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Common Questions that F/S Analysis Can Help To Answer Creditor
Investor
Manager
Can the company pay the interest and principal on its debt? Does the company reply too much on non-owner financing?
Does the company earn an acceptable return on invested capital? Is the gross profit margin growing or shrinking? Does the company effectively use non-owner financing?
Are costs under control? Are the company’s markets growing or shrinking? Do observed changes reflect opportunities or threats? Is the allocation of investment across different assets too high or too low?
What we work with
Financial Statements Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows
Other Parts of the 10K (Annual Report) MD&A Notes to the financial statements
Ratio Analysis
Examining various income statement and balance sheet components in relation to one another facilitates financial statement analysis. This type of examination is called ratio analysis.
Garbage In
At this point we will assume the numbers are worth using without adjustment
Generally this is not a good assumption for a lot of analysis
Apples to applesPersistent and transitory
What is Good?
The company earned $2,000,000 Does that mean it had a good year? Does management deserve a big bonus? Would you, as a shareholder, be happy? How about the lenders?
Financial Statement Analysis
Across timeWithin industryWithin firm
Common size statements Ratio analysis
Comparisons Within the Financial StatementsCommon-size financial statements
(vertical analysis) Compare to a base amount
Ratio analysis Profitability ratios – Earnings potential Solvency and Liquidity ratios – Ability to pay
creditors Asset Management Ratios (Turnover) -
Efficiency Market ratios – Stock price versus accounting
Profitability Analysis
Return on Assets (ROA):
ROA = Net Income / Total Assets
For example, if we invest $100 in a savings account yielding $3 at year-end, the return on assets is 3%.
Gross Profit Margin
It allows a focus on average unit mark-ups A high gross profit margin is preferred to a
lower one, which also implies that a company has relatively more flexibility in product pricing.
Competition and product mix will affect it
Turnover
Turnover measures relate to the productivity of company assets. Such measures seek to answer the amount of capital required to generate a specific sales volume.
As turnover increases, there is less need for cash since cash outflow for assets to support the current sales volume is reduced.
Turnover ratios
Total assets Sales / Assets
Accounts receivable Sales / A/R
Inventory COGS / Inventory
Accounts Payable COGS / A/P
Financial Leverage and RiskLEV is the other component of
ROEIs Debt a bad thing?Given that increases in financial
leverage increase ROE, why are all companies not 100% debt financed?
Liquidity and Solvency Measures
Liquidity refers to cash: how much we have, how much is expected, and how much can be raised on short notice.
Solvency refers to the ability to meet obligations; primarily obligations to creditors, including lessors.
Current Ratio
Current ratio is simply current assets divided by current liabilities.
If we subtracted rather than divided we would have working capital
A very rough gauge of the ability to service short-term obligations.
What is a good number?
Quick Ratio
A refinement of the current ratio.Rather then using all current assets in the
numerator, we limit it to cash, marketable securities, and accounts receivable.
Why?
Solvency
Some combination of debt divided by either total assets or stockholders’ equity Long-term debt to assets Long-term debt to shareholders’ equity Total debt to assets Total debt to shareholders’ equity