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WEEK 1: Are Dolphins Not as Smart as We Thought? By Crux Guest Blogger | By Erik Vance In Douglas Adams’s hilarious classic, Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, there are several animals said to be cleverer than humans. One – for the sake of irony – was the common lab mouse. The other was a creature that knew about the intergalactic bulldozers that eventually vaporized the planet and tried to warn us of the impending doom: The last ever dolphin message was misinterpreted as a surprisingly sophisticated attempt to do a double-backwards-somersault through a hoop whilst whistling the ‘Star Spangled Banner’, but in fact the message was this: So long and thanks for all the fish. It’s a fun punchline but it also reflects a long-held sentiment: that dolphins possess an unusual level of intelligence that sets them apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. In the popular consciousness it’s taken as a given that dolphins are highly intelligent, have complex behavior, and possess some kind of proto-language ability. However in recent months and years, a sort of backlash – or at least a re-alignment – has been fomenting on the periphery of animal behavior research. Dolphin Exceptionalism - Dolphins’ revered status among animals really began with John Lilly, a 1960’s era dolphin researcher and psychotropic drug enthusiast who was the first to popularize the idea that dolphins are intelligent, later suggesting that they were even more so than humans. Lilly was eventually mostly discredited and didn’t contribute much to the science of dolphin cognition after 1970. Yet despite mainstream scientists’ efforts to distance themselves from his more bizarre ideas (that dolphins were spiritually enlightened) and even his tempered ones (that dolphins communicated in holographic images), his name seems inexorably linked to dolphin intelligence work. “He is, as I am sure most dolphin scientists will agree, the father of the study of dolphin intelligence,” writes Justin Gregg in a book, due out in November, titled Are Dolphins Really Smart? Since Lilly’s research, dolphins have been shown to understand signals given by television screen, distinguish different parts of their bodies, recognize their own images in mirrors, and have highly complex whistle repertoires that include some that seem to refer to specific animals (called signature whistles). But some of these ideas have been lately called into doubt. Gregg’s book is the most recent embodiment of the tug-of-war over neuroanatomy, behavior and communication – between the idea that dolphins are special and the idea that they’re on par with lots of other creatures.
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Page 1: WEEK 2: Plenty of Water, but Little to Drinkblogs.spsk12.net/7925/files/...articles-2015-all.docx · Web viewWEEK 1: Are Dolphins Not as Smart as We Thought? By Crux Guest Blogger

WEEK 1: Are Dolphins Not as Smart as We Thought?By Crux Guest Blogger | By Erik Vance

In Douglas Adams’s hilarious classic, Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, there are several animals said to be cleverer than humans. One – for the sake of irony – was the common lab mouse. The other was a creature that knew about the intergalactic bulldozers that eventually vaporized the planet and tried to warn us of the impending doom:

The last ever dolphin message was misinterpreted as a surprisingly sophisticated attempt to do a double-backwards-somersault through a hoop whilst whistling the ‘Star Spangled Banner’, but in fact the message was this: So long and thanks for all the fish.

It’s a fun punchline but it also reflects a long-held sentiment: that dolphins possess an unusual level of intelligence that sets them apart from the rest 

of the animal kingdom. In the popular consciousness it’s taken as a given that dolphins are highly intelligent, have complex behavior, and possess some kind of proto-language ability. However in recent months and years, a sort of backlash – or at least a re-alignment – has been fomenting on the periphery of animal behavior research.

Dolphin Exceptionalism - Dolphins’ revered status among animals really began with John Lilly, a 1960’s era dolphin researcher and psychotropic drug enthusiast who was the first to popularize the idea that dolphins are intelligent, later suggesting that they were even more so than humans.

Lilly was eventually mostly discredited and didn’t contribute much to the science of dolphin cognition after 1970. Yet despite mainstream scientists’ efforts to distance themselves from his more bizarre ideas (that dolphins were spiritually enlightened) and even his tempered ones (that dolphins communicated in holographic images), his name seems inexorably linked to dolphin intelligence work.

“He is, as I am sure most dolphin scientists will agree, the father of the study of dolphin intelligence,” writes Justin Gregg in a book, due out in November, titled Are Dolphins Really Smart? Since Lilly’s research, dolphins have been shown to understand signals given by television screen, distinguish different parts of their bodies, recognize their own images in mirrors, and have highly complex whistle repertoires that include some that seem to refer to specific animals (called signature whistles).

But some of these ideas have been lately called into doubt. Gregg’s book is the most recent embodiment of the tug-of-war over neuroanatomy, behavior and communication – between the idea that dolphins are special and the idea that they’re on par with lots of other creatures.

Why the Big Brains - The diminution of dolphins thus far has taken two main tacks: anatomical and behavioral.  In the first category is a recent journal paper by anatomist Paul Manger, reiterating his long-held position that the large dolphin brain has nothing to do with intelligence.  Manger, an iconoclastic researcher with the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, has previously asserted that the dolphin’s large brain more likely evolved to help the animal retain heat than to carry out cognitive functions. That 2006 paper was widely criticized by the dolphin research community.

This new paper (also written by Manger alone) takes a critical eye towards brain anatomy, the archeological record, and oft-cited behavioral studies, concluding that cetaceans are no more intelligent than other vertebrates and that their large brains may have evolved for another purpose. Unlike in the previous version, he picks at many of the behavioral observations, such as the mirror recognition test profiled in the September 2011 issue of Discover, saying that they are either incomplete, incorrect, or go beyond the data.  Lori Marino, a neuroanatomist at Emory University and advocate for large-brained intelligence, says another multi-author rebuttal is now in the works.

Get Smart - The other argument, that dolphins behaviorally aren’t as impressive as has been claimed, is made by Gregg.  A professional dolphin researcher (and voice-over actor for animated films), Gregg says he respects dolphin “accomplishments” in cognition research but feels the public and certain researchers have elevated them to a level of cognition beyond what the data suggests, and that other animals display many equally impressive traits.

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In his book, Gregg cites experts who call into doubt the value of the mirror-self-recognition test, an exercise thought to indicate some degree of self-consciousness. Gregg notes that octopuses and pigeons can learn to behave similarly to dolphins when given a mirror.  In addition, Gregg argues that communication has been especially oversold in dolphins. While certainly their whistles and clicks are a complicated form of audio signaling, he cautions that they show none of the hallmarks of human language (such as encompassing limitless concepts or freedom from emotion).

He also mentions attempts to apply information theory – a branch of mathematics – to the information contained in dolphin whistles, citing others who question whether information theory is even appropriate for animal communication.

Gregg emphasizes that dolphins certainly display many impressive cognitive abilities – but that many other animals do as well. However his animals of choice aren’t altogether flattering: in the first chapter he insinuates that by many metrics chickens are as cognitively capable as dolphins. And later, conceding that dolphins can understand television screens, he writes: “Jumping spiders, with their eight eyes and brains so big for their body size that they spill over into their legs, seem equally as skilled.”

Gaining Traction? - It’s important to note that researchers like Manger are in the small minority among researchers who have examined dolphin cognition. Furthermore, even Gregg tries to distance himself from the idea that dolphins are mediocre, rather saying that other animals are cleverer than we thought.

But though it’s unpopular, perhaps the dull (or at least unexceptional) dolphin theory at least deserves consideration. Even Gordon Gallup, the behavioral neuroscientist who first used mirrors to evaluate whether primates are self-aware, expresses doubts about the dolphin’s capacity for this humanlike ability.

“The evidence for mirror self recognition in dolphins is tenuous. It’s not substantive,” Gallup told me in 2011. “[Videos taken during the experiment] are far less compelling in my opinion. They’re suggestive but hardly definitive.”

Arguments against dolphin exceptionalism boil down to three basic ideas. One, as Manger seems to press, is that dolphins simply aren’t any smarter than any other animal. Two, it’s difficult to compare any one species against another. And three, there simply isn’t enough good research on the topic to make solid conclusions.

In Are Dolphins Really Smart? Gregg himself isn’t able to do much to answer his own question beyond “Yes, they’re pretty smart.” They cannot teleport or do high-level mathematics, but we knew that. And don’t plan on getting any kind of warning before the world is obliterated by intergalactic bulldozers.

Erik Vance is a science writer based in Mexico City. He writes about the environment, brain science, and occasionally hamster sex. Read more of his writing at the Last Word on Nothing.

Image by Elena Larina / ShutterstockQuestions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. What is the traditional thought about dolphins’ intelligence?2. Who was John Lilly and what did he propose?3. Since his research ended, what kinds of things have dolphins been found to do?4. Who is Justin Gregg and what is he proposing?5. Who is Paul Manger and what has he found?6. What arguments does Gregg put forth about dolphin behavior?7. Do most dolphin scientists believe these theories?8. What is mirror self recognition? Do dolphins have this ability?9. In at least 2 sentences , what side of the argument are you on? Why?

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WEEK 2: Plenty of Water, but Little to DrinkBy CORNELIA DEANEarth, “the blue planet,” has a lot of water. Most of the planet’s surface is covered with it. But less than 5 percent of that water is fresh, and much of that is locked up in ice sheets or inconveniently far underground. And it is not always most abundant where it is most needed.

As a result, we are drawing on underground aquifers faster than they can recharge. And the water we have is often polluted by sewage, industrial waste, parasites and other contaminants that can make “natural” water unsafe to drink.

In short, as James Salzman puts it in “Drinking Water,” one of four new books that dive into our species’ relationship with water, clean supplies have always been the exception, not the norm. As recently as 1900, he writes, 1 in 70 Americans died of a waterborne disease before age 70.

Though he ranges widely, Mr. Salzman, who teaches law and environmental studies at Duke, focuses on what one might call social justice. Access to water may be viscerally regarded as a “right,” but he points out that the best way to ensure a reliable supply of pure water, especially in poor regions, is often to privatize it.

Water management has been critical to economic, social and cultural development for thousands of years, Steven Mithen tells us in “Thirst.” An archaeologist at the University of Reading in England, Dr. Mithen covers a vast portion of the ancient world: water storage in ancient Sumeria, the terra cotta pipes of classical Athens and the aqueducts of Rome, the “hydraulic city” of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the water-allocation policies of the Maya.

His tone is academic and at times highly technical, but he builds to a striking conclusion. Though we may think that the rise of complex social and economic networks enabled ancient cultures to manage their water, the reverse may well be true: only when a society had reliable access to water could it turn itself into an economic or cultural power.

If some ancient empires acquired their water by conquest, so, in its way, did a much later empire: New York City. In “Empire of Water,” David Soll describes how the city transformed its notoriously unsanitary water system in the early 20th century by buying up watersheds in the Catskill Mountains and building a large network of reservoirs, pipes, tanks, sampling stations and other devices that delivers a billion gallons a day of excellent water into the city’s homes and businesses.

For Dr. Soll, a historian who focuses on water issues in his work at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, this past is fraught with political deal making, hubris, unintended consequences and government overreach. But in the end, “the willingness of Catskill residents and city officials to embark on the world’s most expensive and ambitious watershed management program after almost a century of bitter conflict” offers hope that the goals of sensible water management and environmental progress “are not as elusive as they may seem.” As for waste, a first step in avoiding it is to recognize how much water we use each day, counting not just water for flushing, bathing, washing and watering the lawn, but also the water use embedded in the food we eat, the products we buy and the electricity that powers our lives.

How much is that? A lot, according to Wendy J. Pabich’s “Taking On Water.”

Dr. Pabich, an environmental scientist and water activist who lives in a dry region of Idaho, says the average American uses 100 times as much water as, say, the typical Mozambican — a level of waste brought home to her when she realized she and her husband were using thousands of gallons each month to irrigate their garden.

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Her book recounts their effort to cut back their water habit, by a lot. Along the way, she discovers how much water is lost to leakage in the United States — a trillion gallons a year — and how low its price is related to its value and growing scarcity.

At times Dr. Pabich’s environmental correctness can be wearying. And her suggestions for reducing water use are mostly self-evident: fix leaks, install low-flow toilets and water-miser washers, turn off the shower while you lather, and so on.

But she also supplies a chart detailing the “water footprint” of various commodities. For example, it takes 22.8 gallons of water to produce, package and ship a single egg. A pound of beef requires 183 gallons. By contrast, strawberries come in at 3.6 gallons per cup, and it takes only 1.3 gallons of water to produce a tomato.

The results of her experiment are both gratifying and alarming. She and her husband did cut their water use in half, but that took them only to the level that residents of places like Japan or Poland routinely achieve.

Perhaps, she and others write, people would think more about water if it were priced differently. Cheap water may reflect a widespread view that access to clean water is a natural right that everyone, rich or poor, should enjoy.

Is that the approach most likely to bring clean water to the most people? Maybe not. “Clean water is no longer a free gift of nature,” Dr. Soll writes. It is “a shared resource that can be preserved only through judicious investments and active engagement.”

Questions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. What percentage of water is drinkable? 2. Where is most of this water found?3. What does Salzman state about clean water?4. Mithen’s book has a more historical leaning. What does he state about water sources from the past?5. What does David Sol say about New York’s relationship with water?6. What comments does Dr. Pabich make about American’s consumption of water?7. What solutions are proposed by Dr. Pabich?8. How much water does it take to package an egg? To raise a pound of beef? To grow a tomato?9. In at least 2 sentences , discuss your thoughts about these water facts and how it may affect you.

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WEEK 3: Zoos Try to Ward Off a Penguin KillerBy DONALD G. McNEIL Jr.

Zoos all around the world love penguins. They’re cute, they don’t require much space, they never eat zookeepers. And children adore watching them, especially at feeding time.

But as carefree as they might look, torpedoing through the water or rocketing into the air like a Poseidon missile, zoo penguins are stalked by an unrelenting killer: malaria.

“It’s probably the top cause of mortality for penguins exposed outdoors,” said Dr. Allison N. Wack, a veterinarian at the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, which is building a new exhibit that will double its flock to a hundred birds. If left untreated, the disease would probably kill at least half the birds it infected, though outbreaks vary widely in intensity.

The avian version is not a threat to humans because mosquitoes carrying malaria and the parasites are species-specific; mosquitoes that bite birds or reptiles tend not to bite mammals, said Dr. Paul P. Calle, chief veterinarian for the Wildlife Conservation Society, which runs New York City’s zoos. And avian malaria is caused by strains of the Plasmodium parasite that do not infect humans.

But for penguins in captivity, the threat is so great that many zoos dose their birds in summer with pills for malaria, said Dr. Richard Feachem, director of global health at the University of California, San Francisco.

Last year, six Humboldt penguins in the London Zoo died of malaria.

London is also where the first case of penguin malaria was diagnosed almost a century ago; it was found in a King penguin in 1926.

Since then, there have been many outbreaks of avian malaria, including at zoos in Baltimore, South Korea, Vienna and Washington, D.C.

The last major American one was at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines during the hot, wet summer of 1986. From May to September of that year, 38 of the 46 Magellanic penguins the zoo had just imported from Chile succumbed.

They died despite the efforts of the National Animal Disease Center in nearby Ames, Iowa. Veterinarians made the correct diagnosis from symptoms even though parasites were not found in blood samples until late in the outbreak. The birds died despite being put on a two-drug prophylactic cocktail of the sort that a tourist to Africa might take.

While human malaria is a scourge of the tropics, killing an estimated 660,000 people a year, it has largely been chased out of the world’s temperate regions. But animal and bird variants of the disease are widespread.

“Whether you are a pigeon or a mouse or a lizard or an elephant, you have your own malaria,” Dr. Feachem said.

Avian malaria is endemic everywhere except in the cold polar regions and on some Pacific islands where the right mosquitoes have never established themselves. (However, it is a new and growing threat in Hawaii, where it is devastating the honeycreeper population.)

Through long exposure, most bird species have built up a natural resistance. “But penguins have a problem,” said Christine Sheppard, a former chief of ornithology at the Bronx Zoo, “because they come from habitats without mosquitoes.”

Not all penguins hail from the frigid South Pole. Some nest on beaches where the daytime temperatures can reach 110 degrees. But all come from places so arid as to be considered deserts, so they do not face mosquitoes at home.

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“We get maybe one mosquito a year at Punta Tombo,” said P. Dee Boersma, a University of Washington biologist who for 30 years has studied Magellanic penguins on a hot, dry stretch of Argentine coast.

She has found antibodies to malaria in some birds, she said, and assumes that they were bitten during their winter migration to coastal Brazil but survived.

“They go north for Mardi Gras,” she said.

Different zoos take different protective measures.

The Maryland Zoo, Dr. Wack said, believes in letting its birds build a natural immunity — something humans can also do, if they survive repeated childhood bouts of malaria.

All newly arrived penguins “go on the bleed list,” she said. Their blood is drawn once a week, and if parasites are found, they are given malaria drugs. Since it takes about 13 days for symptoms to develop, most do not get sick. After two summers, they normally have enough antibodies to let them survive an infection.

New York City zoos use the same methods most other zoos do.

The King, Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins at the Central Park Zoo in Manhattan are safe because they are exhibited in a giant walk-in refrigerator; trespassing mosquitoes don’t last long.

Magellanics at the Bronx Zoo live in an outdoor habitat modeled on Punta Tombo, and the African black-footed penguins at the aquarium on Coney Island live in an exhibit vaguely resembling their home, the beaches around Cape Town, South Africa.

The Bronx Zoo conducts a fierce but natural war on mosquitoes, Dr. Sheppard said. Its ponds are stocked with larvae-eating fathead minnows. Standing water is drained, or where it collects, it is dosed with Bacillus thuringiensis, an insect-killing bacterium.

At the London Zoo, birds are given lavender for nesting material, and their pens are sprayed with lavender oil, which is thought to repel mosquitoes.

And at most zoos other than Maryland’s, the birds get a daily dose of primaquine or chloroquine, the same medicines that were the first choice for humans suffering from malaria from about 1950 to about 2000,during which time human-infecting parasites in many countries developed resistance. The medicines still work on bird-infecting parasites.

As it turns out, it is easier to get penguins to take their medicine than it is to get children to.

“You stick the pill in a fish and train the birds to come up and take it,” Dr. Sheppard said. “The keepers can tell which one is which by looking at their spots. That’s critical, because every one has to get a daily dose. You can’t let the bully bird get all the treats.”

Questions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. What reasons does the author give for why zoos like to keep penguins?2. What is the “killer” the author is speaking of?3. Is this type harmful to humans? Why?4. What kind of history does London have with the disease?5. What happened in Blank Park Zoo?6. Where is this kind of malaria not found? Why?7. Why are penguins at higher risk for the disease?8. How does the Maryland Zoo deal with the disease? New York? London?9. How do keepers get the Penguins to take the medicine?10. Which method do you think is the best that the zoos use to treat their penguins?

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WEEK 4: Entrepreneurs Fight for the Future of Fish—Beginning With the Bottom Line

Sea to Table is a boutique distributor working with small fishermen such as the one pictured, and is one of the many small businesses working toward seafood sustainability with the support of Future of Fish.

Photograph courtesy Christopher Nicolson

Brian Handwerk

For National Geographic

This story is part of a special series on Ocean Innovations.

Future of Fish is a nonprofit that is helping entrepreneurs who hope to reinvent the seafood industry by attacking problems throughout the long 

supply chains used by today's industrialized fisheries.

"We hope to change incentives for behavior in the industry so it's no longer profitable to overfish and to fish non-sustainably," founder Cheryl Dahle explained. "And we're looking to reward sustainable behavior with a better price."

The effort begins with making information more available, properly identifying fish, and tracking it all the way from sea to plate. Today's consumers have little idea where, when, or how most of their fish was caught. In fact, genetic studiesshow they often don't even know what kind of fish they are really buying.

"Estimates vary but some 30 to 70 percent of the fish sold in the United States is mislabeled," Dahle said. "If fish is mislabeled you don't have a real choice to eat the right kind of fish. Until the marketplace becomes transparent you can't value fish for where it came from or how it was caught—and those are two main pillars of sustainability."

At the same time, many popular fish species like orange roughy and bluefin tuna have collapsed under fishing pressure. Some studies suggest that today's populations of large ocean fish are at just 10 percent of their preindustrial levels. Some scientists warn that all fisheries could be in collapse by 2050.

However, many fish populations have shown an ability to rebound if they are managed. Tough regulations often encounter pushback, but Future of Fish hopes to drive adoption by making them better for business. "Our approach is not a substitute for policy changes," Dahle said. "But we're trying to re-engineer the incentives through the ways fish are traded every day."

Improving Supply Chains

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Future of Fish's entrepreneurial partners work with processors and distributors to improve sustainable practices, both for frozen fish and fresh.

"The truth is that fresh is not a regulated term," Dahle added. "It's defined as not frozen or smoked, but fresh is in the nose of the salesman. Often what you are buying as fresh fish may be 30 days old. If people knew more about fish distribution they would understand the value of buying fish that was landed just days before they eat it as opposed to weeks."

One company Dahle works with is using tag technology to track the temperature of fish as it moves through the supply chain, to better monitor quality—this is especially important when it comes to sushi-grade products.

"Once you have tracking technology imbedded in fish you also have a perfect traceability chain," Dahle added. "Was this tuna part of a catch using fish aggregating devices? Was it caught legally? You can start to track some of these things that really matter for sustainability."

Consumer Buy-In

Dahle is confident that many consumers are concerned enough about the health of our oceans to pay a premium for sustainably caught product. But she also stresses that, once they are being rewarded, such practices can spread throughout the larger seafood market as well.

"Not all coffee is Fair Trade, but the advent of Fair Trade has changed and improved the practices of a much larger portion of the supply chain, including large buyers like Dunkin' Donuts," said Dahle. "The premium, sustainable market doesn't have to be the largest percentage of the market to have a big influence."

But the sustainable market does have plenty of room for growth, she added, which could mean less pressure on ailing fish stocks.

"There is no reason why you can't take [sustainably caught] Alaskan salmon, and portion it properly and sell it at a price point that can be served in a fish taco," Dahle said. "It's absolutely possible to do sustainable, affordable fish."Questions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. What is Future of Fish?2. What is the organization’s first step?3. What does Dahle call the “two main pillars of sustainability”?4. What are two fish that are suffering from over fishing?5. What does the market define “fresh” as? What does the author think it means?6. What is one solution Dahle is working on?7. What is Dahle assuming about the consumers?8. What is Dahle comparing his work to?9. How do you feel about this initiative? Would you go to the effort to support sustainable fishing? What if it

meant the fish cost a little more money? (Answer in at least 2 sentences)

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WEEK 5: Reducing Seabird Bycatch in Russian Fisheries

WWF is working with Russian fisheries to reduce bycatch of birds.

Photograph by Yuri ArtukhinBrian Clark HowardNational GeographicThis story is part of a special series on Ocean Innovations.

The Kamchatka Peninsula juts out from eastern Siberia, where it is bounded by the Sea of Okhotsk to the west and the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea to the east. "The Sea of Okhotsk and 

western Bering Sea are very rich in marine life and fairly pristine," explained Heather Brandon, a senior fisheries officer for the Arctic region at WWF (World Wildlife Fund).

"Lots of animals go there to mate and rear their young, from marine mammals to fish," she said.

Kamchatka has only 322,000 people in an area roughly the size of Japan, and it is largely undeveloped, although there have been creeping threats to its marine environment, according to Brandon. These include oil and gas drilling, mining, laying of pipelines across sensitive salmon streams, illegal fishing, and an industrial fishery "that is only just beginning to participate in the global marketplace and adapt to global industry standards," said Brandon.

During the Soviet era, Kamchatka was largely isolated from much of the world, and the region has been slow to open up. "The idea of sustainable fishing is relatively new there," she added.

Now, WWF is working to educate Kamchatka fishermen about the latest sustainable technologies and connect them to interested buyers around the world. "In Russia money talks, and we have demonstrated that if they use sustainable practices they will make more money," said Brandon.

Hook, Line, and Streamer

Brandon is working with a team led by Sergey Rafanov, the Kamchatka field office director of WWF Russia, to help fishermen in the region reduce bycatch of seabirds, especially the short-tailed albatross. "They are incredible birds. They can lock their wings so they aren't flapping but glide over the ocean, spending very little energy, but dipping down to grab a fish or squid," said Brandon.

The short-tailed albatross can glide over the waves for thousands of miles, but it is considered endangered in its North Pacific home, in part because early 20th-century collectors hunted it for its feathers.

To reduce albatross and other seabird bycatch, WWF convinced a local fishing company to attach streamers to its boats. "We showed they could save $800,000 a year and reduce bycatch by over 80 percent," said Brandon.

To set streamers, fishermen run nylon line from the boat to a buoy that is about 150 feet (46 meters) behind. Strips of plastic tubing are then hung from that line. "Seabirds see that as a wall; they don't think they can dive through that," said Brandon. Farther down the fishing line, the hooks sink deep enough that the birds don't dive for the bait.

Reducing seabird bycatch puts more money in a fisherman's pocket, explained Brandon, because it reduces the number of hooks that get their bait stripped by hungry birds or that have snagged birds instead of fish. Streamers therefore increase the opportunity to land valuable fish. Streamers are already common among 

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longline fishermen off Alaska, thanks to U.S. federal mandates, but they were little known in the Russian Far East.

Several Russian fishing companies are interested in learning more about the streamers, "especially if that opens up new sustainable seafood markets to them or they can save money," said Brandon. "The hard part is getting captains and crew to consistently deploy the streamers because it is extra work for them, so we have to maintain a relationship with them and also with the company leadership."

Reducing Drift-Net Bycatch

Another potential incentive for reducing bycatch is a Russian law that imposes a fine for killing protected marine mammals and seabirds. However, enforcement of the law requires government observers on vessels and an accounting of bycatch rates, both of which have been lacking in Kamchatka, according to Brandon.

Another fishery in the region that uses large-scale drift nets produces high rates of bycatch, said Brandon. That gear is prohibited in the U.S. and on the high seas, but in eastern Russia ships can set out multiple drift nets that are each two and a half miles (four kilometers) long, for a total length of 20 miles (32 kilometers) of net per boat. They sit at the surface and go down about 26 to 32 feet (8 to 10 meters) deep and function essentially as a wall of netting, catching everything that swims into them.

"If boats don't come check them quickly, everything that gets caught dies," said Brandon. "Seals, porpoises, sea lions, fish, seabirds, they are all usually not released alive. WWF Russia refers to large-scale drift-netting as Walls of Death."

The practice kills an estimated 150,000 seabirds and 1,000 to 3,000 marine mammals per year in the region, she said.

"If the Russian government would apply their existing fine structure to this fishery they would charge about $9 million in penalties, making this fishery unprofitable," said Brandon. She added that WWF's goal is to compile accurate statistics on the current levels of bycatch and present them to Russian regulators.

Questions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. Where is the Kamchatka Peninsula?2. Describe the Sea of Okhotsk.3. What are some of the threats the area has been seeing recently?4. In what way is the WWF helping fishermen there?5. What is the WWF trying to keep fishermen from catching?6. Describe the albatross.7. What is the solution for the fishermen? Why does it help them?8. Describe the policy of drift net catching in Russia and the USA.9. Do these laws work?10. Do you think the WWF can help the fishermen reduce their bycatch?

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WEEK 6: Sea Levels Rising Fast on U.S. East CoastNot clear whether human-caused global warming is to blame, experts say.

The last house on Holland Island, Maryland, where 360 people lived before tides took over (file picture).

Photograph by Astrid Riecken for the Washington Post/Getty ImagesCharles Q. Choifor National Geographic News

Sea level rise on the U.S. East Coast has accelerated much faster than in other parts of the world—roughly three to four times the global average, a new study says.

Calling the heavily populated region a sea level rise hot spot, researchers warn that cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore could face a more flood-prone future.

Sea levels worldwide are expected to rise as global warming melts ice and causes water to expand. Those levels, though, are expected to vary from place to place, due to factors such as ocean currents, differences in seawater temperature and saltiness, and the Earth's shape.

Now it seems scientists have pinpointed just such a variance.

Analyzing tide-level data from much of North America, U.S. Geological Survey scientists unexpectedly found that sea levels in the 600-mile (1,000-kilometer) stretch of coast from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the Boston area climbed by about 2 to 3.8 millimeters a year, on average, between 1950 and 2009.

Global sea level rise averaged about 0.6 to 1 millimeter annually over the same period.

"If you talk with residents of this hot spot area in their 70s or 80s who've lived there all their lives, they'll tell you water is coming higher now in winter storms than it ever did before," said study co-author Peter Howd, an oceanographer contracted with the USGS.

"We're now finally getting to the point where we can measure their observations with our highfalutin scientific instruments."

Flood of Data

At New York City, the team extrapolated, sea levels could rise by 7.8 to 11.4 inches (20 to 29 centimeters) by 2100—in addition to the roughly 3 feet (1 meter) of average sea level rise expected worldwide by then. For residents of New York and cities up and down the eastern seaboard, those numbers should become a lot more than ink on paper.

"The first thing people will see from this is an increase over the next few decades in the low-level coastal flooding that occurs now with wintertime storms," Howd said.

"Eventually you'll see coastal flooding events three to four times a year instead of once every three to four years."

But it's not just cities that are expected to suffer.

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"The northeast coast of the U.S. is flat," said climate modeler Jianjun Yin at the University of Arizona, who did not participate in this research. "Even gradual sea level rise could cause rapid retreat of shoreline and significant loss of wetland habitats."

Mysteries of East Coast Sea Level Rise

It's still something of a mystery why the U.S. East Coast is bearing the brunt of sea level rise. Maybe, the researchers say, fresh water from Greenland's melting ice is disrupting North Atlantic currents, slowing the Gulf Stream and causing East Coast sea levels to rise.

It's also unclear to what extent humans may be to blame.

"This could be part of a natural cycle maybe 100 to 200 years long. Or not," study co-author Howd said. "We need more data over years to help build climate models and greater understanding."

The team cautions too that the East Coast may not be alone.

"We're now looking into extending our analysis to see if hot spots in sea level rise show up in other places around the globe," said USGS oceanographer Kara Doran, who co-authored the study, published June 24 by the journal Nature Climate Change.

Nothing to See Here?

The new findings come at a particularly interesting political moment in one of the states in the sea level hot zone.

Concerned over regulations that could result from recent sea level rise forecasts, some North Carolina legislators have drafted a bill requiring that future state sea level forecasts be based on only past patterns.

"Trying to ban the use of the best science for sea level predictions is absurd," said University of Pennsylvania coastal geologist Ben Horton, who wasn't part of the new study.

NASA climate scientist Josh Willis agreed, adding that such efforts "are sort of a case of human nature trying to outwit Mother Nature, and Mother Nature usually wins that battle of wits.

"It's really shortsighted to assume that the next hundred years of sea level rise are going to be like the last hundred years," Willis added. "We're already seeing glaciers and ice sheets melt more quickly, and the ocean absorbing more heat and expanding—things that drive sea level rise."

Questions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. What are scientists calling the East Coast?2. What is the direct cause of sea level rise?3. What is the specific part of the East Coast that scientists are saying will have flooding problems?4. How did they come to their conclusion?5. How will citizens see these changes, according to scientists?6. What is one theory of why the East Coast will see more dramatic sea level rise?7. What is North Carolina trying to ban?8. In at least 3 sentences , what do you think about this issue? Do you think it will affect where you live? How do

you feel about North Carolina’s ban?

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WEEK 7: Snorkeling science teacher finds 18-foot oarfish off Calif.’s Catalina Island‘Nobody’s going to believe me,’ thought Jasmine Santana, 26, of the Catalina Island Marine Institute as she decided to remove the fabled dead fish from the ocean. With the help of other instructors, the fish, thought to be the sea serpent of sailing legends, was brought to shore.

BY MICHAEL WALSH   / NEW YORK DAILY NEWSCOURTESY OF THE CATALINA ISLAND MARINE

INSTITUTE

Staff and students from the Catalina Island Marine Institute pose with the massive creature, which they hope to bury on the beach so that other animals will eat away its flesh and allow them to display its skeleton.The dread of the ancient mariner is the dream of the marine biologist.

A science instructor at the Catalina Island Marine Institute in California discovered a rare 18-foot oarfish while leisurely snorkeling Sunday afternoon. The oarfish, the longest bony fish species, is rarely seen — dead or alive — and many believe it is the explanation for mythical sea serpent sightings of eras past.

Jasmine Santana, 26, discussed the once-in-a-lifetime find with the Daily News, starting with when she spotted the dead fish on the sandy floor of Toyon Bay.

"I was thinking, 'What could this be?' It's so big! We usually don't have anything that long in our bay. … We snorkel here almost daily, so it's crazy to find this," she said.

Santana got nervous, and her heart started beating faster as she realized it was an oarfish because she had seen a rare video of a smaller one.

"I don't have my camera with me. Nobody's going to believe me!" she thought, swimming around the fish to make sure it was dead. She swam to shore to get a pair of gloves and returned to the silvery fish.

First, she tried to lift it by the head, which was too heavy, so she grabbed it by the tail and managed to propel herself toward the surface. It was too heavy for her to get onto the shore, but fortunately other instructors, who were returning from a boat trip at the time, rushed over to help.

"About 15 more of the staff got down to lug it out and bring it on shore," said Jeff Chace, a CIMI program director. "I've been here for a little over 10 years, and I've not seen one at all."

CIMI's longest-serving employee, Mark Johnson, has worked at Toyon Bay for 32 years, and he, too, has never seen anything like it.

Page 14: WEEK 2: Plenty of Water, but Little to Drinkblogs.spsk12.net/7925/files/...articles-2015-all.docx · Web viewWEEK 1: Are Dolphins Not as Smart as We Thought? By Crux Guest Blogger

Oarfish, which can reach 56 feet in length, live in temperate to tropical waters but are thought to dive more than 3,000 feet down into the darker depths of the ocean, which has rendered their behavior largely unobserved and unstudied.

Owing to this, an aura of mystery still shrouds the oarfish, but it’s nothing when compared with its reputation centuries ago.

"People always wondered if old-time sailors saw this unusual animal in the ocean and wondered if it was some kind of sea serpent," Chace said.

"It used to scare people," Santana added. "It is believed that oarfish is what the (sea serpent) stories were based off because of its long tapered body."

Far from the ferocious monsters of legend, the oarfish has a physiology that suggests it is relatively harmless, Santana explained. It does not have a sharp, big jaw like many other ocean predators, but scientists simply do not know enough about it … yet.

CIMI sent tissue samples and footage to Milton Love, a fish expert with the University of California at Santa Barbara, for analysis.

The oarfish is currently on ice, but Chace wants to bury it on the beach in the hope that other animals will eat away its remaining tissue so that CIMI can display its skeleton.

Questions – Answer in complete sentences OR write the questions and then the answer!

1. What was found off of California’s coast? Who found it?2. What is special about this fish?3. How did she bring it to shore? Why was it difficult?4. Describe the habitat of the fish.5. What legend surrounds this fish?6. Is the fish thought to be dangerous? Why/Why not?7. What plans does the team have for the fish?8. In at least 3 sentences , describe how you would have felt if you were the teacher. Would you be more excited

if you were discovering some other type of creature (bug, mammal, plant)? Would you have done what the teacher did?


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