Welcome Back Bell Ringer
Partner up and
compare your critiques
of student FRQs.
Agenda and
Objective: Through
discussion students will
identify important
components of a FRQ
Welcome Back…Bell Ringer
Compare your thesis
statement with your
neighbor.
Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes and discussion
students will define
Protestantism and
identify the causes of
the Protestant
Reformation
What root words to do
you see in the phrase
“Protestant
Reformation?”
PROTESTant
REFORMation
Agenda and Objective:
Through notes and
discussion students will
define Protestantism and
identify the causes of
the Protestant
Reformation
Welcome Back…Bell Ringer
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
Causes
Causes of the Reformation
I. Crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige
of the clergy
a. Babylonian Captivity, 14th century
b. Great Schism: 1377-1417
c. Conciliar Movement to reform the church and give a
church council more power than the pope was rejected by
several popes in the 15th and 16th century
Causes of the Reformation
II. Corruption in the
Catholic Church
a. simony: sale of church offices
For example, in 1487 the pope
sold 24 offices
Reformers were outraged that
unqualified people would become
bishops or cardinals.
b. pluralism: an official holding
more than one office at a time
c. absenteeism: an official not
participating in benefices but
receiving payment and privileges
d. sale of indulgences: people
paying money to the Church to
absolve their sins or sins of their
loved ones
e. nepotism: favoring family
members in the appointment of
Church offices
Two popes (Leo X and Clement VII)
were sons of Florentine Medici rulers
Pope Paul III made two of his
grandsons cardinals
Crisis of the church cont’d
f. Moral decline of the papacy
Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) had numerous affairs and children out of wedlock
20% of all priests in the diocese of Trent kept concubines during the early 16th century
g. Clerical ignorance: many priests were virtually illiterate
Some abused their power such as trading sexual favors for the absolution of sins during confession.
III. Critics of the Church: emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary
a. John Wyclif (1329-1384), England
Stated that the Bible was the sole authority
Stressed personal communion with God.
Diminished importance of sacraments.
His followers—Lollards—continued his ideas into the 16th century.
Critics
b. John Hus (1369-1415), Czech
Ideas were similar to Wyclif
Religious leader in Bohemia
He was burned at the stake for his views
c. Brethren of the Common Life: Thomas à Kempis
(1380-1471), The Imitation of Christ (c. 1418)
Encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a personal experience
d. Erasmus: In Praise of Folly (1513)
Criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy
A contemporary remarked that “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Causes
IV. Renaissance Humanism
a. Christian humanists of the Northern Renaissance criticized the church (e.g. Erasmus) and questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (Catholic Bible)
Textual criticism and new translations of the Bible undermined Catholic authority
b. Ulrich Zwingli was trained as a humanist and as a preacher he used Erasmus’ edition of the Greek New Testament
C. John Calvin was influenced by humanism, especially the writings of Erasmus
D. After Martin Luther’s reformation, humanists turned many monasteries into schools
Reading Activity!
Review: What are the four overreaching causes
of the Protestant Reformation?
Read documents regarding Tetzel’s selling of
indulgences.
Welcome Back
Bell Ringer…
Agenda and Objective:
Through readings and
discussion, students will
identify Luther’s issues
with the Catholic Church
as well as Pope Leo’s X’s
response to Luther.
What are the four
overreaching causes of
the Protestant
Reformation?
For Wednesday: be
prepared to discuss the
Peasant revolt in
regards to the
Reformation.
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer:
1. What are the Four
causes of the
Protestant
Reformation?
2. Reading…why
criticize Tetzel?
Agenda and
Objective: Through
class notes, readings,
and discussion,
students will identify
Luther’s cause to break
with the Catholic
Church.
The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c
Why “the Germanies?”
Martin Luther- (Pages 446-450, packet
reading)
Martin Luther….
Augustinian monk; taught at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony
Johann Tetzel was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences.
Tetzel: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”
The pope was looking for additional revenues to pay for the building of St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome.
Tetzel’s selling of indulgences had become egregious
95 THESIS…Reading
Luther criticized the
selling of indulgences
but went further than
others before him by
questioning the
scriptural authority of
the pope to grant
indulgences.
The printing press
facilitated the spread
of Luther’s work with
astonishing speed
Oct 31, 1517
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545
The Spread of the Printing Press
theology of reform -review
Salvation could be achieved through faith alone
The Bible was the sole authority
Only two sacraments—baptism and communion— were valid
The church consisted of a “priesthood of all believers”
Encouraged German princes to reform the Church in their states.
Rejected Catholic monastic tenets of poverty, chastity and obedience.
Comparison- Catholics
Salvation: Church law
Sacraments: 7
The Eucharist: Transubstantiation (bread and wine become body and blood)
Authority: Scripture, Tradition, Pope
Church and State: Ultimate allegiance to the church. Pope has ultimate authority
Clergy: Celibate. Priest is middle man between God and People
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer #1
Bell Ringer: When the
coin in the coffer rings,
the soul from Purgatory
springs. This jingle was
most likely spoken by?:
Johannes Tetzel.
Martin Luther.
John Calvin.
John Knox.
Sir Thomas More
Bell Ringer #2
List three theological differences between Catholics
and reformers from your notes on Friday…
Agenda and Objective: Through class notes,
readings, and discussion, students will identify
Luther’s cause to break with the Catholic Church.
For Tomorrow: The Political Battle over
Lutheranism in Germany Pages 450-457
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer
Using your notes and Handout answer the following question in paragraph form. You have 10 minutes.
Identify the causes of the Reformation, Luther’s issues with the Catholic Church, and the church’s response to Luther.
Agenda and Objective: 1. Through homework review, students will identify issues between Luther and the Catholic Church. 2. Through document analysis students will identify Luther’s beliefs towards the German Peasant uprising. 3. Students will begin a chart comparing and contrasting Luther and other Protestant Reformers.
Diet of Worms Activity…
challenges Church authority
1518, Luther defied the
pope by refusing to stop
his crusade.
He was protected by
Elector Frederick III
(“the Wise”) of Saxony.
At this point, Luther did
not seek to create a new
church but rather reform
the Catholic Church
took part in a debate
with Johann Eck (one of
the great Catholic
theologians) at Leipzig
in 1520
denied both the
infallibility of the pope
and the infallibility of a
general council
The Diet of Worms
excommunicated by
Pope Leo X in 1520
Charles demanded that
Luther recant his writings
Luther refused: “Here I
stand, I can do no
other”
Edict of Worms: Luther
outlawed as a heretic
by the HRE
Luther was kidnapped
by agents of Frederick
III and taken to his castle
where he was protected
1523 translated the
Bible into German
language.
Confessions of Augsburg (1530)
Written by Luther’s friend, Philip Melanchthon
This was an attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE
Rejected by Catholic princes
Became traditional statement of the Lutheran Church
Salvation through faith alone
Bible is the sole authority
“Priesthood of all believers”: Church consists of entire Christian community
Review! Confessions of Augsburg.
Salvation through faith
alone
Authority from Bible
“priesthood of all
believers”
Vocations have equal
merit with God.
Consubstantiation!
Christ is present but
not because of the
Priest.
Spread of Lutheranism
Denmark and Sweden became
Lutheran states as well
Lutheranism did not spread much
beyond northern Germany and
Scandinavia.
Many German princes were
politically motivated they could
now escape the authority of the
Catholic Church and confiscate
church lands for the state’s
benefit.
Bell Ringer!
What was Luther’s
argument against
Charles V’s insistence
that he recant?
Agenda and
Objective: Through
completing a chart
students will identify
major Protestant
Reformers.
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer…
1. Give 5 tenets of
Luther’s Theology of
Reform
2. Compare reading
answers.
Monday- TEXTBOOK!
Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes, and reading
discussion students
Emperor Charles V
sought to stop Protestantism and
preserve the hegemony of
Catholicism
He was now allied with the pope
in trying to stamp out heresy
Charles was preoccupied with
the Turkish threat in Hungary and
his dynastic struggle with Francis I
of France.
Between 1521 & 1530 Charles
was away from the HRE, much of
the time spent in Italy
Thus, Charles could not focus
his military solely Germany at
a time that Protestantism was
spreading vigorously
Welcome Back! The Political Battle over
Lutheranism in Germany
Pages 450-457 and website
Bell Ringer: List 5 tenets of Luther’s Theology of Reform
For Thursday: Explain the Peasant’s revolt and Luther’s reaction to the revolt.
Agenda and Objective: Students will identify the Split in Christianity and Lutheranism by
1. Complete a graphic organizer, identifying differences between Luther, Calvin, and the Catholics. Reference reading on Calvin
2. Complete Map on the spread of Protestantism in Europe
Welcome Back…bell Ringer
1. Explain the outcome of the confessions of Augsburg
2. ___In the 15th century, many clerics held more than one benefice, a practice known as
a. Pluralism
b. Simony
c. Investiture
d. Indulgence
e. Councilarism
3. ___The German peasant’s revolt of 1525 greatly strengthened the authority of
a. Parish priests
b. The laity within the church
c. The regular clergy
d. Lay rulers
e. The papacy
Agenda and Objective:
By completing a graphic organizer, students will be
able to identify the radical reformers of the
Protestant Reformation.
Welcome Back!
In partners, complete the P.O.V analyzing
documents activity on the Peasants revolt.
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
Why does Luther turn against his protestant followers and
side with the Nobility?
1. Spread of Lutheranism: Peasants’ War (1524-1525) or
German Peasants Revolt (Swabian Peasant uprising)
Twelve Articles,1525: peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry (e.g. hunting rights)
Many of these peasants were inspired by Luther
Ironically, Luther’s views on the peasant movement were somewhat conservative
While Luther advocated religious reform (since God’s realm was not a worldly one), he believed that people should obey their political authorities.
Luther may have sympathized with some of the complaints of the peasants, but he was disgusted with the violence of the peasant movement.
Results: He admonished German princes to violently stamp out the revolt
As many as 100,000 peasants died during the uprising
Both Catholic and Lutheran forces took part in squashing the revolt.
2. Northern Germany
League of Schmalkalden, 1531
Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s drive to re-Catholicize Germany.
Francis I of France allied with the League (despite being Catholic)
Habsburg-Valois Wars: five wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Habsburgs
France tried to keep Germany divided (although France was Catholic)
This conflict played an important role in slowing the unification of the German states
Catholic unity in Germany never again occurred
Outcome of League of Schmalkalden
Charles was finally victorious over the League in 1547
However, by that time Lutheranism had spread and taken hold in much of Central Europe.
Charles by the 1550s was forced to give up on restoring Catholicism in all the German states in the empire.
Peace of Augsburg (1555) Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism
Provisions: Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism (Cuius regio, eius religio)
Also, Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Protestant states. The same was true of Catholics living in Protestant states.
Resulted in permanent religious division of Germany
Essentially reaffirmed the independence of many German states
This division stunted German nationalism; Germany was not unified as a state until 1871.
Anabaptists (1525)
Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state.
Rejected secular agreements, refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in the military
Did not believe in childhood baptism
As millenarians, they believed the end of the world was near.
Rejected the idea of the Trinity
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
Long term impact…
Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism
Luther’s views on new sects: did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism
Quakers in England shared similar beliefs; thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware
Unitarians (who reject the trinity) also were influenced by the Anabaptists
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Student of humanism who
preached from Erasmus’
edition of the New Greek
Testament.
Like Luther, he believed
that the Bible should be the
sole authority regarding
religious practice
In contrast to Luther, he
saw the Eucharist as only
symbolic, and that Luther’s
view of the Real Presence
was too Catholic in its
foundation
This became the first
dispute among Protestants
dealing with issues of
doctrine.
John Calvin…article questions
Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer.
Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus
Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
Predestination: “good works” is not sufficient for salvation and there is no free will since God has already made His decision.
However, good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation.
God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation by a conversion experience.
Calvin’s World in the 16th Century
Review…
Share with your neighbor one thing you learned
about Zwingli, Calvin, and the Anabaptists
Welcome Back…! Bell Ringer…
1. Who were the
Anabaptists? What
lasting impact did they
have on the
Reformation?
2. How was Zwingli’s
interpretation of
Protestantism different
from Luther’s?
Agenda and
Objectives: Through
notes and analyzing
primary sources,
students will be able to
identify causes of the
English Reformation
Tomorrow: Bring books!
Calvin Cont’d.
The “elect” are church members who have had their conversion experience. They should become model Christians: “visible saints”
established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540
Geneva became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas
Consistory: A judiciary made up of lay elders
(presbyters) had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law
Last note: John Knox and the Others
Presbyterianism established Scotland
Presbyters governed the church
Became the dominant religion in Scotland
Dutch Reformed Church – United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Huguenots – French Calvinists; brutally suppressed in France
Especially strong among the nobility although Calvinism saw converts from every social class.
Puritans in England
Reformation Europe (Late 16c)
Essay for Friday…10/3
“Luther was both a revolutionary and a
conservative.” Evaluate this statement with respect
to Luther’s responses to the political and social
questions of his day.
Must be written in Pen.
Opening Paragraph with thesis…
Set the scene: locate the reader in time and space.
(Contextualization)
X. However, A, B, C. Therefore, Y.
X = Counterargument
A, B, C = Strongest points in your favor
Y = Your stand on the prompt
Example…
"During my senior year at Spring Grove High
School, I was very busy with AP classes and sports.
Although I played football and lacrosse as well as
taking AP English and AP Chemistry, I knew it would
increase my scholarship chances, help me be a
stronger writer, and I was able to sit next to a girl I
liked, so I stuck with AP European History."
Although X, A,B,C, therefore Y
Your turn…
Make a Thesis statement for the following
example…
Assess the Validity of the following statement: The
Pittsburgh Steelers are so much better than the
Philadelphia Eagles. (or Vice-Versa)
The Body Paragraphs…remember the
rule of three!
The body paragraphs include all of the information that proves your thesis.
Each body paragraph relates to one of the subtopics. By proving each subtopic, you will prove the thesis.
The first body paragraph relates to the first subtopic, the second body paragraph to the second subtopic and so on and so forth. Keep things in order.
Body paragraphs consist of a topic sentence, sentences with evidence and analysis, and a concluding sentence.
General Tips
Do not use the first person (I, me)
Do not use the words “in my opinion” or “I believe”
Instead, simply state your points and prove them
Bell Ringer!
Which of the following northern Christian
humanist writers and their works are
paired INCORRECTLY?:
1 - Sir Thomas More - Utopia.
2 - Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote.
3 - Francois Rabaleis - The Handbook of
the Courtier.
4 - Desiderius Erasmus - In Praise of Folly.
A. 1 and 2
B. Only 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 1,2,4
E. 1,2,3,4
In Geneva, the Calvinists?:
A. were crushed by the Catholic troops of
the Holy Roman Emperor.
B. reformed the city with little opposition
from an enthusiastic populace.
C. imposed strict penalties for blasphemy
and immoral behavior.
D. withdrew the Ecclesiastical Ordinances
in 1541
E. saw their reforms jeopardized by the
execution of Savonarola.
Agenda and Objective
Through note and primary source review, students
will identify the causes of the English Reformation
and evaluate how each Monarch viewed church-
state relations under their reign.
The Tudors and the English Reformation
1534 - 1603
Henry VIII
“Defender of the Faith”
In 1517, Luther wrote his 95 Theses
Henry wrote the “In Defense of the Seven Sacraments” refuting Luther’s teachings
The Pope gave Henry the title “Defensor Fidei”
Questions about Marriage
Henry asked his Chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey to investigate and see if there is grounds for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine
“The King’s Great Matter”
Henry petitioned the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine
Catherine insisted the marriage was valid and that she had never been a “true wife” to Arthur
Catherine’s nephew Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, put pressure on the Pope not to annul the marriage
A Solution? A strong Lutheran
faction at court included Anne Boleyn and a university professor named Thomas Cranmer
Cranmer suggested to Henry that the Pope does not need to give the annulment; that English clergy can do it
The Split
1534 Parliament passes:
The Act of Supremacy – the monarch is the head the English Church
The Act of Succession – any children Henry has by Anne are the heirs to the throne (makes Mary, his daughter by Catherine, illegitimate)
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: Read documents 2.8 and 2.9, answer questions
Monday’s reading: John Knox (2.10) and the Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer (2.11.) What were their views of Mary I’s Catholic England?
Agenda and Objective: Through readings and notes, students will identify how the English monarchs view their relationship between King and Church during the English Reformation.
The English Church gives Henry his annulment; the Princess Mary is declared illegitimate
Cranmer is named Archbishop of
Canterbury
Henry’s Church of England:
Catholic in doctrine
Clergy required to be celibate
Mass remains the same
Only two sacraments
Henry allows an English translation of the Bible
Catholics are arrested as traitors; Lutherans are arrested as heretics
In 1535, Parliament ordered the execution of Sir Thomas More for refusing to sign the Act of Supremacy. More had been Henry’s close friend, Chancellor of England, and was a well known humanist and author of Utopia.
The Catholic Church canonized him.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Henry began closing monasteries in 1536
By 1540, 563 had been closed
Most of the land was sold to nobility and gentry
This gained their support for the Reformation
The Pilgrimage of Grace
Led by Northern Catholics
Goal was to re-establish the Catholic Church
Was violently put down and its leaders executed as traitors
By 1537 the Reformation was accepted by most of the English
Protestant Reforms under Henry
“The Great Bible” – English translation. Henry mandates that every church should have a copy that anyone can read.
“The King’s Book” – defines Anglican doctrine and practice
In 1544, Henry asked Archbishop Cranmer to prepare an English worship service – this will become the Book of Common Prayer
Accomplishments of Henry VIII
Founder of Church of England
Promoted Parliament as the lawmaking body of England
Patronized the arts and literature
Updated many governmental institutions
Promotes men of ability
“Father of the English Navy”
Review!
Name three accomplishments of Henry VIII.
Henry’s Act of Succession
Edward inherits the throne
If Edward dies without children, then Mary inherits
If Mary dies without children, Elizabeth inherits
If Elizabeth dies without children, then the children of Henry VII’s daughter (His sister) Mary (Francis Brandon and her daughters) inherit.
King Edward VI
Edward was a Protestant and influenced by the teachings of John Calvin
Act of Uniformity of 1549
Establishes a Protestant Church in England
All religious services are to be held in English
Archbishop Cranmer’s accomplishments:
The Book of Common Prayer 1552 – Protestant worship
42 Articles of Faith – no Mass, 2 sacraments, Protestant doctrine, non-celibate clergy
The result –
a “moderate Protestantism”
Before his death he changed his father’s Act of Succession to make his Protestant cousin Jane Grey, the grand-daughter of Henry’s sister Mary, heir to the throne
Reading Activity: Bell Ringer
Yesterday’s reading: John Knox (2.10) and the
Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer (2.11.) What were
their views of Mary I’s Catholic England?
Agenda and Objective: Through notes and
readings, students will identify reason’s behind
Elizabeth I’s arrest, calls for execution, and issues
facing her after she ascends the throne in England.
Looking ahead… this week
Tuesday and Wednesday: Video clip on English Reformation
Thursday and Friday: Prepare to discuss the Catholic Counter Reformation. Reformation Roundtable assignment
Wednesday after break: Reformation Roundtable
Friday: Multiple choice test/ study guide due
For Wednesday! In your textbook
(Quiz?)
Read and come
prepared to discuss
the Catholic
Reformation (ex.
Reformed Papacy,
Council of Trent, New
Religious orders)
And religious violence
(French Wars of
Religion, Charles V
and the Netherlands,
Witch Hunts!)
Mary I
Immediately passed laws which reinstated the Catholic Church
Persecuted Protestants – many fled to Switzerland or the Netherlands
Executed many Protestant bishops, including Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
The execution of over 300 Protestants during her reign earned Mary the title of
Bloody Mary
However, she executed many fewer religious dissenters than were regularly being killed on the Continent
Mary married her cousin Philip II of Spain
Involved England in Spain’s wars
Last English possessions on the continent were lost as a result of Philip’s wars’ - including Calais
This was very unpopular with the English people who began to see being Protestant as being anti-Spain
Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, became Queen
Mary had not wanted to leave the throne to her Protestant sister and attempted to persuade Elizabeth to maintain the Catholic faith – but Elizabeth refused
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth and Religion
It is not known what Elizabeth’s personal religious
views were
The Catholic Church considered the marriage of
Elizabeth’s parents invalid and Elizabeth to be
illegitimate
She was raised a Protestant
She liked the ritual of the Catholic Church
Elizabeth was first and foremost a
Politique
A ruler who put good government and peace in the
realm above personal religious beliefs and national
religious conformity
The Elizabethan Settlement
Act of Supremacy of 1559 – re-established the Church of England and said the monarch is the Supreme Governor of the Church
Act of Uniformity – everyone had to worship in Anglican churches
Elizabeth allowed some Catholic practices to continue – vestments, Real Presence, Elevation of the Consecrated Host, music, candles on the altar
Puritans disapproved of these “Catholic” practices, but in the shires most people approved of them
“I will make no windows
into men’s souls” –
people could believe
what they wanted in
private
“Regnans in Excelsis”
Papal Bull in 1570 that excommunicated Elizabeth
Encouraged her Catholic subjects to rebel against
her
Led to Catholicism being declared illegal in England
and practicing Catholics considered as traitors
In general, Elizabeth
was able to steer a
middle course between
Catholics and
Protestants
Fewer people were
executed for religious
reasons in England than
on the Continent
The English Reformation
Established the Anglican Church – a via media (middle way) between Catholicism and Protestantism
Was relatively peaceful and well accepted by the English people
Did not lead to Civil War
England was largely uninvolved in the religious wars that took place on the European continent
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer…
Review: Who served
on the throne for only
9 days?
Video review: What
was imperative that
Elizabeth do after
ascending the throne?
Agenda and objective:
Through note and
video review, students
will identify
differences between
English Monarchs in
regard to the English
Reformation.
For Wednesday: Mary, Queen of Scots
Review: Who was
Mary, Queen of Scots
and why was she a
threat to Elizabeth’s
throne?
Review!
identify the differences within the Tudor family in
regards to the Protestant Reformation.
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer..
Reformation Packet #3: Read all three documents
and summarize in your own words.
Agenda and Objectives: Through notes and
discussion, students will identify the differences
within the Tudor family in regards to the Protestant
Reformation.
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: practice
questions
Reminder: Council on
Wednesday, Test and
essay due on Friday.
Agenda and
Objective: through
primary source review
and notes, students will
identify key
components of the
Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)
The Catholic Reformation
was both a response to the
gains of Protestantism and
the response to critics within
the church that abuses
needed to be reformed.
Pope Paul III (1534-1549):
Most important pope in
reforming the Church and
challenging Protestantism
sought to improve church
discipline through existing
doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)
Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563): established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries
Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
Salvation by both “good works” and faith
All 7 sacraments valid
Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed
Approved the Index of Forbidden Books
Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests
New Religious Orders: The counter-
Reformation
Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)
reform the church through education
spread the Gospel to pagan peoples
fight Protestantism
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): founder
Jesuits were organized in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises: Loyola’s guidebook that was used to train Jesuits
Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
Baroque Art
Began in Catholic Reformation
countries to teach in a concrete
and emotional way and
demonstrate the glory and
power of the Catholic Church
Sought to overwhelm the viewer:
Emphasized grandeur, emotion,
movement, spaciousness and unity
surrounding a certain theme
Baroque architecture reflected
the image and power of absolute
monarchs and the Catholic
Church
Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1650)
personified baroque architecture
and sculpture
Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci
Trevi Fountain, Rome
The Ecstasy of St. Theresa
The Religious Wars.
Results of Reformation?
The unity of Western Christianity was shattered.
Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism.
Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.
Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century.
Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: Study
for quiz!
Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes and primary
source review,
students will identify
key components of
the Catholic
Reformation.
Partner Activity
Review with your neighbor primary source questions
concerning the reformers of the Catholic
Reformation.
Similarities? Differences?
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”)
The Catholic Reformation
was both a response to the
gains of Protestantism and
the response to critics within
the church that abuses
needed to be reformed.
Pope Paul III (1534-1549):
Most important pope in
reforming the Church and
challenging Protestantism
sought to improve church
discipline through existing
doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation
(“Counter Reformation”) Council of Trent (3 sessions
1545-1563): established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries
Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
Salvation by both “good works” and faith
All 7 sacraments valid
Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed
Approved the Index of Forbidden Books
Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests
Welcome Back! Reminder!
Reformation Roundtable Thursday!
Test and study guide Friday!
Bell Ringer: What were the four outcomes from the
Council of Trent?
The Roman Inquisition
Pope Paul III ordered the Inquisition in 1542.
Initially designed to purge Protestants from Italy
There were 3 Inquisitions
Medieval 1231
Spanish 1478
Roman 1542
The Roman Inquisition
Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa—headed the
inquisition for Paul III)
Censorship & Forbidden books.
Invented the “ghetto”, ordering Jews
living in the Papal States to reside in
specific neighborhoods, which they could
leave only at certain times..
Issued a bull in 1555 stating the Jews were to
blame for the death of Jesus Christ, and
therefore should be slaves.
In most of Catholic Europe Jews had to wear
yellow caps, could not own land, and were
excluded from most professions.
New Religious Orders: The counter-
Reformation Jesuits (Society of
Jesus) (1540)
reform the church
through education
spread the Gospel to
pagan peoples
fight Protestantism
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): founder
Jesuits were organized in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises: Loyola’s guidebook that was used to train Jesuits
Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
Baroque Art
Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church
Sought to overwhelm the viewer: Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme
Baroque architecture reflected the image and power of absolute monarchs and the Catholic Church
Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1650) personified baroque architecture and sculpture
Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci
Trevi Fountain, Rome
The Ecstasy of St. Theresa
The Religious Wars.
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
1562-1598
The Setting:
Henry II
Henry II
1559 Henry II is unexpectedly killed when a lance
pierced his visor during a joust
Francis II - His 15 yr old son takes the throne
Under the regency of his mother Queen Catherine
de Medici
The
Setting:
Catherine
de Medici
The Setting: “Boy Kings”
Francis II 1559-60,
(born 1544) Charles IX, 1560-74
(born 1550)
Henry III, 1574-89
(born 1551)
The Setting: “Boy Kings”
Francis II 1559-60,
(born 1544)
Guises vs.
Bourbons
Lacking a strong King,
French politics becomes
a power struggle
between 2 aristocratic
factions: Guise and the
Bourbon
Welcome back!
Bell Ringer: Share with
your neighbor the
reforms the Catholic
Church implemented to
help stop the Spread
of Lutheranism and
retain Catholic
membership
Objectives: Through
discussion students will
understand the
outcomes of the
religious wars of the
15th century.
French Nobility takes advantage of
this monarchial weakness.
In the second half of 1500’s between 2/5’s and ½
of nobility became Calvinist.
For the upper class religion was an excuse to grab
for power.
Add to the
Mix: Religion
Huguenots =
French Calvinists
Guises = Catholic
Bourbons = Huguenot
Powerful Guise Influence
The Duke of
Guise’s niece,
Mary Queen of
Scots, marries
the young King
Francis II.
Wants a
Catholic
France but not
one controlled
by the Guises
Dies of an Ear Infection!
Francis II 1559-60,
(born 1544)
The Setting: “Boy Kings”
Charles IX, 1560-74
(born 1550)
Huguenot Influence Grows
King Charles IX falls
under the influence
of Huguenot leader
Admiral Coligny, and
his sister plans to
marry another
Huguenot leader,
Henri of Navarre.
Coligny: Let’s help the Netherlands!
This Huguenot leader
wants to support the
protestants in the
Netherlands. But this
support would put
France on a crash
course with Spain.
Works with
the Guises to
assassinate
Coligny
Coligny survives
Catherine convinces
Charles that a
Huguenot retaliation
is imminent
St.
Bartholomew’s
Day Massacre,
24 August 1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Wedding of Henry of Navarre to daughter of Catherine de Medici
Admiral Coligny & 3,000 Huguenots slaughtered
3 days 20,000 Huguenots dead
Significance – reformation is now a struggle to the death for sheer survival against a cruel adversary.
At the popular level the conflict was
religious
Catholic Priests and Protestant Pastors encourage
violence
Mobs attacked those of other religion
Calvinists destroy Catholic statues in churches
Catholics torture Huguenots
You don’t slaughter for a King
Reading activity
Read the personal account of the massacre given to
you and answer questions
Answer questions provided
Share your viewpoint with group.
Class questions:
1. can you tell the writers’ religion?
2. Could have there been a compromise?
“I would prefer to lose all my dominions and a
hundred lives if I had them rather than be lord over
heretics” King Philip II
“The worst thing in the world.” Clement VIII referring
to having a “liberty of conscience.”
War of the Three Henrys
Henry III Henry of Guise
Henry of Navarre
Catholic League rules Paris
King Henry III tries to destroy the league with a
surprise attack but fails in 1588
Henry III assassinates Henry of Guise
Assassination of Henri of Guise
Henri of
Navarre
becomes Henri
IV, the politique
“Paris is worth a Mass.”
Peter Paul Rubens, Triumphal Entry of Henri IV into Paris
Edict of Nantes, 1598
Edict of Nantes, 1598
• Gave well over 1 million Huguenots
• Freedom of public worship
• The right of assembly
• Admission to public offices and
universities
• Permission to maintain fortified towns
• Significance – created a state within a state.
This problem would not be solved until
Louis XIV
Results of Reformation
The unity of Western Christianity was shattered.
Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism.
Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.
Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century.
Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.