intel processors

Earlier processors used a 321-pin socket Current AMD processors

For desktops: Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64 FX

For servers: Athlon MP, Opteron For notebooks: Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64

AMD PROCESSORS (CONTINUED)

HEAT SINKS AND COOLING FANS

Cooling assembly should keep temperatures <185° F

Target temperature range: 90° - 100° FOne or more fans are needed to meet cooling

needs Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire

or clip Heat sink: clip-on device pulling heat from

processor Cooler: combination of heat sink and cooling

fan

CPU HEAT SINKS AND COOLINGFANS

COMBINATION HEAT SINK ANDCOOLING FAN

MORE COOLING EXAMPLES

PROCESSOR PACKAGES

PROCESSOR SOCKETS AND SLOTS Used to connect the processor to the

motherboard Motherboard type must match processor

package Types of sockets

Sockets are built around pin grid or land grid arrays Variations: PGA, SPGA, LGA, DIP, LIF, and ZIF

Types of slots Packages fit into slots like expansion cards Proprietary: Slot 1, Slot 2 (Intel) and Slot A (AMD) New processor packages use sockets, not slots Slocket: adapts Slot 1 to processor requiring a

socket

SOCKET TYPE EXAMPLES

Socket ASocket 478 Socket

754,939,940,AM2

Socket 775

CPU SLOTS AND SOCKETS

CPU SLOTS AND SOCKETS (CONTINUED)

CPU SLOTS AND SOCKETS (CONTINUED)

Figure 5-16: Socket LGA775 is the latest Intel socket

CPU VOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS

SOCKET 754

CPU Family Frequency

Athlon 641800 MHz - 2400 MHz2800+ - 3700+

Mobile Athlon 641600 MHz - 2600 MHz2700+ - 4000+

Turion 64 Mobile technology

1600 MHz - 2400 MHzML-28 - ML-44, MT-28 - MT-40

Sempron / Sempron 64

1400 MHz - 2000 MHz2500+ - 3400+

Mobile Sempron1600 MHz - 2200 MHz2600+ - 3600+

K8 Athlon XP-M1600 MHz2800+ - 3000+

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LGA775

Celeron D

Pentium 4

SOCKET AM2

CPU Family Frequency

Athlon 641800 MHz - 2800 MHz3000+ - 4000+

Athlon 64 FX2800 MHzFX-62

Athlon 64 X21800 MHz - 3200 MHz3400+ - 6400+

Mobile Athlon 64 X22000 MHz - 2200 MHz3800+ - 4200+

AMD Sempron 3000+ 1.6 GHZ

SOCKET 370 (PGA370)

celeron (PPGA) (300 MHz - 533 MHz), the fastest Celeron PPGA is Celeron 533Celeron Coppermine (FC-PGA) (533 MHz - 1100 MHz)Celeron Tualatin (FC-PGA2) (900 MHz - 1500 MHz)Pentium III Coppermine (FC-PGA and FC-PGA2) (500 MHz - 1133 MHz)Pentium III Coppermine-T (800 MHz - 1133 MHz)Pentium III Tualatin (FC-PGA2) (800 MHz - 1400 MHz)VIA C3 (FC-PGA) (466 MHz - 1000 MHz)Socket 7 processors are not compatible with Socket 370 and they do not fit into the socket. There are no AMD processors compatible with this socket.

The socket has 370 pin-holes - hence the name Socket 370, and it has the same size as the Socket 7. There are two differences between these sockets:

There are 6 rows of pins between the edge and the center of the processor for Socket 370 processors, and 5 rows for Socket 7 processors.

Socket 370 processors don't have 2 corner pins while Socket 7 processors don't have only one corner pin. The extra corner pin doesn't allow Socket 7 processors to fit into PGA370 socket.

http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron/TYPE-Celeron%20%28Mendocino%29.html

SOCKET 7 (SOCKET7)

  Supported processors  AMD K5 (75 MHz - 200 MHz)AMD K6 (166 MHz - 300 MHz)AMD K6-2 (200 MHz - 570 MHz, often requires 100 MHz bus support)AMD K6-III (333 MHz - 550 MHz, often requires 100 MHz bus support)Cyrix 6x86, 6x86L and 6x86MX (90 MHz - 266 MHz)Cyrix MII (233 MHz - 433 MHz)IBM 6x86, 6x86L and 6x86MX (90 MHz - 300 MHz)IDT Winchip C6 (180 MHz - 240 MHz)IDT Winchip 2 (200 MHz - 240 MHz)Intel Pentium (non-MMX) (75 MHz - 200 MHz)Intel Pentium MMX (166 MHz - 233 MHz)Rise Technology MP6 (150 MHz - 366 MHz)ST 6x86 (90 MHz - 166 MHz)

IMAGE OF A SOCKET A (AKA SOCKET 462) MOTHERBOARD FOR AN AMD ATHLON XP PROCESSOR

IMAGES OF A SOCKET 939 MOTHERBOARD FOR AN AMD ATHLON 64 AND 64 FX PROCESSOR

IMAGES OF A SOCKET LGA 775 MOTHERBOARD FOR INTEL PROCESSORS - SUPPORTS SOCKET LGA775 FOR INTEL CORE 2 DUO, P4 5XX, 6XX, PENTIUM D 8XX, 9XX AND CELERON D PROCESSORS

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 Form Factor: 

ATX

  Processor Interface: 

Socket AM2+

  Processors Supported: 

AMD Athlon 64

 

AMD Athlon 64 FX

 

AMD Sempron

 

AMD Phenom FX, AMD Pheno

Socket/slot type CPU name CPU speed

CPU width Cache

Socket 7 Pentium 75MHz 32 No actual details provided

Pentium 166MHz 32 No actual details provided

Pentium MMX 166MHz 32 No actual details provided

Pentium MMX 200MHz 32 No actual details provided

Slot 1 / Single Edge Cartridge (SEC)

Pentium II 350MHz

32 512KB

Pentium II 400MHz

32 512KB

Pentium III 600MHz

32 512KB

PGA370 Celeron 400MHz 32 128KBCeleron 633MHz 32 128KBCeleron 950MHz 32 128KB

LGA775 Celeron D 2.66GHz 64 256KBPentium 4 3GHz 64 2MB

Socket 939 AMD Athlon 64 3500+

2.2GHz 64 640KB

Socket AM2 AMD Sempron 3000+

1.6GHz 64 256KB

MOTHERBOARD SOCKET/SLOT TYPE / CPU SPECIFICATIONS

CPU Sockets

SocketPin

countCPU families Frequency (MHz)

Slot 1 / SC242 242Intel Celeron, Pentium II,

Pentium III233 - 1133

Socket 7 321

AMD K5 / K6 / K6-2 / K6-IIICyrix 6x86, 6x86L,

6x86MX, MIIIBM 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MXIDT Winchip 2, Winchip C6

Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX

Rise Technology MP6ST 6x86

75 - 570

Socket 370 / PGA370 370Intel Celeron, Pentium III

VIA C3300 - 1400

Socket 775 / LGA775 775

Intel Celeron, Celeron D, Celeron Dual-Core,Core 2 Duo, Core 2

Extreme, Core 2 Quad,Pentium 4,Pentium 4

Extreme Edition, Pentium D,

Pentium Dual-Core,Pentium Extreme Edition,Xeon

1600 - 3800

Socket 939 939

AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2,

Dual-Core Opteron, K8 Sempron, Opteron

1800 - 3000

Socket 940 940AMD Athlon 64 FX, Dual-Core Opteron, Opteron

1400 - 3000

Socket AM2 940

AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2,

Mobile Athlon 64 X2, K8 Sempron, Phenom X3,Phenom X4, Second Generation Opteron

1000 - 3200