Week 2 noun phrase (p1)

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 2

NOUN PHRASE

1. Noun and noun classes

2. Reference and the articles

3. Grammatical categories of nouns

4. Pronouns

IssuesIssues




4. Pronouns

IssuesIssues

Noun – Noun classes 1.1

NounNoun = a word used TO NAME …• A person

(E.g.: Tom, John, Bill Jones)• A thing

(E.g.: bed, chair, table, house)• An animal

(E.g.: cat, dog, tiger, lion)• An abstract concept

(E.g.: peace, war, independence)

1/1

Noun – Noun classes1.2

1/2

Noun classesNoun classes

Proper nounsProper nouns Common nounsCommon nouns

See more in 4.2 - 4.4


1/3


Proper nounsProper nouns

Bill Clinton

the Nile

the UNICEF

geographical names

personal names

names of institutions/ organizations

calendar items Easter


1/4

car

cars


Common nounsCommon nouns

Count NsCount Ns Non-count NsNon-count Ns

Singular

Plural

Singular

salt


1/5

Common nounsCommon nouns

Count NsCount Ns Non-count NsNon-count Ns

Concrete Abstract

chair goldactivity

beauty

Noun – Noun classes


Proper nounsProper nouns Common nounsCommon nouns

Count NsCount Ns Non-count NsNon-count NsE.g. Tom, John

ConcreteConcrete AbstractAbstract

1.2

cat failure rice peace

1/6


Let’s check

– To which classes does each of the following

nouns belong to?

• furniture

• garden

• serenity

• Friday

1.2

1/7


Let’s check

• Furniture: Non-count, concrete

• Garden: Count, concrete

• Serenity: Non-count, abstract

• Friday: Proper (calendar item)

1.2

1/8




4. Pronouns

IssuesIssues

Reference – The articles 2.1

2/1

ReferenceReference

GenericGeneric SpecificSpecific UniqueUnique

See more in 4.16 - 4.30


2/2

E.g.: - John loves Mary.

ReferenceReference

UniqueUniqueproper noun


2/3

ReferenceReference

GenericGeneric SpecificSpecificvs.C/f.(1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage.(2) Tigers are dangerous animals.


2/4

Specific or generic?

(1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage.

(1) = SPECIFIC (referring to particular specimens of

the class ‘tiger’.

(2) Tigers are dangerous animals.

(2) = GENERIC (referring to the class ‘tiger’ without

specific reference to particular tigers)


Generic Reference & the ArticlesGeneric Reference & the Articles

2/5

1. A German is a good musician.

2. Germans are good musicians.

3. The Germans are good musicians.

4. The German is a good musician (not common).


Specific Reference & the ArticlesSpecific Reference & the Articles

2/6

COUNT NONCOUNT COUNT NONCOUNT

SINGULAR the tiger the furniture a tiger (some) furniture

PLURAL the tigers (some) tigers

DEFINITE INDEFINITE


2/7

The articlesThe articles

DefiniteDefinite IndefiniteIndefinite Zero (Ø) Zero (Ø)

E.g.: - The earth goes around the sun. (definite)

- He bought a new bike yesterday. (indefinite)

- He has just arrived in Ø London. (zero)


Definite article ‘the”Definite article ‘the”

Immediate situation

Larger situation

Anaphoric reference

Cataphoric reference

Sporadic reference

Logical use of THE

With body parts

2/8


Definite article ‘the’Definite article ‘the’

2/9

Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference Sporadic reference

= the uniqueness of

reference of some phrase

(the X) is supplied by

information given earlier

in the discourse

The modification of the

noun phrase restricts the

reference of the noun

E.g. The wine that France

produces

Reference is made to an

institution which may be

observed recurrently at

various places and times.

E.g. the theatre, the

cinema, the press, etc.


2/10


Anaphoric reference Direct

= The same head noun has occurred in the text and a relation of co-

reference exists between two NPs

E.g.: Susan bought a TV and a video recorder, but she returned the

video recorder because it was defective.


2/11


Anaphoric reference Indirect

= A reference becomes part of the hearer’s knowledge indirectly

E.g.: John bought a new bicycle, but found that one of the wheels was

defective.



Immediate situation = derived from the

extra-linguistic

situation.

E.g.: - The roses are beautiful. (said in the garden)

- Have you fed the dog? (said in the domestic context)

2/12



= general knowledge

which is shared or

worldwideE.g.: the sun the Equator

the Republic the North Pole

the cosmos the Renaissance

Larger situation

2/13



= the unique reference explained

by the logical interpretation of

certain words as post-determiners

and adjectives

Logical use of THE

2/14



• Ordinals

(E.g.: first, second)

• General ordinals

(E.g.: next, last, only)

• Superlative Adjs

(E.g.: best, largest)

E.g.: - When is the first flight to Chicago?

- This is the only remaining copy.

- Of the three newspapers we have in

this city, this is the best.

Logical use of THE

2/15



= when the possessor…

• is subject (1)

• may be implied rather

than stated (2)

• is relevant or clear (3)

With body parts

E.g.: - My mother complains of a pain

in the neck. (1)

- The doctor diagnosed a fracture

of the collarbone. (2)

- Keep the back straight when serving

and your tennis will be better. (3)

2/16


Indefinite articles a/anIndefinite articles a/an

The referent: not mentioned before, and

assumedly unfamiliar to the speaker or hearer.

C/f:

(1) A house on the corner is for sale.

(2) The house on the corner is for sale.

2/17


2/18


Non-referring usesNon-referring uses Substitution uses for ONESubstitution uses for ONE


2/19


Non-referring usesNon-referring uses= with complement function, and a descriptive role rather than a referring role= with complement function, and a descriptive role rather than a referring role

E.g.: - What a miserable day it is!

= sometimes not referring to anything in reality = sometimes not referring to anything in reality

E.g.: - Bob wants to marry a princess who

speaks five languages.


Indefinite articles a/an Indefinite articles a/an

Substitution uses for ONESubstitution uses for ONE

substitute and generic functionsubstitute and generic function

numerical or quantifying functionnumerical or quantifying function

2/19




numerical or quantifying functionnumerical or quantifying function

2/20

In expression: a dozen, a hundred…In expression: a dozen, a hundred…

In quantifiers: a few, a great many…In quantifiers: a few, a great many…

In measure phrase: ten dollars a day…In measure phrase: ten dollars a day…




substitute and generic functionsubstitute and generic function

2/21

= any representative of the class

E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man.

= any representative of the class

E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man.


Zero (Ø) articleZero (Ø) article

Noun phrases in a copular relation

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Parallel structures

Fixed phrases

2/22


Zero (Ø) articleZero (Ø) article Noun phrases in a copular relation

= where the complement means a

unique role or task

E.g.: - John F. Kennedy was (the)

President of the United States in 1961.

2/23

= When the appositional N.P

indicating a unique role or task is

placed first

= When the complement of turn is

used (even when there is no

implication of uniqueness)

E.g.: - Chelsea centre-forward Milton

Smith

E.g.: - Jenny started out as a music

student before she turned linguist.


Zero (Ø) articleZero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Means of transport and communication

InstitutionsTimes of day

and nightSeasons

Meals Illnesses

2/24



Institutions

2/25

= nouns do not refer to actual buildings or places, but

to institutions associated with them

E.g.: - “to be in prison” means to be a prisoner



Means of transportation

2/26

E.g.: travel

leave

communicate

by

bicycle

bus

radio

post



Times of day and night

2/27

= take a zero article particularly after at, by, after

and before

E.g.: at/ before dawn by day and night

when day breaks after nightfall



Meals

2/28

= as an institution recurring day by day

(for specific meals: THE/ A(N))

E.g.: - She’s having lunch with her client.

- That day, the lunch was served on the terrace.



Seasons

2/29

= as seasons generally, or a particular part of a

particular year (for a particular season: THE/ A(N))

E.g.: - Winter is coming.

- The spring of last year was cold.



Illnesses

2/30

Note: for well-known infectious diseases: THE/

A(N)

E.g.: diabetes influenza pneumonia

(the) flu (the) mumps (the) measles

a fever a temperature a cold


Zero (Ø) articleZero (Ø) article Parallel structures

one noun balanced

against another noun

of contrasting meaning

the same noun

repeated after a

preposition

E.g.: day by day

eye to eye

E.g.: from father to son

husband and wife

2/31


Zero (Ø) articleZero (Ø) article Fixed phrases

Idioms = nouns with

prepositions

before/after

E.g.: in turn

on foot

E.g.: set fire to

get word of

Idioms = verbs with

nouns and

prepositions

2/32




4. Pronouns

IssuesIssues

Grammatical categories of Ns 3

2/33

Grammatical CategoriesGrammatical Categories

NumberNumber GenderGenderCaseCase

E.g.: mouse - mice

box – boxes

fish - fish

E.g.: my sister’s car

a fall of 10%

E.g.: she-wolf

desk

mother-in-law


2/34

Grammatical CategoriesGrammatical Categories

NumberNumber

InvariablesInvariables

VariablesVariables

= nouns that do not vary

= nouns that do vary

See more in 4.31 - 4.57


2/35

Invariables

Singular only Plural only

Non-count Ns N-ending in “s”

Substantive Adj

Ns with plural

meaning

Pluralia tantums

Collective Ns

Substantive Adj

material

water, oil

abstract freedom

news

physics

(abstract)

the true

the ugly

scissors

pants

arms

customs

people

cattle

(concrete)

the poor

the blind


2/36

Variables

Regular plural Irregular plural Zero plural

(N + s)

- /s/

books, stops

- /z/

beds, stars

- /iz/

boxes, brushes

- voicing /f/ /vz/

leaf – leaves

- “en” ending

ox – oxen

- change of the

root vowel

tooth - teeth

- foreign plural

medium - media

(same form for both plural &

singular)

sheep, deer, tout


3/1

CaseCase

“of” genitive“of” genitive“s” genitive“s” genitive double genitivedouble genitive

E.g.: her mom’s car E.g.: the paint of the room

= “of” and “’s”

genitives used together

E.g.: a friend of her father’s

= with the nouns of

lower gender class

= with the nouns of

higher gender class

See more in 4.66 - 4.77


3/2

Case – Genitive meaningCase – Genitive meaning

Genitive meaning Examples Equivalents

Possessive My father’s hat My father has a hat.

Human relation Her sister’s nephew Her sister has a nephew.

Subjective

(+ original)

My father’s permission

The arrival of the bus

My father permits.

The bus arrived.

Objective The criminal’s arrest Someone arrested the criminal.

Descriptive Two days’ visit A visit lasts 2 days.

Appositive The town of Vinh Yen Vinh Yen is a town.


3/3

GenderGender

= In English, there is

not any further

morphological

feature that helps

distinguish gender

(unlike Russian or

French)

Gender Sex (semantic concept)

Masculine: man (male)

Feminine: woman (female)

Common: teacher (both male and female)

Neuter: table Ø

See more in 4.58 - 4.65




4. Pronouns

IssuesIssues

Pronouns 4

3/4

PronounsPronouns

FeaturesFeatures

TypesTypes

See more in 4.78 - 4.95

Pronouns 4.1

4/1

PronounsPronouns

FeaturesFeatures PersonPerson

CaseCase

GenderGender

NumberNumber

Main featuresMain features

Pronouns 4.1

4/2

PronounsPronouns

FeaturesFeatures Main featuresMain features

• without determiners

• with an objective case

• with person distinction (1st – I/

we; 2nd – you; 3rd – he/she/it/they)

• with overt gender contrast

(masculine, feminine & non-

personal)

• singular and plural form:

not often morphologically

related

Pronouns 4.1

4/3

PronounsPronouns

FeaturesFeatures

PersonPerson

CaseCase

GenitiveGenitive

NumberNumber

Main featuresMain features • first person: the speaker

(and one or more other)

• second person: the

interlocutor(s)

• third person: one/more other

persons other than the

interlocutor(s)

Pronouns 4.1

4/4

PronounsPronouns


CaseCase

GenitiveGenitive

NumberNumber

Main featuresMain features • Most pronouns: two-case

system (subjective & genitive)

• Other 6 pronouns: three-

case system (subjective,

objective, genitive)

(I, we, he, she, they, who)

(me, us, him, her, them, whom)

(my, our, his, her, their, whose)

Pronouns 4.1

4/5

PronounsPronouns


CaseCase

GenderGender

NumberNumber

Main featuresMain features• with a distinction

between masculine and

feminine in 3rd person

singulars: personal,

reflexive, and possessive.

(he - she; himself - herself;

her - his )

Pronouns 4.1

4/6

PronounsPronouns


CaseCase

GenitiveGenitive

NumberNumber

Main featuresMain features • The 2nd person: a common

form for singular & plural in

the personal & possessive

series, but a separate form for

plural in the reflexive

(you – your but

yourself - yourselves)

Pronouns 4.2

4/7

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Personal PronounsPersonal Pronouns

Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns

ReciprocalPronouns

ReciprocalPronouns

PossessivePronouns

PossessivePronouns

RelativePronounsRelativePronouns

InterrogativePronouns

InterrogativePronouns

DemonstrativePronouns

DemonstrativePronouns

Quantifying Pronouns


Universal ProNs & determiners


Partitive PronounsPartitive Pronouns

Pronouns 4.2

4/8

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Personal PronounsPersonal Pronouns

• Subjective forms: (I, you, we, they, he, she, it) as

Subjects and Subject complements

E.g.: He is a student at this university.

• Objective forms: (me, you, us, them, him, her, it)

as Objects and prepositional complements

E.g.: I saw him with her yesterday in the park.

Pronouns 4.2

4/9

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns

• Include: myself, yourself(ves), ourselves,

themselves, himself, herself, itself • Objective function

E.g.: He looked after himself after his wife left.• Emphatic function

E.g.: I myself would never love such a girl.

Pronouns 4.2

4/10

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Reciprocal PronounsReciprocal Pronouns

• include: each other, one another

E.g.: - Mary likes Mike and Mike likes Mary.

They like each other.

- I have 3 friends. They don’t like one

another.

Pronouns 4.2

4/11

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

• Determiner function

(my, your, our, their, his, her, its)

E.g.: This is my friend.• Nominal function

(mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its)

E.g.: This friend is mine.

Pronouns 4.2

4/12

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns

• Personal

(who (ever), whom, whose, that)

E.g.: Whoever comes here needs an ID card.• Non-personal

(which(ever), whose, that, what(ever))

E.g.: Whose is this book?

Pronouns 4.2

4/13

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

• Interrogative determiners

- personal: whose

- personal/non-personal: which, that• Interrogative pronouns

- personal: who, whom, whose

- non-personal: what

- personal/non-personal: which

Pronouns 4.2

4/14

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

• Singular

(this, that)• Plural

(these, those)

Pronouns 4.2

4/15

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes



• Numeral “one”

E.g.: One went this way, the other that way.• Replacive “one”

E.g.: I’d like a drink, but just a small one. • Indefinite “one”

E.g.: One can’t be too careful, can one/you? • Cardinals/ordinals

(one, two, three, etc.; first, second, third, etc.)

E.g.: He has two wives. The first is so ugly.

Pronouns 4.2

4/16

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes



• Include: each, all, every, and “every”

compounds (everything, everyone, etc.)

E.g.: Each of the students should have

his

own books.

Pronouns 4.2

4/17

PronounsPronouns

TypesTypes

Partitive PronounsPartitive

Pronouns

• Assertive ProNs: someone/body, something,

somewhere, some (pronoun or determiner)

E.g.: Somebody has turned on the light. • Non-assertive ProNs: anyone, anybody, anything,

anywhere, either, any (pronoun or determiner) • E.g.: - Have you got anything to eat now?

- Have you got any paper? I need some.• Negative ProNs: no one/body, nowhere, neither,

none, no (pronoun or determiner)

E.g.: None of them were absent.

HomeworkHomework

Workbook exercises 45, 48-65

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Week 2 noun phrase (p1)

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