(Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship

8/22/2019 (Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship

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INTERPERSONAL

RELATIONSHIPS (IR)


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The concept of IR

It is a relatively long-term association

between two or more people

This association may be based on emotions

like love and liking, regular businessinteractions, or some other type of social

commitment.


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Healthy and unhealthy relationship

Research on IR focuses on those

relationships that are close, intimateand interdependent (i.e., the behavior

of each affects the outcomes of the

other)

The concept of IR


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Close relationship is always related to

love, trust, commitment, caring,

stability, attachment, meaningful and

significant


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Majority of work on relationship has

focused on taking the pulse of therelationship (the assessment of

interrelated but distinct concepts, such as

quality, stability, happiness andcommitment)


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Types of Relationship

IR take place in a great variety of

contexts, such as family, friends,

marriage, work, clubs andneighborhoods.


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Interpersonal relationships include kinshipand family relations in which people

become associated by genetics or

consanguinity. These include such roles as father,

mother, son, or daughter.


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Relationships can also be established by

marriage, such as husband, wife, father-in-law, mother-in-law, uncle by marriage, or

aunt by marriage.

They may be formal long-termrelationships recognized by law and

formalized through public ceremony, such

as marriage orcivil union.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_relationshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage


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They may also be informal long-termrelationships such as loving relationships

or romantic relationships with or without

living together.

In these cases the "other person" is often

called lover, boyfriend, orgirlfriend.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_togetherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyfriendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_togetherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love


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Friendships consist of mutual liking, trust,

respect, and often even love and

unconditional acceptance. They usually

imply the discovery or establishment ofsimilarities or common ground between

the individuals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship


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Internet friendships and

pen-pals may take place at

a considerable physicaldistance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_friendship


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Brotherhood and sisterhood can refer to

individuals united in a common cause or

having a common interest, which mayinvolve formal membership in a club,

organization, association, society, lodge,

fraternity, orsorority.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sororityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood


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Partners or co-workers in a

profession, business, or common

workplace also have a long term

interpersonal relationship.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession


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Soulmates are individuals intimately drawn

to one another through a favorable

meeting of minds and who find mutual

acceptance and understanding with one

another.

Soulmates may feel themselves bonded

together for a lifetime and hence may

become sexual partners, but notnecessarily.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_of_mindshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_partnershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_partnershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_of_mindshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmate


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Platonic love is an affectionaterelationship into which the sexual

element does not enter, especially in

cases where one might easilyassume otherwise.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_love


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RELATIONSHIP PROCESS

COGNITIVE PROCESS

AFFECTIVE PROCESS

DISPOSITIONAL INFLUENCES


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COGNITIVE PROCESS

All relationships begin with two

people who are strangers to each

other

Impression formation of strangers is

of great consequence for

understanding relationships


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Our mind begins processing clues tothe strangers nature (e.g. persons

appearance)

Over time and many interactions, wemay come to know the person well


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Knowing another person

How we come to know another

person can be viewed as the process

by which we learn to accurately

predict how that person

Over time we may know some people

better than they know themselves


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ExpectanciesThe beliefs we hold about the

probable behavior of other people

and the probable occurrence ofother future events

Influence most human behavior


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Social expectancies vary along 4

dimensions1. Certainty

- the subjective level of probability

associated with the occurrence of thefuture event

2. Accessibility

the ease and speed with which the

expectancy comes to mind


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3. Explicitness

- refers to whether or not the individual is

consciously aware of holding the

expectancy

4. Importance-refers to the extent to which the expectancy

is relevant to the individuals needs, motives

or values


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Consciousness and the Minds

Activities The principal mission of cognitive

psychology is to understand the

psychological structure of the humanmind and the processes by which it

operates.

Typically, we are aware of only a few ofproducts of the minds work when they

appear in consciousness.


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William James (1890) characterized

consciousness as the ultimate mystery

for psychologists to solve.

Cognitive psychologists now know that

intuition, gut feelings, chemistry and vibes

are manifestations of the workings of the

extraordinary efficient and powerful humanmind

Consciousness and the Minds

Activities


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Processing Social Information

Dual Process theories

How we process, store, and

access information about other

people

(see Figure 3.1)


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Automatic/Associate

Mode

Controlled/Rule-based

Mode

Unintentional Intentional

Uncontrollable Controllable

Inaccessible to

awareness

versus Accessible to

awareness Efficient (requires little

attention)

Effortful (requires

attention)

Accesses long term

memory system

Accesses long-term

and short-termmemory systems

Figure 3.1: Features of the Two Modes of Processing Social Information


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Automatic/Associative Information

Processing and Regularities in the Social

Environment

3 memorysystems

SHORT-TERM

Holds the objects

in system long

enough to work

on them

SENSORY

To register andbriefly retain

incoming information

from the sense

LONG-TERM MEMORY

Hold information we have stored for

long periods of time


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Long-term memory is also called asassociative memory system (Smith &

Decoster, 2000)

The associative memory system maypossess another important feature that

has many implications for relationship

phenomena


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Phase 1:

From the time they hatched,

baby chicks were fed corn on a

medium gray platter placed

next to a light gray platter.

Phase 2:

After a short while, the chicks

ignored the light gray platter

and quickly headed toward the

medium gray one at feeding

time.

Phase 3:

The experimenter removed the

light gray platter and replaced it

with a dark gray one. The

hungry chicks approached the

dark gray platter over the one

that had always held their

dinner

Figure 3.2: Kohlers (1929) experiment


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Controlled/Rule Based Information It is associated with conscious decision-

making and problem solving.

Often apply rules and strategies we have

learned or trying to learn.


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Fast-learning memory system

Integrate the slow learning, short term,

long-term and associative memory

system

Allows to remember a single occurrence

of an event


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Dual process theorists of social cognitionbelieved that we use the more demanding

and effortful controlled/rule based

processing under two conditions:

1. When we are highly motivated to make

accurate predictions about anothers behavior

2. When we have time to engage in effortful

processing


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FIRST IMPRESSIONS AND RELATIONSHIP

The first impressions are critical to the

relationship for at least 2 reasons:

1. Will determine whether there will be

subsequent interactions

2. If the interaction continues, the partners first

impression of each other will influence the

nature of their future interactions


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AFFECTIVE PROCESS

Emotions effect the relationships with

others

Emotions Feelings that generally have bothphysiological and cognitive elements that

influence behavior


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BASIC EMOTIONS

(anger, fear, disgust, surprise, joy, sadness)


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Close relationships are the setting

in which humans most frequently

experience intense emotion, bothpositive and negative


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The Function of Emotions

Preparing us for action

A link between events in our environment

and our responses

Shaping our future behavior

Act as reinforcement


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The Function of Emotions

Helping us to interact more effectively

with others

Act as a signal to observe, allowing

them to better understand what we are

experiencing and to predict our future

behavior


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THEORY OF EMOTIONS

James-Lange theory of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Schachter- Singer theory of

emotion


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James-Lange theory of emotion

James and Lange proposed that we

experience emotions as a results of

physiological changes that produce

specific sensations.

In turn, these sensations are interpreted

by the brain as particular kinds of

emotional experiences


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Emotional

Stimulus

Physiological

Arousal

Experienced

Emotion

Figure 3.3 : James-Lange theory of emotion: The emotional stimulus

(e.g., hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley)

produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart

rate), which then produces an experienced emotion (e.g.,fear)


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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

The major trust of the theory is to rejectthe view that physiological arousal aloneleads to the perception of emotion.

Instead, the theory assumes that bothphysiological arousal and the emotionalexperience are produced simultaneouslyby the same nerve stimulus, which

Cannon and Bard suggested emanatesfrom the brains thalamus


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Emotional

Stimulus

PhysiologicalArousal

Experienced

Emotion

Figure 3.4:

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: The emotional stimulus (e.g., hearing

footsteps behind you in a dark alley) activates the thalamus. The thalamus

sends 2 messages at the same time: 1 message to the cortex, which produces

an experience emotion (e.g., fear), and 1 message to the hypothalamus

autonomic nervous system, which produces physiological arousal (e.g.,

increased heart rate)


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Schachter- Singer theory of emotion

Focus on the role of cognition

They proposed that emotion has 2

components which are physiological

arousal and cognitive label

The cognitive label is like the channel

switch: It dictates which emotion will be felt


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Emotional

Stimulus

Physiological

ArousalCognitive Label

Experienced

Emotion

Figure 3.5: Schacter-Singer theory of emotion.

The emotional stimulus (e.g., hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley

produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate) and a cognitive

label, which produces an experienced emotion (e.g., fear)


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DISPOSITIONAL INFLUENCES

Certain dispositional properties (e.g.,

depression) of individual can influence the

both the quantity and quality of his or herinterpersonal relationships he or she forms

with others.


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The interaction between 2 persons is

influenced by their properties and

situation

Interaction = f (Situation, properties

of A, properties of B)

(Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003)


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Maleness and Femaleness

The attributes of maleness and

femaleness both biological sex and

psychological gender are associatedwith a variety of relational

experiences and outcomes


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Examples: Emphatic Accuracy : women > men

Coping behavior : womenmen

Self-Disclosure and Intimacy : womenmen Physical and verbal aggression: men> women


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Theoretical Explanations for Sex

Differences

Two general categories

1. Social factors

Sex differences in social behavior

because of social learning andsocialization

2. Biological or genetic influences

Differential male and female biology,including neurotransmitter activity and sexhormone levels.


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Personality traits, chronicaffective states, needs or motives,

and interpersonal belief systems

also seem to play a role inrelationship initiation and

maintenance


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BEHAVIOR

Broadly defined as covert responses

and overt responses that are

observable and measurable

A behavior is considered observable

when it can be seen and measurable

when it can be counted


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Human behavioris influenced by

Culture

Attitudes

Emotions

Values

EthicsAuthority

Rapport

Persuasion

Coercion

Genetics


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Behavior doesnt automatically or

inevitably follow internal

processes such as thought and

feelings Human behavior depends on

meaning


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One important type of meaning

links an action to goal

A goal is an idea of somedesired future state

A goal tells you how to pursueand uphold your values

Goal, Plans, Intentions


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A persons goals reflect the influence

of both inner processes and culturalfactors

Culture sets out a variety of possiblegoals, and people choose among

them depending on their personal

wants and needs and also on theirimmediate circumstances


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Pursuing goals includes planningand carrying out the behaviors to

reach goals.

Both conscious and automaticsystems help in the pursuing

goals.


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People have goal hierarchies;

some goals are long term andsome are short

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(Week 4 and 5) Interpersonal Relationship

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