- 1. Week 6 TUDOR ENGLAND History of British Social and
Culture
2. TUDOR ENGLAND
- When Henry VII defeated Richard III on the battlefield of
Bosworth, and, according to legend, found the crown of England
beneath a hedge, he started a dynasty that saw the blinkered Middle
Ages transformed into an age of enlightenment. Indeed, the reign of
Elizabeth I was a Golden Age: the age of Shakespeare, exploration
and elegance.
3. TUDOR
- Tudor is a name of the dynasty that occupied the throne of
England from 1485 to 1603. The house was founded by the Welsh
nobleman Owen Tudor, who married Catherine of Valois, the widow of
the English king Henry V.
- Their eldest son, Edmund Tudor, married Margaret Beaufort, a
descendant of John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III.
- In 1485 Edmund and Margaret's son, Henry, killed Richard III of
the house of York and became Henry VII, the first Tudor
monarch.
- The successive Tudor sovereigns were Henry VIII and his son and
two daughters, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I; the three died
childless.
- The Tudors reunited the country after a period of civil strife
and made the English church independent of the pope. They were
followed in royal succession by the Stuart family.
4. Henry VII
- Henry VIIs ascendancy to the throne of England in 1485 and his
marriage to Elizabeth of York a year later marked the end of the
Wars of the Roses, which had pitted the Yorks against Henrys
family, the Lancasters. This anonymous 16th-century portrait of
Henry VII is at the Royal Society of Arts in London.
5. Still about Henry VII
- Henry VII raised rents, forced nobles to pay heavy fines and
increased taxes.
- He treated his people with harshness and severity in order to
make them obey him.
- His death was followed with joy.
6. The Age of the Tudors
- It began in 1485 when Henry VII seized the throne of
England.
- The age lasted for over 100 years, until the death of Elizabeth
I in 1603.
- Britain underwent more peaceful and stable situation than ever
before.
- Though there were rebellions and wars between England, Scotland
and France, the turmoil experienced during the 15 thcentury had
ceased.
7. Henry VIII
- Hans Holbeins famous portrait of Henry VIII shows the Tudor
king as the quintessential Renaissance sovereign. Henry prided
himself on his education and his patronage of humanist scholars
such as Sir Thomas More, but his increasingly despotic behavior
left a more enduring image. He is most famous for founding the
Church of England and for having six wives, two of whom he had
beheaded.
8. 9. About Henry VIII
- Hes very different from his father (Henry VII).
- Hes tall, handsome and energetic.
- He liked hunting and was a fine swordman.
- Hes intelligent. He spoke four languages, played music and sang
well, and wrote ballads.
- He became a king by accident. His elder brother, Arthur, who
became an heir had died young.
- Prince Henry replaced him and married his widow, the Spanish
Princess, Catherine of Aragon.
- Henry VIII was blessed with palaces, wealth and immense power.
But, the only one that he desperately wanted was a son to become
king after him.
- Catherine of Aragon had given a birth to a son, but he
died.
10. Still about Henry VIII
- Catherine gave birth to three more sons between 1513 and 1514,
but none survived.
- Henry was a religious man. He believed that God was punishing
him, because the Bible stated that a man should not marry his
brothers wife.
- He considered his marriage with Catherine was sinful.
- In 1526 he fell in love with Anne Boleyn. But she didnt want to
be his mistress. She wanted Henry to divorce Catherine and marry
her.
- The pope disapproved the divorce. Then, Henry blamed his
Chancellor, Wolsey, and fired him.
- Henry began to ignore the Popes authority.
- In 1532, he forced priests to acknowledge him as the Head of
the English church.
11. Still about Henry VIII
- One year later, he appointed a new Archbishop, Thomas Cranmer,
who granted him a divorce from Catherine.
- Henry and Anne were secretly married, and Anne was crowned
queen.
- She gave birth to a girl, Princess Elizabeth, in September
1533.
- No sons came, and by 1536 Henry wanted to get rid of Anne. She
was accused of adultery, divorced and beheaded.
- Only days later the king married Jane Seymour and she gave him
a son.
- But, she fell ill and died. Henry had a son but no wife.
12. Henry married again
- Henry married three more times
- In 1539 he agreed to marry a German princess, Anne of Cleves
before he met her.
- Next, he married Catherine Howard who became queen in 1540 and
was beheaded for adultery in 1542.
- A year later, Henry married Catherine Parr who looked after his
children and nursed him through his final illness.
13. The English Reformation
- The reformation began when Henry VIII wanted to divorce his
wife, Catherine.
- Henry defied the Pope and declared himself the head of English
Church.
- He was declared Supreme Head of the English Church and
Clergy.
- All the payments used to go to the Pope, they then went to the
crown.
- The Treason Act in 1534 threatened with a death sentence on
anyone who denied Henrys power over the church.
14. The Rebellion began
- Monasteries, nunneries and religious houses were closed down,
dissolved and plundered by Henry.
- That made many people against Henry. Noblemen in Lincolnshire
and Northern England started a rebellion which spread across the
country.
- The rebels demanded an end to the destruction of the religious
houses and a return to rule by the Pope.
- Over 30,000 people took part in a Pilgrimage of Grace in
Yorkshire. Though it ended peacefully, Henry took revenge by
executing 250 of the leaders.
15. The New Monarch
- His nine year old son, Edward VI, inherited the crown.
- Edward VI was brought up as a Protestant.
- He did many destructions to churches images and artifacts
16. Edward VI
- King Edward VI of England, in whose reign the reform of the
Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant direction.
17. Catholic Restoration
- From 1553, under the reign of Henry's Roman Catholic
daughter,Mary I , the Reformation legislation was repealed and Mary
sought to achieve the reunion with Rome.
- Her first Act of Parliament was toretroactivelyvalidate Henry's
marriage to her mother and so legitimise her claim to the
throne.
- Achieving her objective was however, not straightforward. The
Pope was only prepared to accept reunion when church property
disputes had been settled, which, in practice, meant allowing those
who had bought former church property to keep it.
- 'Only when English landowners had secured their claims did
Julius III's representative arrive in November 1554 to reconcile
the realm'
18. The reformation continued
- Thus did Cardinal Pole arrive to become Archbishop of
Canterbury in Cranmer's place. Mary could have had Cranmer,
imprisoned as he was, tried and executed for treason - he had
supported the claims of Lady Jane Grey - but she had resolved to
have him tried for heresy. His recantations of his Protestantism
would have been a major coup for her. Unhappily for her, he
unexpectedly withdrew his recantations at the last minute as he was
to be burned at the stake, thus ruining her government's propaganda
victory.
19. Queen Mary I
- Queen Mary I of England restored the English allegiance to
Rome.
20. Elizabeth I
- Queen Elizabeth I of England reached a moderate religious
settlement which became controversial after her death.