Welcome at Risø DTU
The National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy – a part of DTU – the Technical University of Denmark
The history of Risø is the history of energy
1956 Risø is founded for the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy
1976 new objective: Nuclear and other forms of energy
Energy crisis in 1973:Focus on security of supply and economy
In the autumn 1984 the Danish Social-Liberal Party made a proposal in the Danish Parliament on removing nuclear power from the future Danish energy planning.
On 29 March 1985 the proposal was passed. 11 years of heated debate on nuclear power was settled
2007: Sustainable energy
• “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.”
• IPCC, November 2007
North pole melting away is good for shipping
Retraction of the ice opens a new golden route to Asia.
850.000 saved on fuels through the north east passageThe route between Rotterdam and Yokohama is 40 pct. shorter, if the ship goes through the north east passage instead of the Suez channel. A medium sized tanker on 45.000 ton will save fuel for about 850.000 DKK one way.
Palms in your garden
Thailand now – your garden in 50 years?
- And the garden in Thailand in 50 years?
Total greenhouse gasses emissions
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1970
1980
1990
2000
2004
GtCO2-eq/yr
From 1970 to 2004 the total
Kilde: IPCC 4th assessment report
greenhouse gas emissions have grown by 70 pct
Global antropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasesCO2 is the largest contributorCO2 is the largest contributor
Levels of stabilisation and global mean temperatures
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Wold
CO2 E
miss
ions (
GtC)
E: 850-1130 ppm CO2-eq
D: 710-850 ppm CO2-eqC: 590-710 ppm CO2-eqB: 535-590 ppm CO2-eq
A2: 490-535 ppm CO2-eqA1: 445-490 ppm CO2-eq
Stabilization targets: Post-SRES (max)
Post-SRES (min)
Equil
ibrium
glob
al me
an te
mpera
ture
increa
se ov
er pr
eindu
strial
(°C)
GHG concentration stabilization level (ppmv CO2-eq)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Wold
CO2 E
miss
ions (
GtC)
E: 850-1130 ppm CO2-eq
D: 710-850 ppm CO2-eqC: 590-710 ppm CO2-eqB: 535-590 ppm CO2-eq
A2: 490-535 ppm CO2-eqA1: 445-490 ppm CO2-eq
Stabilization targets: Post-SRES (max)
Post-SRES (min)
Equil
ibrium
glob
al me
an te
mpera
ture
increa
se ov
er pr
eindu
strial
(°C)
GHG concentration stabilization level (ppmv CO2-eq)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Wold
CO2 E
miss
ions (
GtC)
E: 850-1130 ppm CO2-eqD: 710-850 ppm CO2-eqC: 590-710 ppm CO2-eqB: 535-590 ppm CO2-eqA2: 490-535 ppm CO2-eqA1: 445-490 ppm CO2-eq
Stabilization targets: Post-SRES (max)
Post-SRES (min)
Equil
ibrium
glob
al me
an te
mpera
ture
increa
se ov
er pr
eindu
strial
(°C)
GHG concentration stabilization level (ppmv CO2-eq)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Wold
CO2 E
miss
ions (
GtC)
E: 850-1130 ppm CO2-eqD: 710-850 ppm CO2-eqC: 590-710 ppm CO2-eqB: 535-590 ppm CO2-eqA2: 490-535 ppm CO2-eqA1: 445-490 ppm CO2-eq
Stabilization targets: Post-SRES (max)
Post-SRES (min)
Equil
ibrium
glob
al me
an te
mpera
ture
increa
se ov
er pr
eindu
strial
(°C)
GHG concentration stabilization level (ppmv CO2-eq)
Action is needed now
• If CO2 should peak before 10-15 years and then begin to fall all good solutions are needed
• Sustainability requires energy efficient technologies and energy savings
Principles behind fuel cells
Electrolysis
Fuel cell
H2
O2-
H2O Electric
al chemistry
current current
Cell stack
Air
Single cell
Single cell
Air electrode (cathode)ElectrolyteGas electrode (anode)
Cell connector
Natural gas
Current
Applications
Military (low
noice)
Portable
Transport
NaturgasBrændselscelleanlæg
Luft
Vanddampog CO2
Elektricitet
Varme
Houses - CHP
The 30-strong consortium in the demonstration project ECTOS/CUTE – Clean Urban Transport for Europe – with a budget of EUR 100m
BMW H2 ICE car at Munich Airport
Hydrogen FC bus in Reykjavik
The Utsira Hydrogen-Wind demonstration project
Spacecraft have long been fuelled by hydrogen
Hydrogen society
Biomass
Hydrogen
Water
Energy storage
Fuel cell plant
Transport
Housing
Industry
Energy consumption
WaterWind
power
Solar cells
Primaryenergy sources
Hydropower
About size
• 500 kW turbine = electricity for 300 households
• Largest to day is 4,5 MW = electricity for 2.700 households
• Extreme power: A wind at 10 meters pr second passes 100 tonnes of air through the rotor each second
Rotor diameter 100 meters area 7.850 square meters
10 heavy lorries through the rotor each second
Vestas V120–4.5 MW
Rotor Diameter 120 mHub Height 90 mWeight 430 tonsStart Wind 4 m/sNominel Wind 12 m/sMax Wind 25 m/sPitch controlledImproved Power Control (Opti-Speed)Gear Two Planetary and one parallel
Photos: ELSAM A/S
Wind Power (Horns Rev, 80 turbines, 160 MW)
Esbjerg
January 2005:1076 GWH ~ 32% of total demand(41 % in western Denmark)
Country % of el. supply
Denmark 20Germany 6Spain 5Netherlands 2India 0.8USA 0.35EU 2.5World 0.5
Test Station for Large Wind Turbines - 2007
Small Wind Turbines at Risø - 1979
Coastal, flat terrain5 test positionsMax. 10 MWMax. height 165 m
A vision – Laser Wind Scanners
The shining plate on the top is a rotating laser that scans the wind 360 degrees
Links
• www.wasp.dk
• www.waspengineering.dk
• www.windatlas.dk
• www.mesoscale.dk
• www.prediktor.dk
• www.risoe.dk
• www.risoe.dk/vea
• www.risoe.dk/vea-data
Meteorology - Wind Atlases
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
• Grid point elevations• 3’’ (~90 m) resolution• Vertical accuracy 5-10 m
85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 04 10 15
126 m Ø
12 m Ø
80 m Ø
65 m Ø
?Size of commercial wind turbines at
first market introduction
Larger wind turbines require lighter blades
• Greater knowledge about fibre-reinforced plastic
• Blades from lightweight hemp fibres
Lighter wind turbine blades need new materials
40-metre blade
Own load
80-metre blade
Own load
A blade which is twice as long is exposed to five times the load
Wings like a bird of prey
The bird of prey holds its position in the air by moving the outermost feathers. By giving the blade a similar movable trailing edge the load can be controllet and the turbine will have a longer lifetime
Transport
• Transport consumes about 20 % of the global energy consumption
• In Danmark the figure is 30%
• RE must be introduced in the transport sector, inclusive biofuels
• Long term solutions are electric cars and hydrogen cars
Bioethanol can be produced from plant residue
Sugar is a raw material for ethanol production
Plant residue consists of 70% sugars
Plants are CO2-neutral:Plant growth:
CO2 + H2O + sunlight (CH2O)n + O2
Decomposition of plants
(CH2O) + O2 Energy + H2O + CO2
Danish bioethanol concept
Raw material: manure
Raw material: straw
BiogasBioethanol
Wet oxidation tank
Fermentation using heat-loving bacteria
Liquid manure tank
Fermentation using enzymes and yeast bacteria
Fertiliser
IBUS system
The IBUS system (Integrated Biomass Utilisation System) is a pilot plant established by Elsam in collaboration with Sicco, Risø and KVL. Subsidised by the EU.The aim is cheap second-generation bioethanol (alcohol, ethanol) on the basis of straw, waste and grain. The bioethanol can be used directly as fuel in the transport sector, while the by-products can be fired at Elsam's coal-fired power stations.
Project Edison will take electric cars out on the Danish
• Mobile phones and portable computers has lead to better and cheaper batteries
• The electric car fulfills 3 missions: Better local environment, better global environment and less depence of fossil fuels
• EDISON-project: 30 mill in government support over the next 3 years
• Participants: Risø DTU, DTU Elektro, DTU Transport and DTU Informatics), DONG Energy, Østkraft (Bornholm), Siemens, IBM og Eurisco.
SYSLAB – Distributed Energy System LaboratoryHigh penetration wind power systems• Distributed control
• Embedded intelligence
• Self-organising • Communication • Flexibility
• FlexHouse• Demand response• Vanadium battery• Hybrid/Electric car
Solar cells• Imagine 6 of the most sunny parts of
the world, eg. USA, Africa, Middle East and Australia. Place 100x100 square kilometers solar cells each place, and the wold energy consumption is covered
• If the roads in a country were made of solar cells they would produce more energy than the country needs
• Denmark could be supplied with electricity by covering Langeland with solar cells
Polymer solar cells
Light is directed at a finished solar cell. It consists of nine individual cells of 9 sq. cm connected in series. The active area is 75 sq. cm and typically supplies 3 V when lit with a 100 W halogen lamp. After 14 days, the effect falls by 10%.
Polymer solar cells at Risø
• Is produced in a glove box• Are tested in the Israelic desert• Polymer made of poly lactic acid
extracted of maize. It rottens like food
Fusion process
• Ordinary water contains three different kinds of hydrogen: Normal hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium. The difference is the number of neutrons in the nucleus
• One litre of water contains enough deuterium to produce as much energy as 300 litres of petrol
Magnets can be used to contain plasma
• How does one contain plasma at a temperature of 100,000,000ºC
• Risø conducts research into turbulence in plasma
ITER – the new worldwide fusion project
Price
: 35
billio
n DKK
• To promote fusion research, the EU has joined forces with Japan, Russia, the USA, China, India and South Korea to build a new fusion experiment called ITER (Latin for ‘the way’). It will take 10 years to build the machine, which will be completed in 2016 in Cadarache in southern France. It is expected to produce a fusion output of 500 MWatt.
Den nukleare fortid er ikke glemt
1956 grundlægges Forsøgsanlæg Risø til den fredelige udnyttelse af kernekraft
Bedre strålebehandling af kræft
• Man skal gå lige til grænsen med doserne, når man bestråler kræftsvulster. Risø har udviklet en helt ny målemetode, der viser præcist, hvor meget stråling en kræftpatient har fået.
• Et dosimeter bestående af et optisk fiberkabel med en krystal i enden føres ind via et kateter gennem en af kroppens naturlige åbninger, for eksempel i næsen.
• Krystallen følger strålingen under behandlingen, og lægen kan se hvor meget knuden har fået totalt.
Luminescens
• Visse grundstoffer lyser når de bliver opvarmet eller belyst i laboratoriet
• Lysets intensitet svarer til den stråling materialet har været udsat for
• Det kaldes luminescens og udnyttes i dosimetri
PET-scanningEn billedundersøgelse, hvor man sender radioaktivt mærkede sporstoffer ind i blodbanen hos en patient for at finde for eksempel en kræftknude. Det mest anvendte sporstof er 18F FDG, druesukker mærket med radioaktivt fluor. Kræftceller har et højere energiforbrug end raske celler, optager de mere af sporstoffet. Metoden er meget følsom og kan opdage selv meget små svulster. PET står for Positron Emission Tomographic.
Hevesy Laboratoriet
Hjertet i Hevesy Laboratoriet er cyklotronen dybt nede i en kælder. Den producerer radioaktivt fluor, som via slanger føres op i laboratorierne hvor forskerne indsætter det i molekyler der kan sprøjtes ind i patienter der skal undersøges i en skanner. De udvikler også nye sporstoffer.
Fluor-18-cholin
• Nyt sporstof til tidlig diagnosticering af prostatakræft og muligvis også hjernetumorer ved hjælp af PET-skanning.
• Stoffet medvirker ved opbygning af cellevægge i nye celler, derfor ophobes det hvor der vokser cancerceller.
• Afprøves nu klinisk i samarbejde med Rigshospitalet, Storstrømmens Sygehus Næstved og Herlev Amtssygehus