Course Spatial Data Infrastructures

GRS21304 / K075219

Period 1 2003-2004

INTRODUCTION

Case ‘SDI-Use’

Week 6

6 October 2003 (10.30 –12.30)

Joep Crompvoets (+ Mary-Ellen Feeney)

Overview – SDIs & Decision Support

1. Introduction & Background 2. Decision Process

Availability Accessibility Applicability

3. Types of Decision-Making4. Supporting Decision Makers through

the SDI Hierarchy5. Examples & Discussion6. Introduction case ‘SDI-Use’

SDI is developed to enable ready access to spatial information

to support decision-making at different scales

for multiple purposes…

SDIs & Decision Support

The purpose of SDI is always to support some form of decision,

regardless of the application area

SDIs & Decision Support

spatial information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decision- making for many disciplines,

an estimated 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics or attributes,

What is significant about Spatial Decision-Making?

70-80 % cost of any GIS project is spent for data collection, maintenance,...

the same data sets will be collected by different agencies again & again.

Spatial Data & Information

Avoiding costly duplication of data c

collection & maintenance

& encouraging access to common & up-to-date data for all to use in their decision-making.

SDI Decision-Support Motivations

… … What is the significance of What is the significance of

this?this?

Facilitates the Decision Process

AND

Facilitates different Types of Decision- Making

SDI Decision-Support Capability

Data Management

Real World

Analysis

Users

Data Sources

Data Collection

Input of Data

Data Retrieval

& Analysis

Information for

decision-making

Take Action

SDI and The Decision Process

Availability

Accessibility

Applicability

Information for decision-making

Enabling action in the real world

The Decision Process

Spatial Data Infrastructure

SDI and the Decision Process

Number of Datasets

Data options for decision-making

SDI and The Decision Process

Available

to use in decision-making

Accessible

to the decision-maker

Applicable

to the problem using available technologies

Different Specialist & Process Knowledge e.g. biophysical &

socioeconomic systems

Science Management

Existing egs of problems to be addressed

Different FieldsLocations

Disciplines

Application Areas

Available for use in Decision-Making

Between departments & organisations

StakeholdersPolicies Skills and Training

Who ?

Incentives ?

Needs ?

Decision Makers

Decision Processes

Accessible to Decision Makers

Privacy

Pricing

Access

To find, download, use

data…

Usability, adaptability, user interfaces

Data

Models

Tools

Interface

Applicable to the Problem

For overlay & analysis

Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for decision support

Type, content, format, metadata,

language, availability, volume

etc.

Data

BiophysicalSocioeconomic

metadata and meta models

Models

Applicable to the Problem

For overlay & analysis

GIS - statistics, maths, visualization,

wayfinding algorithms etc.

Tools

Graphical user interfaces, visual

programming languages,

HTML, XML, GML, web based

technology etc.

Interface

Usability, adaptability,

user interfaces

Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for

decision support

Data

ModelsGIS

Interface

Applicable to the Problem – E.G.

The combination of basic data, yield modelling, & human demand & location analysis provides a way to evaluate food security

+

Grain Yield Prediction

Demographic & Economic

Soils, Climate, Topography etc.

Where people live & Grain demand for these settlements etc.

Facilitates the Decision Process

AND

Facilitates different Types of Decision-Making

SDI Decision-Support Capability

SDI Development

SDI is an initiative intended to enable

all spatial data stakeholders

to cooperate with each other & interact with technology

in an effective and efficient way

to better achieve their objectives

within an administrative or political level

SDI Development

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Corporate SDI

Less detailed dataLess detailed data

More detailed Data

The principle objective for any stakeholder is to support their decision-making.

More detailed dataMore detailed data

What types of Decision-Making ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types:

Strategic Management or Tactical Operational

What types of Decision-Making ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types:

StrategicManagement or TacticalOperational

Strategic decision-making is concerned with long-term goals & policies for resource allocation/management to meet defined objectives

What types of Decision-Making ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types:

StrategicManagement or TacticalOperational

Tactical decision-making is concerned with the acquisition & efficient utilization of resources to achieve defined goals

What types of Decision-Making ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types:

StrategicManagement or TacticalOperational

Operational decision-making is concerned with the effective & efficient use of resources for execution of specific tasks

Types of Decision-Making

More structuredMore structured

More UnstructuredMore Unstructured

Tactical/Managerial Strategic Operational

Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integrationRequires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration

Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for

modeling & forecasting

Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for

modeling & forecasting

Types of Decision-Making

More structuredMore structured

More UnstructuredMore Unstructured

Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integrationRequires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration

Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for

modeling & forecasting

Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for

modeling & forecasting

StructuredStructured

UnstructuredUnstructured

Semi -Structured

Semi -Structured

computer-based systems support spatial decision-making through data

collection & management visualisation, analysis & integration modelling & forecasting

& allowing more effective & efficiently execution…

For example GIS, DSS

1970 1985 1995 2000 2005

GIS

Spatially Enabled Databases

Mobile Location-based Services & Solutions

Web-based DSSInternet GIS

Web-based Spatial Data Clearinghouses

Time

The development of increasingly complex spatial decision-support tools to assist in different types of decision-making is reported in A trend in Automated

Cartography (Kelmelis, 2001)

Types of Decision-Making

More structuredMore structured

More UnstructuredMore Unstructured

Tactical/Managerial Strategic Operational

Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integrationRequires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration

Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for

modeling & forecasting

Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for

modeling & forecasting

Emphasis is on analyzing relationships & representing how the

world looks/ reality & acting

Emphasis is on analyzing relationships & representing how the

world looks/ reality & acting

Emphasis is on modeling how the

world works/ potential realities &

planning

Emphasis is on modeling how the

world works/ potential realities &

planning

Types of Decision-Making

More structuredMore structured

More UnstructuredMore Unstructured

Increasing decision-making complexity

The number of criteria to be considered

The number of decision makers or people involved in the decision process

The location of decisions in time & space

What do we mean by Decision Complexity?

Strategic vs Managerial/Tactical vs Operational

With different levels of complexity

Utilizing a variety of decision-support tools

Why is it important that SDIs support different types of

decision-making?

To support the objectives of stakeholders making decisions at different administrative & political levels

Decision-Making & the SDI Hierarchy

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Corporate SDI

SDI LevelSDI Level

Strategic

Management/Tactical

Operational

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

SDI need to support different types of decision-making To support the objectives of & between different political & administrative levels in the SDI hierarchy.

Example 1:

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Strategic

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Management/ Tactical

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Operational

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Malaria Occurrence

Data

Continental Malaria

distribution Maps

Used for planning, intervention & prevention by

national & international health

officials

Malaria Seasonality

Data

Malaria Endemnicity

DataSpatial

Models on geographic distribution,

seasonality & endemnicity

Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa

Example 2: Food Insecurity in Africa

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Strategic

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Management/ Tactical

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Operational

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Estimates of animal/veg

amt & vigour

Satellite Imagery

17 countries participate in Famine Early Warning System

Market & condition

monitoring

Predictive rainfall/

weather data

Yield data

Example 3:

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Water Insecurity in Victoria

Strategic

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Management/ Tactical

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Operational

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Estimates of distribution & qty reserves

Fire risk, Drought risk, Export commitments (e.g. wheat)…etc.

Predictive rainfall/

weather dataRestriction

thresholds & implementation

Predictive consumption

Case SDI-Policy

DESCRIPTIONYesterday (5 October, 2003), a national disaster happened in Utopia. The East part of the country (Purgatory Town) was hit by an earthquake (7.8 on the scale of Richter). The whole area is in ruins. Thousands of people died and many more are injured. The local fire stations and hospitals are damaged and not operational. Since an implemented SDI is missing and local archives are ruined, access to data sources for (vital) geo-information about the area has become impossible.

Purgatory city

Today (8:00 AM), the Minister of State for the Interior received the "master plan" which your SDI-project team had submitted last Friday. During this week he will have several meetings  with your team about the proposals included that document, because next Friday he has to present and defend the national SDI master plan in the parliament. After having gone through your report a first time, he asks your team whether the suggested SDI (if implemented) would have suited the current needs of the emergency services for decision-making. In addition, he notices that in his opinion several potential SDI-users and their SDI-requirements are missing. He wants to receive a reply to his question and a revised list of potential users on the shortest possible term.

Assignment

Extend the current list of the potential SDI-users. Define for each of these the user requirements for decision-making. Trace, whether the proposed Utopia SDI, if available now, would have survived the earthquake, and if so, whether it could have supported the emergency services for their decision-making under the circumstances the earthquake has caused. Motivate your answer.

ObjectivesList the (emergency) users

Determine their main Level of hierarchy

Determine their SDI-requirements for decision-making

Analyze (proposed) Utopian SDI suitability to meet these requirements (especially in case of emergency).

Determine criteria for analysis

Good luck with the

case assignment